course modules, year 1, msc earth sciences magmatic...

Magmatic processes AW-4003 Course modules, year 1, MSc Earth Sciences

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5

Period 1, 2003/2004 Period: 01-09-2003 till 14-11-2003 Language: English

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Basic knowledge of petrology (igneous rocks), mineralogy, isotope geochemistry and thermodynamics is required (to be arbitrated by the instructor). Essential background: BSc-course: Aardse Materialen: Mineralen en Magma's (AW-2105), or similar. Useful background: BSc-course: Inleiding in de chemische geodynamica (AW-3106); BSc-course: Structuur en stabiliteit van Aardse materialen (AW-3104)

Structure and composition of the Earth's interior AW-4001 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 01-09-2003 till 14-11-2003 Language: English Sources of self-study: - Wilson (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, a global technic approach. Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Basic knowledge of physics and mathematics is recommended.

- Hall (1996) Igneous Petrology. Longmand Group Ltd. - MacKenzie, Donaldson and Guilford (1993) Atlas of Igneous Rocks and their textures.

Content: After presenting an overview of the geophysical constraints on the elastic structure and density of the Earth's interior, we will discuss the relevant elements which constitute the Earth's interior, starting from a brief summary of the origin of the Earth and cosmic abundances of elements to a comprehensive mineralogical description of the Earth's interior. Inside the Earth, temperatures and pressures can be become very high and profoundly affect the elastic properties and density of minerals. We give an overview of how to model the temperature and pressure dependence of the elastic properties of minerals. In the last part of course, we present a synthesised view of the Earth's interior which takes the geophysical, petrological and geochemical aspects we introduced into account.

Content: Theoretical aspects will be treated during communal lectures to support practical work and projects, which constitute a substantial part of this block. Knowledge will largely be acquired through individual work on case histories about volcanic complexes in various geological settings. Practical techniques include computer modelling, optical microscopy and a ‘hands-on’ introduction to microprobe analysis. Topics to be addressed are: Texture analysis, both qualitative and quantitative; Interpretation of rock and mineral chemistry, analytical techniques; Element distribution in theory and reality; Phase-diagrams and their predictive value; Magma-reservoir processes; Interpretation of melt inclusions; Quantitative models for melt-extraction and crystallisation, open and closed systems; Magma properties, the role of gasses and fluids, their significance for eruptive behaviour and physical volcanology; Impact of volcanic emissions on environment and climate.

Aim: Explain the overall nature of the Earth’s interior. Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. J.A. Trampert email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5088 Aim: Volcanic rocks carry information on their origin and evolution in many

different ways. In this course you will learn how to extract this information by modern petrological and geochemical research methods, and how the interpretation of data provides insights into magmatic processes and conditions. Acquiring knowledge about the principal research strategies for data collection and interpretation; Learning how to use quantitative models; Establishing a basis for independent research; Scientific attitude towards literature in this field (ability to understand, critical judgement); Reporting and representation skills.

Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M1 1 Final exam M1 1 12-11-2003 14-17u C118 Final exam M3 2 04-02-2004 14-17u C118

Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. M.J.van Bergen Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M1 1 Final exam M1 1 13-11-2003 14-17u C.110

Course modules MSc Earth Sciences, period 1, 2003/2004 1 Versie: 17/07-2003

mailto:[email protected]

Geopotential fields: gravity and magnetism AW-4002A Assessment Period Possibility Essay/exam: dr. Dimova M1 1 Presentation+assignments: prof. Langereis M1 1 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Obligatory literature etc.: Wordt nader bekendgemaakt: Handouts and literature (articles), at no additonal costs. Books available from the library Period: 01-09-2003 till 14-11-2003

Language: English Advised literature etc.: Wordt nader bekendgemaakt: Articles in international geophysical journals and chapters in books.

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc (or equivalent) appropriate for a MSc with geophysical trace.

Advanced mineralogy AW-4004 Sources of self-study: Articles, book chapters, websites. Content: The gravity and magnetic fields of the Earth are intrinsic physical

properties of our planet. Gilbert discovered in 1600 that the Earth was in fact a big magnet itself, while 87 years later Sir Isaac Newton formulated his laws on motion and on gravity. These fields can be measured as the gradients of the corres-ponding potentials, and provide important information on (deep) structures and processes within the Earth. On a global scale, measurements - usually done at the Earth’s surface or from satellites - are far away from the source, and downward (or upward) continuation will be discussed in some detail.

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 01-09-2003 till 14-11-2003 Language: English Content: Physics of the Earth's interior, Phase Diagrams, Inorganic Chemistry, Diffraction, Surface and Colloid chemistry, Supercritical Phenomena. Labs: Mineral Synthesis, Diffraction, Image Analysis, reporting lab results Gravity: it will be shown that an ideal, rotating (ellipsoidal) Earth differs from the

real Earth: the geoid. Measured gravity anomalies reflect the mass/density distribution within the Earth, and are very sensitive to ‘dynamic’ topography, e.g. deep sea trenches. Gravity observations thus reveal properties that are relevant to plate tectonics and mantle convection. On much shorter (local) scales, gravity anomalies may also reveal useful information about the shallow subsurface, e.g. for engineering or environmental studies (as will be discussed in the course Applied Geophysics).

Aim: This course in meant for students who have an interest in the deeper understanding of the driving forces by which minerals are formed. During the course you will learn the influence of boundary conditions on mineral growth, what techniques are available to extract detailed information from (naturally formed) minerals and how to interpret the data from these analysing techniques. Co-ordinator/Teacher: prof.dr. B.H.W.S.de Jong email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5065 Geomagnetism: it will be shown that the Earth’s magnetic field is conveniently

described as mainly (90%) a dipole plus higher order (non-dipole) fields. We study the present-day and historical field, and the downward continuation of secular variation to the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Inversion of such secular variation gives us information, for example, on the outer core fluid velocity field and CMB processes. We also discuss geodynamo theory, and various types of dynamos will be treated, in particular recent advances in numerical geodynamos and their agreement/discrepancies with obervations.

