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WASTE TYPES

Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make

it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health

or the environment.

Radioactive wastes are waste types containing

radioactive chemical elements that do not have a

practical purpose. They are sometimes the products

of nuclear processes, such as nuclear fission

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that

includes predominantly household waste (domestic

waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial

wastes collected by a municipalitywithin a given area.

LOCATION OF

DISPOSAL?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_types


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Four Characteristics of Hazardous Waste

Ignitability wastes that pose a fire hazard

Corrosivity wastes that have ability to corrode

materials

Reactivity wastes that tend to react

spontaneously

Toxicity wastes that may release toxicants


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Unit Waste Generation


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Current Situation


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RECENT PROBLEM


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RECENT PROBLEM

SOLID

WASTE DISPOSAL SITE

Land Capability is Low

for Waste Disposal Site

CAUSES

AIR POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

SOIL POLLUTION

SURFACE WATER & GROUNDWATER

Social Problems


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Constituent Unit Indonesia North America Great Britain Germany

Newa Oldb New Old New Old New Old

pH 7.7 7.9 5.2 7.3 6.7 7.5 6 8

EC S/cm 1848 - 9200 1400 - - - -

TDS mg/L 9830 - 12620 1144 - - - -Total Iron mg/L 1.4 < 0.01 500 2 654 27 780 15

Manganesse mg/L - 2.4 49 - 33 0.5 25 0.7

Cadmium mg/L -


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Leachate production/percolation rate can be predicted using water balance

method. It involves the elements of a water balance in which precipitation eitherruns off from the landfill or infiltrates as shown on equation below (Fenn et al,

1975 in Farquhar, 1989).

PERC = P RO ET S + G

Where :

PERC leachate percolation rate

P precipitation

RO run off

ET evapotranspiration

S soil moisture storage

G groundwater inflow


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Selecting Land for Landfill Location

WASTE DISPOSAL

SITE

LAND CAPABILITY

FOR WASTE

DISPOSAL SITE

LAND SUITABILITYFOR WASTE

DISPOSAL SITE

Earth

Science

Information

Economical-

Political-

Social Risks& Benefits

Existing

Land Use


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Site Selection Objectives


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Waste Disposal Site Criteria

Isolate solid and liquid waste

protect surface and groundwater resources

reduce potential problems related to localbiology, air quality, traffic, social-economic

issue, etc.

Therefore, a potential sites suitability through:Geology Assessment and

Environmental Impact Assessment


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Planning Stage

GEOLOGY MAP

HYDROGEOLOGY MAP

QUALITY OF HOST ROCK

GROUNDWATER

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO

CONTAMINATION

LOCAL TOPOGRAPHYHYDROLOGY

CLIMATE

LANDUSE

TRANSPORTATION

SOCIAL ASPECT


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Phase I


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Phase II


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Phase III


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OBJECTIVES

LEARN & UNDERSTANDING HOW TO

EVALUATE/DETERMINE THE SITELOCATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL

BASED ON THE GEOLOGY CONDITION


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UNDERSTANDING THE GEOLOGICAL FACTORS OF LAND

UNDERSTANDING THE GEOLOGIC PARAMETERS

FOR SITING LAND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

UNDERSTANDING THE WAY OF ANALYSIS &

EVALUATION FOR SITING LAND DISPOSAL

FACILITIES BASED ON THE GEOLOGIC PARAMETERS


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Important Parameters

QUALITY OF HOST ROCK

GROUNDWATER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO

CONTAMINATION LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY

HYDROLOGY

CLIMATE


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Quality of Host Rock

Regularity of Rocks/Deposits

Structural Integrity


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Physical, Geotechnical & (Geochemical )

Properties of Earth Materials

Rocks vs Soils

Type of Rocks

Igneous Rocks (Batuan Beku)

Sedimentary Rocks (Batuan Sedimen)

Metamorphic Rocks (Batuan Metamorf)


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ROCK STRENGTH

In a very general sense, rock strengths are related toorigin; e.g., dense igneous rocks are stronger thandense sedimentary rocks

Rock strength is also related to:

Texture (interlocking textures are stronger)

Anisotropy (the existence of preferred failure planes)

Mineralogy (e.g., quartz is stronger than calcite)

Moisture Content (dry rocks tend to be stronger thansaturated rocks)

Degree and Type of Cement (e.g., quartz is strongerthan calcite and complete cementation makes rockstronger than just partial cementation)


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Rock Weathering Classification


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Grade

*

Term UCS

(MPa)

