costxpert training - module 1

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Welcome to

CostXpert TrainingAdaptive Processes ConsultingAn ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!1

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Ground RulesPlease put your mobiles on Vibration modePlease keep aside your laptopsPlease participatePlease clarify doubts Please keep the discussion related to the subject of discussion

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Please introduce yourselfNameProjectFamiliarity with estimation techniquesFamiliarity with CostXpertExpectations out of the program3

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Tell something which is unique about you and others dont know itAsking participants to relate to an iGATOR type and explaining Why

In all the cases, it is best if the trainer team takes the lead in the introduction and ice breaker

This program will equip you toUnderstand various approaches to estimateHelp you estimate using CostXpertLearn administering CostXpert

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Quality Consulting4Please make the scope clear This program is for Entry Level Project Managers, advanced concepts are planned to be covered in other training programs like Project Management Intermediate and Project Management Advanced

Course outline Module 1IntroductionsLines of CodeWork Breakdown StructureSimple Medium ComplexFunction PointUse Case PointCOCOMOAgile estimationExpert judgmentDelphi technique

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Course outline Module 2Using CostXpertTool featuresProject tabSizing tabEnvironment tabQuality and risk tabPractice of features

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Course outline Module 3Customizing CostXpertCreating custom SDLCsCreating Customized Software Documentation SetsCustomizing Sizing Metrics and Environmental FactorsAnalyzing Estimates, Collecting Data and Preparing for CalibrationCalibrating Cost Xpert based on the current organizational capabilityPractice of features

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Course outline Module 4Update the underlying estimation model in Cost Xpert to reflect ongoing changes in organization's productivitySetup Cost Xpert to automatically share and continuously update the organizational productivity across usersSetting portfolio based estimatesPractice of features

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AbbreviationsWBS Work Breakdown StructureFP Function PointUCP Use Case PointSMC Simple Medium Complex

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Lines of Code Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!10

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Lines of Code (LoC)Estimate Lines of CodeTranslate to past productivityChallenging for new developmentCould be a good basis for software maintenance / conversion projectsBe careful when counting lines of code. You should use a Code Counter that does not count blank lines, comments, header lines or inline documentation. Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!11

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Bottom-up Work Breakdown Structure Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!12

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Definition - WBSA WBS is a product-oriented family tree composed of hardware, software, services, data and facilities .... [it] displays and defines the product (s) to be developed and/or produced and relates the elements of work to be accomplished to each other and to the end product (s).

A powerful tool for expressing the scope or extent of a project in simple graphic terms. It represents the project in terms of the hierarchy of deliverables and services it will produce

Project Management tool used to partition products/process into small manageable unit.

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Representing WBSMay be represented as a tree structured graph illustrating the is a relationship

May be represented as an indented list the degree of indentation representing the extent of containment

Both representations use a digital numbering system to represents positions on the different levels

Top level is numbered 0 or 1 Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!14

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Example WBS Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!15Top Level

LEV. 0LEV. 1LEV. 2LEV. 3LEV. 4

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Features of a good WBSCompletenessConsistencyCreated by those actually doing the workClear and conciseFacilitates roll-up of information to higher levelsReceives 100% support from teamMaps all deliverables stated in contractDetailed and written in measurable termsAchieves project objectives

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Simple Medium Complex Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!17

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SMC FeaturesNext step from WBSWork products are typically classified at 3 or 5 levelsSimple, Medium, ComplexVery Simple, Simple, Medium, Complex, Very ComplexOrganization can establish empirical size / effort estimate based on complexity such asVery Simple - 1Simple - 3Medium - 9Complex - 27Very Complex - 81


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Function Point Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!19

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Function PointFunction Point Analysis is a standard method for measuring the size of a software development or software enhancement project for business application software based on the customers point of viewFunction Point is a metric that describes a unit of work product suitable for measuring the size of a business application softwareIt is independent of the computer language, development methodology, technology or capability of the project team


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Function Point Elements Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!21

Internal Logical Files

Data Functions

Transaction Functions

External Interface Files

External Outputs

External Queries

External Inputs

Application to be Counted

Value Adjustment FactorUnadjusted Function Point Count

Application Adjusted FP Count14 GSC

Type of Count & Application Boundary

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Function Point CountingSample values are provided based on data / transaction type and number of elements


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Fast Function Point Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!23

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Fast Function PointA variant of Function PointSimplifies the calculations by ignoring General Systems Characteristics calculationsUsed in describing data driven MIS systems. Particularly useful in early in lifecycle of new development.Not typically used for projects that include a lot of embedded or real-time calculations, projects that have a substantial amount of underlying algorithms, or Internet projects. Middle-tier algorithmic components that are separate from the normal data manipulation and the user interface are commonly estimated separately using source lines of code or object metrics.


