coupling metamaterials and plasmons with quantum states of ... · « holy grail » of quantum...
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6/12/2016 1
Coupling metamaterials and plasmons with quantum states of light
Christophe Couteau Laboratory for Nanotechnologies, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO) French Technological University of Troyes (UTT)
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Location : city of Troyes
Region name : « Champagne » Timbered houses
History…
Birth place of the Templar’s
order
Whereabouts
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« Holy Grail » of quantum technologies
Towards the ultimate light-matter interaction
Quantum technologies: -quantum sensors
-quantum communications
-quantum simulation
-quantum computer
-quantum algorithm
Optics/photonics: One photon – One emitter
‘phi-pho’: 1 photon in – 1 photon out
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Strong light-matter interaction
Matching ‘impedance’ between photons and quantum systems
Rough orders of magnitude:
S
λ
Incoming light beam
Quantum emitter
Probability of absorption/’coincidence’
SS
abs
2
Strong focusing Increase N
g
Γ
κ
Increase events
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Strong light-matter interaction
Another solution given by surface plasmon polaritons
1S
abs
Strongly decrease S to nm scale!
S
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Strong light-matter interaction
Another solution given by plasmonics
1S
abs
Strongly decrease S
S
Holy Grail Lycurgus cup
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Quantum plasmonics
A. V. Akimov et al., Nature 450, 402 (2007)
Strong light-matter interaction
J. S. Fakonas et al., Nature Phot. 8, 317 (2014)
Two plasmons interferences
D. E. Chang et al., Nature Phys. 3, 807 (2007) T. Ramos et al., Nature Phys. 113, 237303 (2014)
Photons
Chiral photonics
Single photon transistor
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Plasmonics and metamaterials
Tool #1: coherent perfection absorption
Tool #2: Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Single photon absorption with metamaterials
Entangled photons for remote absorption
Future works
Contents
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Principles of surface plasmons polaritons
ε1
ε2
Maxwell equ. for plane waves + boundary conditions:
02
2
1
1
zz kk
21
p
spSurface Plasmon frequency:
Dispersion relation
No coupling to light line!
Plasmonics
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Dielectric/metal interface/geometry
Drude model with losses for the metal: 1)(
1
2
2
i
p
Engineering coupling with geometry Coupling at the intersection
(if η~0)
ω
kz Surface wave / evanescent field
Plasmonics
Metamaterials!
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Tool #1: Metamaterials for coherent control absorption of light
Nanoscale absorber
Coherent perfect
absorption (CPA)
W. Wan et al.,
Science 331, 889 (2011).
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Metamaterials for coherent control of light
Stationary wave with a
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Gain of the use
of a metamaterial
J. Zhang et al., Light: Sci. & Appl. 1, e18 (2012).
Coupling to quantum states of light?
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rki
ispIeaaaH
.ˆˆˆ.ˆ
Phase-matching conditions:
isp
sipokkkk
SPDC Hamiltonian
Tool #2: Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Energy conservation
Momentum conservation
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Experimental set-up
T. Roger et al., Nature Comm. 6, 7031 (2015).
Signal
Idler
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Experimental results
Split ring
structure
T. Roger et al., Nature Comm. 6, 7031 (2015).
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Experimental results
Coherent perfect
Absorption
Perfect photon to
Plasmon conversion
T. Roger et al., Nature Comm. 6, 7031 (2015).
Arm γ
Arm δ
Both Arms
Graphene layers
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Photon antibunching
R=50%
T=50%
n(t+)≈I(t+) n(t) ≈I(t)
Start
Stop
g(2) (0) ~ 0,2 < 0,5
Heralded single photons
Correlation function
measurements
T. Roger et al., Nature Comm. 6, 7031 (2015).
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Photon entanglement
spontaneous parametric down-conversion
H VA A V HB B
A
B
extraordinary(vertical)
ordinary(horizontal)
BBO-crystal
UV-pump
BABA HVVH
2
1
BAP
BAp
EEE
kkk
Tool #2: Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
G. Weihs (U. Innsbruck)
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Entangled photons interacting with metamaterials
Remote control of absorption
C. Altuzarra et al., to be submitted (2016).
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Remote control of absorption
Entangled photons interacting with metamaterials
C. Altuzarra et al., to be submitted (2016).
Towards photon-plasmon entanglement or photon-emitter via plasmons
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Future works
Single
Photon
Source
Waveguide Nanowire
V
Photocurrent
Single Photon
2 μm
Au/Ti contacts
ZnO NW
www.quantumnanodevices.com (qnD)
Quantum optical circuitry
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Collaborators
* CDPT, NTU:
Charles Altuzarra, Stefano Vezzoli, Cesare Soci, Weibo Gao &
Nikolay Zheludev (U. Southampton)
* Edinburgh University:
Thomas Roger, Eliot Bolduc, Julius Heitz, Jonathan Leach & Daniele Faccio
* University of Southampton:
Joao Valente
* University of Strathclyde:
John Jeffers
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Questions?