Advised literature etc.: Text: Text: Poirier; Hemley (if available); Shriver, Atkins & Langford; Ehlers. Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M1 1 Test (mid term exam) M1 1 Final exam M1 1 10-11-2003 14-17u C110 Aim: To understand two important and intrinsic physical properties of the Earth:

gravity and magnetism, and their role in determining the processes that take place in the (deep) Earth.

Final exam M3 2 Co-ordinator: prof.dr. C.G. Langereis

Teacher(s): dr. V. Dimova, prof.dr. C.G. Langereis email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5170, kamer O.324, Aardwetenschappen email: [email protected], tel.:030-253 1668, kamer te Fort Hoofddijk




Paleo-oceanography and climate variariability AW-4005 Aquatic chemistry AW-4006

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 European Credits: 7.5 Period: 01-09-2003 till 14-11-2003 Period: 01-09-2003 till 14-11-2003 Language: English Language: English

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Basic knowledge of paleooceanography Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc or equivalent degree in Earth Sciences or a related field; Basic knowledge of physical chemistry and differential equations, as well as some introduction to environmental chemistry, geochemistry and hydro(geo)logy.

Possible pre-courses: AW-3118: Paleo oceanography en -klimatologie Content: (Palaeo)ocean circulation during different climatic regimes and related proxy variability will be discussed while sequentially introducing different concepts and aspects during the first 7 weeks. In particular the Glacial world will be contrasted to the (present-day) Interglacial, and compared to high-frequency (e.g. El-Nino) palaeoceanographic and proxies variations. Amongst the aspects to be discussed are: Glacial climate and its forcing; sediment dating techniques; palaeoproductvity; pCO2 reconstruction; oxygenation; sea surface temperature; deep water circulation; and proxy preservation.

Sources of self-study: Stumm W. & Morgan J.J. (1996) Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley NY. ISBN 0-471-51185-4

Content: Equilibrium approaches in aquatic chemistry: review of acid-base, complexation, redox and solubility equilibria; simple equilibrium calculations; natural waters as multicomponent systems; speciation models and applications Structure of aqueous solutions: structure and properties of liquid water; hydration of ions and structure of aqueous solutions Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions: thermodynamics of hydration; ion-ion interactions; ion-pairing model; specific interaction models; applications: speciation in seawater and hydrothermal solutions

Aim: Theory and application of marine proxies by association of theory with relevant case studies. Metal ions in solution: coordination chemistry of metals; acid-base properties of

metal cations; solubility and hydrolysis; classification of metals; applications: geochemistry of iron, manganese and aluminum

Co-ordinator: dr. G.J.de Lange Teacher(s): dr. G.J.de Lange, dr. W.J. Zachariasse email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5034 Solid-solution interface: interfacial tension; hydrous oxide surfaces; electrostatics of

the oxide-water interface; adsorption processes email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5186 Regulation of composition of natural waters: weathering and proton balance;

buffering; trace metals in the environment Assessment Period Possibility Aim: To provide students with the theoretical foundation and practical skills to interpret and predict the composition and reactivity of natural waters. Special attention is given to the molecular structure and thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions and mineral-solution interfaces. Students will learn to use computer-based chemical speciation models in aquatic chemistry applications.

Assignments M1 1 Final exam M1 1 10-11-2003 9-12u C010 Final exam M3 2 Advised literature etc.: Text: Ruddiman, ca. € 100,- Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. T. Behrends Reader email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5008 Advised literature etc.: Reader Assessment Period Possibility

Assignments M1 1 Final exam M1 1 13-11-2003 9-12u C010 Final exam M3 2 05-02-2004 9-12u C010



Principles of groundwater flow GS-MPGF Assessment Period Possibility Final exam M1 1 11-11-2003 14-17u C116 Final exam M3 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Advised literature etc.: Period: 01-09-2003 till 16-11-2003 Text: Schwartz, Franklin W. & Zhang, Hubao, Introduction to Groundwater Hydrology, 1-st Edition - January 2003 , 59.- Euro, 2003. 583 Pages, Hardcover ISBN 0-471-13785-5 - John Wiley & Sons

Language: English Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential: BSc or equivalent in Earth Sciences, Applied Sciences, or related fields; basic knowledge of physics, calculus, ordinary and partial differential equations. Useful background: basic knowledge of hydrology, introductory geology and/or environmental sciences.

Unsaturated zone hydrology GS-MUZH

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Possible pre-courses: Basic knowledge of hydro(geo)logy, continuum mechanics, tectonics, geochemistry and sedimentary geology

European Credits: 7.5 Period: 01-09-2003 till 16-11-2003 Sources of self-study: Domenico, P. and Schwartz, F. (1990) Physical and

Chemical Hydrology. Wiley, ISBN 0471-50744-X. Language: English

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Knowledge of groundwater hydrology, basic physics/mathematics skills.

Content: Origin of porosity and permeability: continental and marine environments, uplift, diagenesis, erosion, tectonics, fractures, continuum approach, REV concept Content: The course will discuss the basic principles of water dynamics in the

unsaturated zone. Starting with soil physics, unsaturated permeability models and soil water retention models the student moves on to Richard’s Law with special focus on boundary conditions such as infiltration and evapotranspiration. Potential theory and principles of Darcy flow will be repeated. Different evapotranspiration models will be explained and discussed. The construction, analysis and modelling of soil water retention curves will be dealt with. The non-linear behaviour of the unsaturated permeability will be handled as well as different unsaturated permeability models. The participants will be introduced to both analytical and numerical solutions of soil water flow, gaining practical experience by using the Hydrus1D and 2D models. Both the stationary and non-stationary conditions of water infiltration into the soil will be discussed. Besides matric flow conditions also macropore flow and the preferential principles (wetting front instability, fingered flow) are treated in the course. Practical information such as pedotransfer functions to estimate soil hydraulic properties from well-known soil characteristics, as well as soil moisture measurement and monitoring techniques will be shown.

