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Data storage devices

Unit objectives Describe hard drives and file systems,

and install IDE and SCSI hard drives Describe optical data storage, install

and use optical drives and discs Install and use floppy drives and disks,

and install, use, and safely remove USB flash drives

Maintain and troubleshoot your data storage devices

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Topic A

Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device

troubleshooting

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Hard drive components

Arm Actuator

Platter

Head

Platter Spindle

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Hard drive geometry

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Head crash

Heads contact surface during operation

Heads float ½ of a millionth of an inch above surface

Don’t drop or jolt your PC during operation

Heads parked at shutdown, damage still possible

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File systems

Logical organization scheme for files– Sector and cluster sizes– How file and folder names are tracked– How file and folder locations are tracked– How files and folders are stored within

clusters

FAT and NTFS

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FAT file system

Developed for DOS Supported through current Windows

versions 16 and 32 bit versions 16-bit version featured restricted file

names (8 characters, 3 letter extensions, no spaces)

Slow and limited compared to NTFS

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NTFS file system

Developed for Windows NT Supported in Windows 2000

Professional and all Windows XP versions

32-bit file system 255-character names with spaces Supports larger files, larger volumes,

and is faster than FAT

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FAT vs. NTFSFeature FAT16 FAT32 NTFSFile name length 1-8 characters 1-255

characters*1-255 characters*

File extensions 0-3 characters 0-255 characters*

0-255 characters*

Max. file size 2 GB 4 GB Limited only by volume size

Max. volume size

2 GB 32 GB 2 TB

Max. files per volume

Approx. 6,500 Unlimited Unlimited

Most often used with

DOS, Windows 3.x and 95

Windows 9x, and Me

Windows NT, 2000, and XP

Supports file level security

No No Yes

Supports file compression and encryption

No No Yes

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Directory trees

Root directory Directories contain file and folders Directory = folder FAT16 limited root directory to 512

entries

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Root directory of C:

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File organization problems

Best speed when file is contiguous Files become fragmented (distributed

across the disk) Defragging relocates file parts to be

contiguous Cluster chain can be broken

– By viruses or poorly written programs

Use chkdsk or other utility to check and fix file problems.

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Activity A-1

Choosing a file system

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Physical installation

1. Set drive identification jumpers or switches

2. Install the drive into the PC chassis

3. If SCSI and required, terminate drive

4. Connect data and control cables

5. Connect the power cable

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ATA drive identification

Drive jumpers Cable position

Motherboard

Master

Slave

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SCSI drive identification

Set jumpers switches

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Chassis installation

Use any available bay for hard drive Also smaller specific hard drive bays Install where data and power cables

reach Mount horizontally or vertically Use ESD precautions

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Data and power cable connections

Most cables are keyed Older cable:

– Wire 1 red stripe– Pin 1 labeled with number or triangle– Line up wire 1 with pin 1

Correct connector for master/slave Terminate SCSI bus IDE/SCSI

– Large peripheral power connector with triangular corners

SATA – Specialized keyed power connector

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Activity A-2

Physically installing a hard drive

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Hard drive preparation

Low-level format Partition High-level format

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Low-level formatting

Records tracks Divides tracks into sectors Old drives required occasionally re-

low-level formatting New drives, done at the factory

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Partitioning

Divides disk into logical drives Logical drives = volumes First sector on bootable volume is the

Master Boot Record (MBR)

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Unpartitioned disk in Windows

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Partition types

Master boot record (MBR) Primary and extended

– Primary: directly accessed by OS– Extended: contain one or more logical

drives that are accessed by the OS– Up to 4 primary and 1 extended per drive

Basic and Dynamic– Basic: standard type since DOS– Dynamic: new type with Windows 2000– Permits changes without restarting the

operating system

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Partitioning utilities

fdisk fdisk /mbr (rewrites the MBR) Windows Disk Manager Third-party

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Formatting

Creates logical file storage structures– File allocation table and so forth

Destructive process– Sometimes you can recover data

Use format command or Windows Disk Management

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Activity A-3

Partitioning and formattinga hard drive

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Topic B

Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device

troubleshooting

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Components of a CD

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Recordable CDs

Process is called “burning” CD-R can be written once and read

many times CD-RW can be written multiple times

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CD drive components

Laser

TraySpindle

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CD drive components

Control buttons Headphone jack Volume control dial Manual eject hole

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CD drive speeds

Expressed as xX– x = number of times faster the rate of CD

spin

1X spins 210 to 539 RPM 2X twice as fast as 1X xX accurate up to 12X

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DVDs

12 cm diameter like CDs Thinner than CDs Uses different encoding method CDs Requires a narrower laser beam DVD-R and DVD-RW Internal or external