Point

Load

Index

MPa

Field estimate of strength Examples

R6 Extremelystrong

> 250 > 10 Specimen can only be chipped with ageological hammer

Fresh basalt, chert, diabase, gneiss,granite, quartzite

R5 Very strong 100 to 250 4 to 10 Specimen requires many blows of a

geological hammer to fracture it

Amphibolite, sandstone, basalt,

gabbro, gneiss, granodiorite,

limestone, marble, rhyolite, tuff

R4 Strong 50 to 100 2 to 4 Specimen requires more than one

blow of a geological hammer to

fracture it

Limestone, marble, phyllite,

sandstone, schist, shale

R3 Medium

strong

25 to 50 1 to 2 Cannot be scraped with a pocket

knife, specimen can be fractured with

a single blow from a geological

hammer

Claystone, coal, concrete, schist,

shale, siltstone

R2 Weak 5 to 25 ** Can be peeled with a pocket knife

with difficulty, shallow indentation

made by firm blow with point of a

geological hammer

Chalk, rocksalt, potash

R1 Very weak 1 to 5 ** Crumbles under firm blows with point

of a geological hammer, can be

peeled by a pocket knife

Highly weathered or altered rock

R0 Extremely

weak

0.25 to 1 ** Indented by thumbnail Stiff fault gouge

** Point load tests on rocks with a uniaxial compressive strength < 25 MPa are likely to yield highly ambiguous results.

Table 11.2: Field estimates of uniaxial compressive strength

* Grade according to Brown (1981).


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Differences in the rock textures

Igneous isometric


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Sedimentary rocks have layers, bedding, strata


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Regularity of Rocks/Deposits

Photo: Putra, 2001


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Dipping and Cleavage

DIPPING

Low Permeability

Moderate Permeability


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Metamorphic rocks are banded, and foliated


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Seismic Risk Zones (Faults, Fractures) or

other hazard such as landslide/rockfall

Dipping and Cleavage

Weathering

Quality of Host Rock:

Structural Integrity


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Fault and Fractures

Photo: Putra, 2001


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Structural Geology

Stope

Hutchinson and Diederichs, 1996

Hutchinson, 2000


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QUIZ

Batugamping/Limestone/Kalkstein

Breksi Andesit/Andesitic Breccia

Batulempung-tufan/Tufaceous claystone

Batupasir-tufan/Tufaceous sandstone


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Seismic Risk Zones

Should be not an areas where a previous highmagnitude earthquake is occurred relate to faultingand jointing of rocks (fractures).

The present of faults and fractures is extremely

important, because(1) its increase the permeability of host rocks,(2) its provide natural pathway for flow ofcontaminants, even in low permeability and low-

porosity rock. Land disposal facility should be placed at least 60 m /

200 feet from the fault.


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Groundwater/Aquifer

Susceptibility to Contaminant

Regionally can be assessed using HydrogeologicalMap

Locally should be assessed using intrinsic

groundwater vulnerability mapping, such as:(1) Le Grand Method,

(2) GOD and/or GODS Method,

(3) DRASTIC Method,

(4) SVV Method (Putra, 2007), etc


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Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater

AQUIFER

AQUICLUDE

AQUIFUG

AQUITARD

CONFINING BED/LAYER


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Hydraulic Conductivity


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Hydrogeological Map


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Type of Aquifer


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Le Grand Method (unconsolidated rocks)

l i f ll i i l


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Evaluation of Pollution Potential

According to Le Grand Method

Total Point Possibility of Pollution

0 4 Imminent

4 8 Probable or possible

8 12 Possible but not likely

12 25 Very improbable

25 35 Impossible


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Quiz

Perkirakan kerentanan area terhadap

pencemaran airtanah dari suatu TPA jika:

host rocks berupa endapan pasir kasar

kedalaman muka airtanah 5 m

kemiringan muka airtanah 10%

jarak area tersebut dari sumber pencemar 0m

Gunakan LeGrand Method!


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GOD Method


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GODS Method


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Quiz

Suatu lokasi calon TPA memiliki karakteristik berikut:

Lapisan tanah penutup berukuran lanau (silt)

Jenis batuan volcanic tuff,

Sistem akuifer bebas (unconfined aquifer)

Kedalaman muka airtanah 15 m

Pertanyaan :

Bagaimana kerentanan area tersebut terhadap pencemaranairtanah? (gunakan metoda GODS)


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LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY

Nearness to Surface Water Bodies

Variation in Elevation

Slope


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TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP

ELEVATION

SLOPE

STREAMS/RIVERS

EXISTING LANDUSE

INFORMATION

GEOGRAPHICAL

LOCATION

A

B

L l T h


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High Topographic Relief High Hills or DeepValleys and commonly related to deep water

table. Low Topographic Relief typically has a

shallow water table

Local Topography:

Variation in Elevation


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The strength requirements are less for a

facility built on a flat slope than on a

steep one

L l T h


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Local Topography:

Nearness to Surface Water Bodies

A high elevation site may have the

advantage of remoteness from the water

table, but the disadvantage of

contaminating a larger zone


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Hydrology & Climate

Hydrology:

- Proximity to surface water distance from

the land disposal facilities

- Possibility of flooding (Flood Hazard)

Climate:

- Precipitation

low precipitation area- Wind slow wind (defined as below 3 m/s)


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Thank You For Your Attention

course 7_landfill & site selection for landfill

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