Groundwater movement: Darcy’s law, hydraulic head, hydraulic conductivity, pore pressure, anisotropy, Dupuit’s assumptions, mapping of flow, flow in fractured media Flow equations, boundary conditions, and flow nets: mass conservation, storage properties of porous media, Boussinesq approximation, initial and boundary conditions, flow nets, dimensional analysis, analytical solutions Forces driving groundwater flow: Topography, basin geometry and geology, coastal regions, pumping, engineering and geological implications Hydraulic testing and geophysical methods: Pumping tests, slug tests, geo-electrical methods, GPR, seismics Groundwater flow simulation: Modelling approaches (schematisation), simulation, evaluation of model results, model verification and validation, finite differences, grids, integration in time, initial and boundary conditions, computer models Solute transport: Diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, equilibrium adsorption, retardation, tracer transport and tracer tests, mass transport equations, reactions, groundwater age Aim: The objective of this course is to obtain theoretical knowledge and insight in

the principles of soil physics, evaporation, infiltration. soil moisture storage and soil moisture flow within the unsaturated zone. The student has knowledge to understand different flow concepts like matric flow and preferential flow. After this course the student is capable of working with state of the art unsaturated zone flow models and to interpret results generated with such tools.

Special topics: Colloidal transport, subsurface microbiology, biotransformations Aim: Objectives This course unit introduces the basic principles and methods necessary to quantify the flow of water and transport of solutes through saturated porous media. In addition, students will be introduced to basic numerical methods and professional software for simulating groundwater flow.

Co-ordinator: dr. T.A. Bogaard Co-ordinator: dr. T.A. Bogaard Teacher(s): dr. T.A. Bogaard, dr. V.G. Jetten Teacher(s): prof.dr ir. S.M. Hassanizadeh, dr. R.J. Schotting (TU Delft) Assessment: to be announced Obligatory literature etc.: to be announced


Ecology of plant communities and landscapes No description available


Aim: Overview of, and insight in, the dynamics of the lithosphere. Knowledge of, and insight in the quantitative modelling approach. Being able to critically read and evaluate recent literature about lthosphere dynamics. Skills in problem-analysis and recognising solutions and solution-strategies. Skills in presentation of a literature-overview.The course encompasses a broad range of topics covering all principal aspects of the kinematics and dynamics of the lithosphere. As such it aims to be a fully up-to-date course in advanced plate tectonics and associated tectonic processes, addressing primarily the global and regional scale aspects. The emphasis is on quantitative models of the processes involved, and the relation between these models and a wide range of observables (geophysical, geological, as well as geodetic)

Course modules, year 1, MSc Earth Sciences Period 2, 2003/2004 Tectonophysics (Lithosphere dynamics) AW-4009

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 17-11-2003 till 29-01-2004 Language: English Co-ordinator: prof.dr. M.J.R. Wortel Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Basics of continuum mechanics (AW-3102). Teacher(s): dr. R.M.A. Govers, prof.dr. M.J.R. Wortel Content: The course contents is divided into two classes of topics: (A) general aspects of the Earth''s lithosphere: properties, large scale kinematics and dynamics, and (B) plate boundary processes and plate boundary evolution. Classic fundamental contributions are discussed along with very recent developments. Through studying the latter the student is introduced to the international literature. Assignments of different nature (problem solving, computer assignments, oral presentation and writing) are an integral part of the course. Within the broad framework and aims of the course special attention is given to tailoring the details of the course to the students’ varying backgrounds. This allows for a certain focus on specific aspects as well as for eliminating deficiencies.

email: [email protected]; tel.: 030-253 5074 email: [email protected]; tel.: 030-253 4985 Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M2 1 Final exam M2 1 19-01-2004 ?? ??? Final exam M4 1 19-04-2004 9-12u C.110

The Earth's lithosphere. Introduction: definition(s) of lithosphere, relationship to asthenosphere and upper mantle, temperature distribution, rheology, composition of the lithosphere; Pertinent observables: seismic velocity structure, seismicity, gravity, geoid, heatflow, stress indicators, geological data, geodetic data, etc.; Plate kinematics (absolute and relative motion models): present-day and reconstructions, role of (short term) geodetic data versus longer term averages (e.g. magnetic anomaly data); Plate dynamics and stress field in the lithosphere and intraplate deformation: connections between deeper mantle dynamics and lithosphere dynamics, dynamic topography. Plate boundary processes and plate boundary evolution. Subduction process (in particular non-stationary aspects): subduction zone seismicity in relation to dynamics of subduction process, deformation in convergent plate boundary regions, continental collision, orogenic processes, surface processes in orogens, and PTt paths, PT conditions in relation to subduction zone magmatism; Extensional processes: oceanic spreading process, formation and evolution of rifts, back-arc basins, passive margins and sedimentary basins; Transform faulting and transpressional boundaries: transient stress field and tectonics, possible role in initiation of subduction.


Biogeochemistry AW-4013 Hydrogeological transport phenomena GS-MHTP Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 European Credits: 7.5 Period: 17-11-2003 till 29-01-2004 Period: 17-11-2003 till 01-02-2004 Language: English Language: English Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential background: BSc. or equivalent degree in Earth Sciences or a related field; basic knowledge of general chemistry and calculus. Useful background: basic knowledge of geochemistry, sedimentary geology and general biology. No specific courses are mentioned.