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MKII Function Point Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!25

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Mark II Function PointA variant of Function PointMK II Function Points are a popular variation of Function Points used primarily in the United Kingdom. This methodology uses transaction features to estimate project size and is appropriate for use by software development organizations that are developing MIS systems and are familiar with using MK II Function Points.ElementsEntities referencedInput data elementsOutput data elements


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Feature Points Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!27

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Feature PointsFeature Points is an extension of Function PointsIt uses the same factors as FP with the additional factor of Algorithms.Feature Points take into account (along with the more traditional FP) the estimated number of underlying algorithms in a system.Feature Points methodology is typically a useful methodology for estimating software projects that contain a lot of embedded or real-time calculations.


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Internet Points Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!29

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Internet PointA variant of Function PointInternet Points describe external inputs and outputs in terms of hard copy reports, static screens, dynamic screens and interactive screens rather than just Reports and Screens as with Function Points. Cost Xpert has studied hundreds of recently completed Internet applications to develop new metric weights and language mappings for these factors.


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Object Metrics Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!31

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Object MetricsObject Metrics were developed in the early 1990's along with the popularization of object oriented development. It uses Objects, Reports, and Tables to describe the functionality of a system. It is appropriate for software development organizations that are accustomed to describing their software projects in terms of object oriented design.ElementsObjectsReportsTables


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GUI Metrics Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!33

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GUI MetricsGUI Metrics, also introduced in the early 1990's, are similar to FP but use GUI features to estimate project size. This methodology was designed specifically for estimating the client side of client-server development projects. GUI metrics measure interaction with the environment and the system users and are expressed in terms of Dialog boxesMenu choicesReportsTablesWindows


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Domino Points Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!35

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Domino PointsDomino Points was developed by the Cost Xpert in conjunction with Lotus Software. his methodology is appropriate for software development projects using Lotus Domino development methods. It describes a systems functionality in terms of Forms, Navigators, Pages, and Views.


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Use Case Point Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!37

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Use Case PointActorRepresents a coherent ser of roles that users of use cases play when interacting with these use cases. (human, hardware or another system)Use caseIs a description of a set of sequence of actions that a system perform that yields an observable result of value to a particular actor


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Use Case Diagram Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!39

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Use Case CountingClassifying ActorsSimple, Average, ComplexCalculate UAW (Unadjusted Actor Weights)

Classifying Use CasesSimple, Average, ComplexCalculate UUCW (Unadjusted Use Case Weights)Calculate UUCP (Unadjusted Use Case Point)

Calculate Technical FactorsCalculate Environmental FactorsCalculate Use Case Point


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Technical Complexity FactorsDistributed SystemApplication performance objectivesEnd-user efficiency (on-line)Complex internal processingReusabilityInstallation easeOperational ease, usabilityPortabilityChangeabilityConcurrencySpecial security featuresProvide direct access for third partiesSpecial user training facilities Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!41

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Environmental Complexity FactorsFamiliar with object oriented technologyApplication experienceObject Oriented experienceAnalyst capabilityMotivationStable requirementsPar time workersDifficult programming language

Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!42UCP = UUCP * TCF * EF

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COCOMO Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!43

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Adaptive ProcessesSimpler, Faster, BetterCOCOMO modelAn empirical model based on project experienceWell-documented, independent model which is not tied to a specific software vendorLong history from initial version published in 1981 (COCOMO-81) through to COCOMO 2COCOMO 2 takes into account different approaches to software development, reuse, etc.

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Adaptive ProcessesSimpler, Faster, BetterAlgorithmic cost modellingCost is estimated as a mathematical function of product, project and process attributes whose values are estimated by project managersEffort = A SizeB MA is an organisation-dependent constant, B reflects the disproportionate effort for large projects and M is a multiplier reflecting product, process and people attributesMost commonly used product attribute for cost estimation is code sizeMost models are basically similar but with different values for A, B and M

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Adaptive ProcessesSimpler, Faster, BetterCOCOMO 81

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Adaptive ProcessesSimpler, Faster, BetterCOCOMO 2 levelsCOCOMO 2 is a 3 level model that allows increasingly detailed estimates to be prepared as development progressesEarly prototyping levelEstimates based on object points and a simple formula is used for effort estimationEarly design levelEstimates based on function points that are then translated to LOCPost-architecture levelEstimates based on lines of source code

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Expert Judgment Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!48

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Adaptive ProcessesSimpler, Faster, BetterExpert judgementOne or more experts in both software development and the application domain use their experience to predict software costs. Process iterates until some consensus is reached.Advantages: Relatively cheap estimation method. Can be accurate if experts have direct experience of similar systemsDisadvantages: Very inaccurate if there are no experts!