– Internal: IDE, Serial ATA, SCSI– External: FireWire or USB 2.0

1X to 16X Need an MPEG-2 decoder

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DVD types

DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-14 DVD-18

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Optical drive installation

1. Need a horizontal 5.25” drive bay

2. Verify interface and power cables can reach the optical drive

3. Verify audio cable reaches the sound card

4. Set jumpers on IDE drive to Master, Slave, or Cable Select

5. On SCSI drive, set SCSI ID

6. Install drive in bay according to your case specification

7. Verify drive door opens freely

8. If necessary, install drivers

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Optical drive connections

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Activity B-1

Installing an optical drive

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“What do you want to do?” options

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Using CD and DVD drives

Read and write CDs using Windows Media player

Other CD read/write apps:– RealPlayer– Easy CD Creator– Sonic RecordNow!

Play DVDs using Windows Media Player

Must install DVD decoder– Download Windows XP Video Decoder

Checkup utility from microsoft.com

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Activity B-2

Using an optical drive

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Topic C

Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device

troubleshooting

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USB flash drives

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Flash MP3 player

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Activity C-1

Installing a USB flash drive

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Floppy disks

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5.25” floppy disk

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3.5” floppy disk

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Capacities

Size Tracks Sectors per track

Density Capacity

5.25” 40 9 Double 360 KB

5.25” 80 15 High 1.2 MB

3.5” 80 9 Double 720 KB

3.5” 80 18 High 1.44 MB

3.5” 80 36 Extra-high

2.88 MB

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Write protection

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Activity C-2

Examining floppy disks

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Floppy controller resources

System resource Typical value

IRQ 6

I/O address range 0x03F0-0x03F7

DMA channel 2

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Floppy drive cable

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Floppy controller connector

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Activity C-3

Installing a floppy drive

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Diskette preparation

Format– Records sector structure– Creates file allocation table– Destructive process

Purchase pre-formatted floppies– PC or Macintosh formats

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Boot floppies

Minimal operating system files Bootable boot sector Files and structure vary by operating

system– Windows 2000 Professional and

Windows XP also require CD or hard drive during boot time

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Activity C-4

Formatting a floppy diskette

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Topic D

Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives Topic C: Removable storage devices Topic D: Storage device

troubleshooting

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Hard drive maintenance

Checking for disk errors Freeing space Defragging Recovering deleted files Diagnostic utilities

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Optical disc and drive cleaning

Dirt and scratches cause problems Wipe with soft-lint free cloth from

center out Can use water or gentle soap Don’t use cleaners or abrasives Don’t need to clean the laser lens

unless highly dusty environment

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Activity D-1

Maintaining your hard drive

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Troubleshooting hard disks Cannot access drive at all Cannot boot from the hard drive Space on drive doesn’t match advertised

space Files becoming corrupted System will boot from the hard drive when

you do a warm restart, but not from a cold boot

Drive letter incorrect Cannot use the full space of a very large

drive Drive not autodetected during the boot

process

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Troubleshooting CD drives

No audio plays from CD CD drive not found Disc can’t be read Buffer underrun Write process fails several minutes

after starting Zip files are corrupted when recorded

on a SCSI CD-RW drive Burned CD-RW disc can’t be read on

another computer

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Troubleshooting DVD drives

DVD can’t be played when two displays are being used

UDF formatted discs can’t be read Cannot play DVD movie

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Activity D-2

Troubleshooting data storage devices

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Unit summary

Described hard drives and file systems, and installed IDE and SCSI hard drives

Described optical data storage, installed and used optical drives and discs

Installed and used floppy drives and disks, and installed, used, and safely removed USB flash drives

Maintained and resolved problems with data storage devices