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential: BSc or equivalent in Earth Sciences or related field; completion of Principles of Groundwater Flow or an equivalent Masters-level course. Useful background: basic knowledge of hydrology, geology and geochemistry Content: - Heat transport Content: The following topics will be included: - Chemical reactions in groundwater systems - Basic concepts and approaches in biogeochemistry. - Mass transport in groundwater systems - Isotopic methods in biogeochemistry. - Density-dependent groundwater flow and transport - Biogeochemical cycles (C, N, S, P and Si). - Modelling of geological systems - Biological processes and their biogeochemical consequences (ecology and

physiology of living organisms and their representation in biogeochemical models).

- Contaminant hydrogeology - Multiphase fluid flow Aim: This course introduces students to the basic concepts and issues essential for the modelling of complex flow and transport processes. Students will learn to set up mathematical models for quantitatively describing subsurface transport phenomena.

- Sediment biogeochemistry (incl early diagenesis). - Biogeochemical models - Students will participate in a discussion forum centered around hotly debated

issues in biogeochemistry. Aim: To provide a mechanistic and qualitative understanding of biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments (oceans, estuaries, rivers and lakes).

Co-ordinator: dr. T.A. Bogaard

Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. G.J.de Lange Teacher(s): prof. dr. ir. S.M. Hassanizadeh, dr. R.J. Schotting (TU Delft) email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5034 Advised literature etc.: Reader Assessment Period Possibility

Final exam M2 1 ?? Assessment Period Possibility Advised literature etc.: to be announced Presentatie (30 min.)/ werkcolleges/huiswerk/discussies

Final exam M2 1 21-01-2004 14-17u KCZ Final exam M4 2 21-04-2004 9-12u C010



Environmental geochemistry AW-4014 Aim: The aim is to provide students with qualitative and quantitative insight in the main physico-chemical processes involved in the disturbace of soils and sediments.

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 17-11-2003 till 29-01-2004 Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr.ir. J.P.G. Loch Language: English email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5042 Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential background: Essential: BSc. or equivalent degree in Earth Sciences or a related field; basic knowledge of general chemistry and calculus. Useful background: basic knowledge of physical chemistry, geochemistry and mineralogy. No specific courses are mentioned.

Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M2 1 Final exam M2 1 19-1-2004 ??? ??? Final exam M4 2 19-4-2004 14-17u C008 Possible pre-courses: Advised literature etc.: AW-1008A (bodemkundig deel); AW-3108; RW-MBIB. Text: McBride, M.B. (1994). Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press. New York. Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10. Sources of self-study: Keller, E.A. (2002). Introduction to Environmental Geology.

2nd edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Locher, W.P. en H. de Bakker.(1991). Bodemkunde van Nederland. Delen 1 en 2. Malmberg. Den Bosch. Intermediate level: Sposito, G. (1989). The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press. New York.

Reader: covering soil formation and field excursion. Content: Soil formation: Review of the major soil forming factors and processes in moderate

climates; Introduction to soil classification of the Netherlands. Advanced botanical paleoecology Soil solids: Composition and structure of soil minerals and organic matter. Ion exchange: Cation exchange capacity; Ion exchange on clays with permanent charge and on variable-charge minerals; pH-dependent charge of organic matter .

No description available Chemisorption and precipitation of inorganic ions: Sorption of metal cations and of

anions; Metal complexation on soil organic matter; Precipitation and co-precipitation of inorganic ions.

Soil acidity: Soil pH; Aluminium solubility in soils; Soil buffering; Agents of soil acidification. Trace and toxic elements: Availability of elements; Mobility of elements in soils; Properties of individual elements important in soil. Organic pollutants in soil: The nature of physical and chemical adsorption; Adsorption of ionic organic molecules; Adsorption of nonionic and nonpolar organics; Degradation of organic compounds in soil.


Structural analysis of deformed rocks AW-4011A Assessment Period Possibility tent. = 50%; prac. = 35%; assignm.= 15% M2 1 22-01-2004 14-17u KCZ tent. = 50%; prac. = 35%; assignm.= 15% M4 2 22-04-2004 9-12u C.116 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Obligatory literature etc.: Text: C.W. Passchier & R.A.J. Trouw: Microtectonics, Springer, Berlin (1996) ca. € 40,- ; Handouts: Kosten ca. € 20,-

European Credits: 7.5 Period: 17-11-2003 till 29-01-2004 Language: English

Global seismology I: wave propagation AW-4008

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc (or equivalent) in Earth Sciences; Basic familiarity with BSc level structural geology (description of structures, map reading, basic processes); Basic knowledge of calculus, use of vectors and tensors. No specific courses are mentioned.

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 17-11-2003 till 29-01-2004 Language: English Content: The course concentrates on the geometry, mechanics, kinematics and

dynamics of structures developed in deformed rocks on the meso- to micro-scale (i.e. from outcrop and handspecimen to grain scale), and on how the analysis of these structures, in space and time, facilitates reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of crustal or mantle terrain. The course will be given as an advanced level Structural Geology course, assuming familiarity with basic characteristics and significance of deformation structures in rocks. The course consists of three parts:

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Classical mechanics; continuum mechanics; optics. BSc (or equivalent) approriate for a MSc with geophysical trace. Prior consultation with instructor(s) strongly recommended. Mathematical and physical applications: partial and ordinary differential equations; vector calculus; Fourier transformations; complex numbers. Content: We briefly review how from constitutive (stress-strain) relations and Newton’s second law we can derive equations of motion, how these can be simplified to wave equations, and that (depending on medium symmetry and boundary conditions) solutions are formed by traveling waves (body and surface waves) or standing waves (Earth’s free oscillations). We develop ray theory for high frequency wave propagation in homogeneous, weakly heterogeneous, or stratified media that are either isotropic or weakly anisotropic (Eikonal equation; [generalized] Snell’s law; ray tracing; reflection and transmission; propagator matrix; evanescent waves; dispersion relationships; Christoffel equation; hexagonal symmetry [e.g., transverse isotropy and azimuthal anisotropy]) and discuss effects of anelasticity. In addition to the basic theory of body and surface wave propagation, we will introduce techniques for the calculation of synthetic seismograms (reflectivity, WKBJ, mode summation) and explain the basics of seismic (body- and surface wave) tomography, which - with tantalizing images - has revolutionized our knowledge and understanding of Earth’s deep interior. We will read and discuss papers that illustrate applications of the basic theory.