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Delphi Technique Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!50

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Delphi Wide Band EstimationWhen many experts independently come to the same estimate based on the same assumptions, the estimate is likely to be correctWe need to make sure that the experts are working on the same and correct assumptions


Delphi Wide Band EstimationIdentify a team of expert estimators to do the estimation (4-6 Project managers), author and estimation coordinatorAuthor presents the system to be estimatedAuthor and expert jointly identify tasks and assumptionsAuthor and experts jointly agree on the acceptable level of difference in the estimates


Delphi Wide Band EstimationCoordinator prepares a list of tasks as decided by the team and distributes the list to all expertsExperts independently make their estimate against each of the tasks and hand over their estimates to the coordinator. (No discussions / consultations between team members for estimate values allowed) Coordinator prepares the summary


Delphi Wide Band EstimationCoordinator hands over summary to all experts and authorExperts & the author discuss the tasks and assumptions where the % of variance is more than the acceptable level. Estimates are not discussed. Some tasks may get broken down further or combinedBack to Step 5, and continue till all the tasks are within acceptable variances


Delphi Wide Band EstimationEstimates are never discussed. Tasks, sub-tasks & associated assumptions are discussedEstimates are kept confidential. Estimators do not know each others estimatesMore than three estimators are required for this exerciseMeaningful fragmentation of project into small tasks gets done by default


Agile Size Estimates


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!57Story PointsThe huge-ness of a taskRelative deduction, factors areComplexityScopeRelative values are what is important:A login screen is a 2A search feature is an 8Points are unit-lessScale of 1-10 ideallyAverage task 5


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!58Ideal DaysTime taken ifits all you worked onyou had no interruptionsand everything you need is availableThe ideal time of a football game is 90 minutesTwo 45-minute halvesThe elapsed time is much longer (3 hours?)


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!59Elapsed time Vs Ideal DaysIdeallyDeveloper AMonday has 8 hrs/day40 hrs week ActuallyDeveloper A has 3 hrs of meeting1 hrs mail4 hrs left for a projectSo developer B actually does 4 hrs of progress each day. So takes 2 calendar days of work for 1 ideal day of work.


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!60Comparing ApproachesStory points help drive cross-functional behaviorStory point estimates do not decayStory points are a pure measure of sizeEstimating in story points is typically fasterMy ideal days cannot be added to your ideal daysIdeal days are easier to explain outside the teamIdeal days are easier to estimate at firstIdeal days can force companies to confront time wasting activities


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!61How huge are these?Read a high-level, 10 page overview of agile software development in a business magazineRead a densely written 5 page research paper about agile software development in a academic journalWrite the product backlog for a simple eCommerce site that sells only beerRecruit, interview, and hire a new member for your teamCreate a 60 minute presentation about agile estimating and planning for your co-workersRead a 150-page book on agile software developmentWrite a 8-page summary of this session for your boss


Agile Estimation Methods


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!63TriangulationComparing a user story to othersThis story is like that story, so its estimate is what that storys estimate was.Dont use a single gold standardTriangulate insteadConfirm estimates by comparing the story to multiple other stories.Group like-sized stories on table or whiteboard


Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!64Planning PokerAn iterative approach to estimatingEach estimator is given a deck of cards, each card has a valid estimate written on itProduct owner reads a story and its discussed brieflyEach estimator selects a card thats his or her estimateCards are turned over so all can see themDiscuss differences (especially outliners)Re-estimate until estimates converge


End of module 1

Any questions / comments? Adaptive Processes ConsultingExperience World Class Processes!65

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Project complexityFormulaDescription

SimplePM = 2.4 (KDSI)1.05 MWell-understood applications developed by small teams.

ModeratePM = 3.0 (KDSI)1.12 MMore complex projects where team members may have limited experience of related systems.

EmbeddedPM = 3.6 (KDSI)1.20 MComplex projects where the software is part of a strongly coupled complex of hardware, software, regulations and operational procedures.

costxpert training - module 1

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