Are we in Crete or what?
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Coherent control absorption
Coherent perfect
absorption (CPA)
W. Wan et al., Science 331, 889 (2011).
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Quantum eraser principle
M. Scully et al.,
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Super-oscillations with metamaterials
Super-oscillations at the single photon level (submitted to Nat. Comm.)
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Reference
Workshop LNIO 13/15 30th June 2015
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Optical gates & super oscillations
Super-oscillations
at the single
photon level
(Light: Sci & Appl.)
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Ultimate light-matter interaction
Single
Photon
Source
Waveguide Nanowire
V
Photocurrent
Single Photon
Engineer a nanoscale platform for quantum devices
Nano-interconnect
Cambridge University 6/25 27th November 2014
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Principle of photoconduction
Notion of photoconductive gain: Transit time over decay time d
trG
G as high as 1015 !!
C. Soci et al., NanoLett. 7, 1003 (2007)
- Potential single photon detector -Nanoscale precision - Potential easy integration - Wavelength selective
FtnetJPC ).(.)(
C. Soci et al., J. Nanosci Nanotechnol. 10, 1430 (2010)
Nanowire-based photodetector
Cambridge University 18/25 27th November 2014
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I-V characteristics
Collaboration LRN, Uni. Reims, O. Simonetti and L. Giraudet
I-V curve linear for ohmic contact over 3 orders of magnitude
ZnO nanowire
Ti/Au pads
Resistivities between 0.23 and 2.4 Ω.cm
Electrical
characterisations
Cambridge University 19/25 27th November 2014
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Kelvin Probe Force Microscope potential measurements on a contacted ZnO nanowire with linear contact
1.0
µm1µm
Plot line (forward)
1.0
µm1µm
Plot line (reverse)
1.00
0.00
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1I (µ
A)
U (V)Voltage (V)
Cu
rre
nt
(µA
)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1I (µ
A)
U (V)Voltage (V)
Cu
rre
nt
(µA
)
Submitted to Nanotechnology (2013)
Metallic electrodes
ZnO NW
Electrical
characterisations
Cambridge University 20/25 27th November 2014
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Kelvin Probe Force Microscope potential measurements on a contacted ZnO nanowire with schottky contact
1.0
µm
1.0µm
1µm
Plot line (forward)
1.0
µm
1.0µm
1µm
Plot line (reverse)
1.00
0.00
Slow varying potentialSharp drop
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
I (µ
A)
U (V)Voltage (V)
Cu
rre
nt
(µA
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
I (µ
A)
U (V)Voltage (V)
Cu
rre
nt
(µA
)
Submitted to Nanotechnology (2013)
Electrical
characterisations
Cambridge University 21/25 27th November 2014
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Depletion region at the contact
Ohmic contact Schottky contact
Electrical
characterisations
Cambridge University 22/25 27th November 2014
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First influence of incident light
4-points measurements as well
What’s next?
Cambridge University 23/25 27th November 2014
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Single photon excitation
Antibunching experiment: correlation function
Photon compting
regime
Reflected and transmitted but reflected OR transmitted
Γ=1/T1
T1 T1
Construction of a temporal histogram function of τ
R=50%
T=50%
n(t+)≈I(t+)
n(t) ≈I(t)
Start
Stop
g(2)() = <I(t+)I(t)>
<I(t)>2 g(2)(0)=0
META 14 12/16 23rd May 2014
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Photonics group at the LNIO:
French CNRS research unit
Associated laboratory with CEA
Member “French Laboratory for Excellence” (Labex) ‘ACTION’
CNRS ‘Associated International Laboratory’ with Taiwan
5 faculty members, 2 engineers, 3 post-docs, 10 PhD students…
- Instrumentation: scanning near field optics, photoluminescence…
- Simulation: FDTD, FEM, RCWA…
- Devices: Integrated spectrometer, large scale AFM, photonic crystals…
- New photonic materials: Porous silicon, polymers, ZnO…
-Fabrication and structuration: e-beam lithography, plasma etching, CBD… (nano’mat platform)
Physics Department, Oxford 3/36 11th of June 2012
Whatabouts…
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Work functions
CINTRA, NTU ICMAT 2013
Electrical characterisations
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Principle: AFM scan with voltage applied at tip-sample
CINTRA, NTU ICMAT 2013
Kelvin force microscopy
Electrostatic force sample-tip:
with
W. Melitz et al., Surface Science Reports 66, 1 (2011).