Analysis of meso-scale structures. Geometric, kinematic and dynamic aspects of folds, boudinage and mullion structures, vein systems, faults and shear zones. Role of mechanical instabilities in structure development. Inversion of fault slip data to obtain principal stress orientations. Analysis of rock micro-structures. Geometric, kinematic and dynamic aspects of foliations, lineations, preferred orientations of grains and crystallographic directions, porphyroclast systems. Problems with kinematic indicators. Use and limitations of microstructure paleo-stress indicators (deformation twins, subgrain and recrystallized grain size). Relations between rock matrix and metamorphic porphyroblasts, reconstruction of temperature and pressure during deformation applying microstructural analysis techniques. Case studies of deformed crustal and mantle terrains. Long-lived lithospheric fault/shear zones (initiation and evolution). Evolution of LP-HT metamorphic terrains. Structural analysis of mantle terrains. Aim: At the end of the course the student: Has build upon his basic skills of description and qualitative analysis of deformed rocks, and can now quantitatively analyse geometric, kinematic and dynamic aspects of deformation structures on outcrop to grain-scale; has insight into mechanical aspects of structure development and the role of instabilities; is able to analyse interrelated thermal and kinematic histories of deformed rocks; can apply structural analysis in the tectonic reconstruction of deformed crustal or mantle terrain.

Aim: To understand the fundamental concepts and theory of seismic wave propagation with emphasis on applications in global seismology. Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. J.A. Trampert email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5088 Assessment Period Possibility Assignments/presentatie M2 1 Final exam M2 1 22-1-2004 14-17u ?? Co-ordinator: dr. M.R. Drury Final exam M4 2 22-4-2004 14-17u C.110 Teacher(s): dr. J.H.P.de Bresser, dr. M.R. Drury Advised literature etc.: Text Udias, A., Principles of Seismology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62478-9 (or: Stein and Wysession: which appears in the summer of 2002).

email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 4973, kamer N.051, Aardwet.sch. email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5108, kamer W.208, Aardwetenschappen.



Dynamics of basins and orogens AW-4018

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 17-11-2003 till 29-01-2004 Language: English

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Basic familiarity with sedimentary geology (description and characterisation of deposits, sedimentary environments, and processes). Basic familiarity with tectonics (description and interpretation of structures, tectonic processes). Basic knowledge of calculus and mechanics.

Content: Basins and orogens: Plate tectonic setting passive/active continental margins; The Wilson cycle; Role of scale - crust versus lithosphere. Extensional basins: Main features of rifts and continental margins; Symmetric and asymmetric extensional geometries; McKenzie’s stretching model; Tectonic and thermal subsidence; Sediment loading; Wernicke’s shear zone model; Core complexes; Rift flank uplift. Flexural basins: Main characteristics of foreland/foredeep basins; Lithosphere as an elastic beam; Flexural rigidity/effective elastic thickness; Rheology; Relation to evolution of the adjacent orogen. Mechanics of mountain ranges: Main features of mountain ranges; Continental collision; Support of topography; Stress in mountain belts; Uplift versus exhumation; Concept of potential energy and gravitational spreading; Extensional structures in convergent belts; Mountains as sediment source - denudation. Formation of orogenic wedges in convergent settings: Thrust architecture of orogenic wedges; Critical taper; Accretionary wedge model; Subduction accretionary prisms and orogenic belts; Relation to shape and infill of foreland basins. Reconstruction of vertical motions of basins and orogens: Paleobathymetry estimates; Backstripping; PTt-path and fission track analysis. The Earth system view: Temporal and spatial scales of processes in solid Earth, Atmosphere and ocean; Possibilities and limitations of modelling; Examples of interaction and examples of interdisciplinary research. Aim: This course concentrates on the closely related processes of basin formation and orogeny and aims to provide geology students with the necessary background concerning the larger scale context of these processes. Specific objectives are: (a) To infer, on the basis of the main geological features of basins and orogens, the processes that play a role in their formation and evolution. (b) To illustrate how conceptual models of these processes can be developed further into quantitative models by taking into account the relevant physics. (c) To illustrate how geological observations can be used to test and refine the proposed models (concept of testing working hypotheses). (d) To illustrate how basins and orogens act in the

Earth’s system as a whole. That is, to address their relation to mantle convection and to oceanic and atmospheric circulation. Co-ordinator: dr. P.Th. Meijer Teacher(s): dr. P.Th. Meijer, prof.dr. R.L.M. Vissers, prof.dr. M.J.R. Wortel email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5031 email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5051 email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5074 Assessment Period Possibility Opdracht (incl. lit.-referaat+comp.oef.) Final exam M2 1 23-1-2004 14-17u C.008 Final exam M4 2 23-4-2004 9-12u C.010

Astronomical climate forcing & time scales AW-4012


Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Spreadsheet skills. Useful background: Paleo-oceanografie en -klimaat (AW-3118); Paleo-oceanography & climate variability (AW-4005). Content: Astronomical time scales and their applications: Introduction and astronomical solutions; Time scale development and spectral analysis; Ar/Ar dating and geodynamic linkages; Cyclostratigraphy and link to sequence stratigraphy Astronomical forcing of climate: Astronomical forcing and phase relations; Climate modelling of orbital variations; Sub-Milankovitch cyclicity Aim: Gain knowledge about the astronomical influence on climate and time-scale development, applications in paleoclimatic and other Earth science research. Training in how to carry out individual assignments by means of computerpracticals and presentation (written/oral) of the results Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. F.J. Hilgen email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5173 Assessment Period Possibility Presentatie M2 1 Final exam M2 1 23-1-2004 9-12u ?? Final exam M4 2 23-4-2004 9-12u C.110

Advised literature etc.: Text: Earth's Climate Past and Future, W.F. Ruddiman, $ 85,20.



Dynamics of the Earth's mantle AW-4016 Course modules, year 1, MSc Earth Sciences

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5

Period 3, 2003/2004 Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004 Language: English

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc. (or equivalent) appropriate for an MSc. with geophysical trace. Continuum mechanics: basic knowledge of stress and strain, general equations of flow (included in AW-3102).

Sedimentary processes & products; field observations and modelling (Dynamics of sedimentary systems) AW-4019 Content: This course starts with the thermal evolution and compositional

differentation of the mantle through billions of years of Earth history. A brief, but basic, treatment of mantle rheology (why the mantle can flow) is followed by an analysis of heat transport processes. Next, thermal mantle convection is treated to large extent. This involves mathematical-physical treatment of governing equations, approximations to the theory, examples of mantle flow studies, mantle plume generation, and the relation between plate motion, subduction and mantle convection. Proper attention will be paid to phase transitions which play an important role in shaping the flow style of convection. Phase transitions (including the Earth's surface) can be deflected by the flow which leads to dynamic topography. This dynamic topography is key to a correct interpretation of major anomalies of the Earth's gravity field and will be treated in depth. The course ends with a summary of current views on mantle convection in the Earth which includes inferences on the style of mantle flow as "observed" with seismic tomography.


Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Courses on sedimentary systems in year 3: "Sedimentaire systemen en hun structureel-geologische controles" (AW-3117), "Sedimentaire systemen en klimaat" (AW-3119) or equivalent (to be arbitrated by the instructors). Content: Processes of sedimentary basin fill will be discussed on the basis of a combination of field observations, conceptual models, field-based models, analogue flume studies and numerical modelling. Starting from the production of sediment in source terrains, and the feedback of denudation on source area characteristics, sediment transport will be studied 1) at short temporal scales (sediment transport by uni- and bi-directional currents), 2) event scale (floods, en masse transport), and 3) time averaged transport over longer timespans.

Aim: A thorough understanding of concepts, theory, and scientific results regarding the dynamics of the Earth's mantle. Co-ordinator/Teacher: prof.dr. W. Spakman email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5073 Using these concepts, sediment distribution in sedimentary basins of various

tectonic settings will be studied as a function of basin setting (climate, tidal systems) and the varying external (climate, sea level, tectonics) and internal forcings and their feedbacks.

Assessment Period Possibility Final exam M3 1 7-4-2004 9-12u C.010 Final exam MH 2 23-8-2004 9-12u KCZ

Aim: To make the student familiar with the methods of interpretation of the fill of sedimentary basins in terms of genetic processes.

diverse verslagen n.a.v. opdrachten

Advised literature etc.: Co-ordinator: prof.dr. P.L.de Boer Text: Mantle convection in the Earth and Planets, by Schubert, Turcotte and Olson. ISBN 0521 79836 1 (paperback) Cambridge University Press (2001). ± € 80,-.

Teacher(s): prof.dr. P.L.de Boer, dr. P.Th. Meijer, dr. G. Postma

Assessment Period Possibility Eindresultaat M3 1 7-4-2004 14-17u KCZ Eindresultaat MH 2 18-8-2004 9-12u C.010

Advised literature etc.: Text: M.R. Leeder (1999). Sedimentology and sedimentary basins; from turbulence to tectonics. Blackwell Science. 592 pp. ± € 50,-. Handouts Handouts of appropiate literature. ± € 10,-


Reactive transport in the hydrosphere AW-4021 Evolutionary paleo-ecology (Paleobiology and proxies) AW-4022

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004 European Credits: 7.5 Language: English Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004 Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: basic knowledge of aquatic chemistry, hydrogeological modeling.

Language: English

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc in Biogeology or equivalent courses in Ecology, Paleoecology and Paleoecological modelling. Useful background: Paleo-oceanography & climate variability (MSc course); "Paleoecologie van marine systemen" (AW-Paleo-1), en "Paleoecologisch modelleren" (AW-Paleo-2).

Content: Reservoir models. Chemical transformation processes in spatially homogeneous biogeochemical reservoirs are considered, leading to time-dependent problems. These initial-value problems are solved analytically or with numerical models. This part of the course also introduces the basics of Fortran programming to students with little prior experience in numerical modeling. The following concepts are covered: (1) steady state and transient dynamics, (2) residence and relaxation times, (3) periodic forcings and time lags, (4) autocatalytic processes and multiple steady states, (5) coupled reservoirs.

Content: Fossils as biosystems and carriers of information; Skeletons/biomineralisation; (Paleo)ecology of populations and systems; Actuobiology and paleobiology. Proxies based on skeletons; Proxies based on abundance patterns; Proxies based on associations: biodiversity and equitability; The non-analogue problem; Transferfunctions; Applications Continuum models. Modeling of spatially heterogeneous systems is considered,

leading to spatio-temporal problems. Analytical and numerical methods of solution are introduced, and applied to both simple one-component systems as well as complex biogeochemical reaction networks. The following concepts are covered: (1) mass conservation, (2) velocity fields and turbulent processes, (3) Advection-Diffusion-Reaction (ADR) equation, (4) initial and boundary conditions, (5) scaling and dimensionless numbers, (6) numerical methods for solving the ADR equation, (7) multi-component reaction networks and coupling to transport, (8) introduction of software packages.

Aim: The aim of the course is to introduce the student into the field of paleobiology and paleoecology, specifically within the context of reconstructions of changes in the System Earth, and of the impact those changes had on life on earth. A second aim is to compare processes that occurred in the past with those that are thought to occur in the future, and to assess the effects of these changes on biological systems Co-ordinator: prof.dr. G.J.v. der Zwaan Teacher(s): dr. H. Brinkhuis, dr. A.J.van der Meulen, prof.dr. G.J.v. der Zwaan email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 7691 Applications. Problems and projects will be selected based on the interests of the

participating students. Emphasis will be on model building, sensitivity analysis, and testing of scenarios. Examples of possible topics are: (1) coupling of global elemental cycles, (2) carbonate chemistry of the oceans, (3) redox processes in stratified lakes and marine basins, (4) carbon and nutrient dynamics in estuaries, (5) trace metal contamination of aquifers, (6) weathering and redox fronts in soils and mine tailings, (7) self-organization and pattern formation in hydrogeochemistry, (8) early diagenesis, (9) microbial processes in subsurface environments.

email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5183 email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5117 Assessment Period Possibility Presentatie inclusief essay M3 1 Final exam M3 1 15-04-2004 14-17u C.110 Final exam MH 2 20-08-2004 9-12u C.118

Aim: The course introduces and applies the unifying concepts and methods needed to quantitatively describe the coupling of (bio)geochemical reactions to transport processes in the various compartments of the hydrosphere.

Advised literature etc.: Text: Use of proxies in paleooceanography; Fisher and Wefer, Springer. ± $ 60

Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr P. Regnier email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5409, kamer W.118, Aardwetenschappen. Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M3 1 Final exam M3 1 06-04-2004 14-17u C.110 Final exam MH 2 27-8-2004 9-12u C.118 Obligatory literature etc.: Reader


Mechanisms of deformation and transport in rocks Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M3 AW-4010 Practisch tentamen M3

Final exam M3 1 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Final exam MH 2 European Credits: 7.5 Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004 Advised literature etc.: Language: English Text: Textbook(s) still under consideration. Paper, handouts (to be specified later) ca. € 30,-

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc (or equivalent) in Earth Sciences; Basic knowledge of structural geology, geochemistry, geophysics, Earth materials; Basic knowledge of calculus, use of vectors and tensors.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dataprocessing and inverse theory AW-4015 Content: - Theory of stressed and deforming systems: elastic behaviour of

crystalline materials, non-hydrostatic thermodynamics of stressed solids, kinetic processes and deformation; - Defects, diffusion, deformation and state; - Deformation mechansms and rheology: diffusion creep, superplasticity, deformation of solid/liquid/melt systems, dislocation dynamics and intracrystalline plastic flow; - Microstructure and deformation fabrics: characterization, stability/change, macroscopic expression; - Fracture mechanics and failure of rocks and ceramics; - Deformation behaviour of rocks under geological conditions: rheological modelling; mechanical instabilities, shear localization and bifurcation, fault slip behaviour, geophysical expression; - Behaviour of technical ceramics/alloys; - Petrophysical properties of rocks and physical properties of geofluids; - Transport properties and mechanisms: fluid/melt transport, electrical conductivity; - Percolation theory and applications in Earth sciences; - Effects of deformation and microstructural change on transport properties; implications in Geology/Geophysics; - Behaviour of rock under long term engineering conditions: geotechnical applications.

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004 Language: English Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc. (or equivalent) appropriate for an MSc. with geophysical trace. Good knowledge of Fourier theory and linear algebra. No specific courses are mentioned. Content: We will review the fundamentals of geophysical data processing starting with a detailed description of the sampling of continuous functions and the corresponding discrete Fourier transform. We will then introduce the important concept of convolution and present linear filter theory. In the following, simple inverse theory will be discussed and the classical least squares problem will be introduced. We will show how to design optimal filters using basic inverse theory. During the course, examples will be taken from various fields of geophysics (e.g. oil exploration, seismology). Aim: Understanding of fundamental concepts of data processing and inverse theory. Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. J.A. Trampert

Aim: At the end of the course the student will have acquired: The materials science fundamentals needed to interpret field and experimental observations of rock behaviour at a quantitative, mechanistic level; The ability to critically read the current literature and construct models of rock behaviour; The ability to apply the knowledge gained to geotechnical and materials science problems; The ability to begin independent research in the field.

email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5088 Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M3 1 Final exam M3 1 16-04-2004 9 12u C.010 Final exam MH 2 27-08-2004 9-12u C.108

Co-ordinator: prof.dr. C.J. Spiers Teacher(s): dr. C.J. Peach email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 4169, kamer N.052, Aardwetenschappen. email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 4972, kamer N.054, Aardwetenschappen.



Petrogenesis: provenance and timing in igneous and metamorphic systems AW-4017

Co-ordinator: dr. M.J.van Bergen Teacher(s): dr. M.J.van Bergen, dr. M.R. Drury email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5036 email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5108 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Assessment Period Possibility Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004 Assignments M3 1 Language: English Final exam M3 1 08-04-2004 14-17u C108 Final exam MH 2 20-8-2004 9-12u C.010 Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Basic knowledge of petrology and mineralogy of

crust and mantle; Being familiar with the basic principles and methods in petrology of magmatic and metamorphic rocks, isotope geochemistry, geochronology, and relevant thermodynamics (to be arbitrated by the instructors).

Land surface hydrology GS-MHOW

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen Possible pre-courses: Useful background: Inleiding in de chemische geodynamica (AW-3106); Aardse materialen: Mineralen en magma's (AW-2015); Structuur en stabiliteit van Aardse materialen (AW-3104); Deformatie en metamorfose van de korst (AW-2109); Geochemische processen en cycli (AW-2107); Lithosfeerdynamica (AW-2106); Fysica van het inwendige van de Aarde (AW-3313).

European Credits: 7.5 Period: 02-02-2004 till 16-04-2004

Prerequisites: Not mentioned Objectives: This course unit imparts knowledge on the hydrological processes within a catchment and on the coupling between atmosphere and hydrology. Students will learn how to analyse river discharge data (hydrograph analysis), use rainfall-runoff models, perform river discharge routeings, and interpret the results of more complex river discharge routeings. They will be made familiar with frequency analysis for the determination of extreme discharges, and know the limitations of working with design discharge based on this analysis.

Sources of self-study: Faure (1986) Principles of isotope geology. Dickin (1995) Radiogenic isotope geochemistry Content: Short recap of: (a) the application of the most common radioactive isotope systems used for dating and tracer purposes (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U, Th–Pb) and (b) the principles of distribution behaviour of trace elements General theory: mixing models, concept of residence time and mass balance Content: - the hydrological processes important in catchments, and the

interactions between the atmospheric system and the hydrological system Applications will be illustrated with case histories. Examples are: Stable isotopes (provenance, crustal contamination versus subduction, water-rock interaction, thermometry), U-series disequilibrium (melt extraction in mid-ocean ridges, rates of magma transport in island arcs), cosmogenic radionucleides (10Be as evidence for sediment subduction), less common isotope systems, what is their use? (Lu-Hf, Re-Os), geothermometry and geospeedometry in metamorphic rocks (thermodynamic background, practical calibration, "closure" concept), P-T-t paths and tectonics (dating of metamorphism and deformation, cooling and exhumation rates, Ar-Ar and fission track methods)

- basics of hydrodynamics; hydrograph analysis - discharge measurement techniques, and their advantages and disadvantages - principles of rainfall-runoff modelling and discharge river routeing (incl. linear reservoir, unit hydrograph, hydrological routeing, kinematic wave, dynamic wave) - frequency analysis in hydrology and its use in design discharge calculations (using the Rhine and Meuse as examples) In addition, for the literature discussion seminars each student will do an assignment to review a recently published scientific article on an aspect of land surface hydrology and use this as a basis for a short literature review on the article’s subject. The review will also be presented orally.

Synthesis: Mantle convection from a geochemical perspective, the origin of mantle plumes, evolution of the crust, causes and consequences of cratonisation, crust-mantle recycling , the lithosphere-ocean boundary, subduction systems as chemical filters, implications for the evolution of atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. T.A. Boogaart

Aim: Gaining knowledge about current research themes and methods in chemical geodynamics; Learning how to apply quantitative models; Gaining awareness about links with physical geodynamics and with current views on the evolution of hydrosphere and atmosphere; Acquiring the ability to understand and critically examine scientific literature in this field.

Assessment: Literature review (20%), oral presentations (20%) and final written examination (60%) Literature: To be announced


Organic geochemistry / Big bang untill ... AW-4020


Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential background: BSc. or equivalent degree in Earth Sciences or a related field; basic knowledge of general chemistry. Useful background: basic knowledge of geochemistry, sedimentary geology and (paleo)oceanography. No specific courses are mentioned. Content: Biochemistry, Organic molecules and Sources of organic matter: Chemical evolution of organic molecules, Big Bang, nucleosynthesis, isotopes, origin of life; Biological evolution of organic compounds: Phylogenetic tree of life, DNA/RNA, symbioses theory; Methane the simplest organic molecule; Membranes: Lipid biochemistry, different lipids, i.e. fatty acids, alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, steroids, terpenoids; Macromolecules: sugars, proteins and peptides, resins, lignins, biopolyesters, biopolymers. Preservation and the Quality of organic matter: Chemical stability versus depositional environment, chemical taphonomy; Preservation models: neogenesis, selective preservation, in-situ polymerization; Export productivity, Oxygen exposure time (OET); Marine versus terrigenous sources; Preservation versus production; Sulphur and Oxygen incorporation. Diagenesis, catagenesis and fossil fuel formation: Diagenetic transformation reactions; Chemical transformation reactions during catagenesis; Coalification; Oil and gas formation: oil exploration and oil exploitation. Molecular palaeontology: Biomarkers: molecular markers based on carbon skeleton, position and nature of functional groups and/or stable carbon isotope composition. Biological markers as indicators of evolution of Life on earth. Age-related biomarkers: Molecular proxies for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate reconstructions: sea surface temperatures, photic zone anoxia, anaerobic methane oxidation, C3/C4 vegetation shifts, atmospheric pCO2 changes. Aim: To provide detailed insights into the molecular processes that affect organic matter which becomes part of the geosphere. The products formed and preserved are discussed with reference to diagnostic signals, e.g. molecular and isotope proxies, relevant to fossil fuel formation, palaeoenvironmental - and palaeoclimatic reconstructions (i.e. Molecular palaeontology). Co-ordinator/Teacher: prof.dr. J.W.de Leeuw email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5105 Assessment Period Possibility Final exam M3 1 13-04-2004 14-17u C.110 Final exam MH 2 16-08-2004 9-12u C.010 Advised literature etc.: Reader, ca. € 15,-


Course modules, year 1, MSc Earth Sciences Period 4, 2003/2004 Applied geophysics - Potential field methods AW-4023


Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc. (or equivalent) appropriate for an MSc. with geophysical trace. Knowledge of potential field theory and electrodynamics. Content: The geoelectrical methods will be considered. The following topics will be tackled: General concepts of electromagnetic field behavior. Properties of rocks and minerals. Electromagnetic fields of the Earth. Direct current and induced polarization methods. Natural-field electromagnetic methods. Controlled source electromagnetic methods. Modeling and simulation. Interpretation. Application of the geoelectrical methods in solving problems arisen in the following areas: exploration, environmental, engineering, hydrogeology. Aim: Understanding the basics of geoelectrical methods. Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr V. Dimova email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5170 Assessment Period Possibility Assignments M4 1 Final exam M4 1 01-07-2004 9-12u C.008 Final exam MH 2 20-08-2004 9-12u C.116 Applied geophysics - Seismics & GPR AW-4024 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 3.75 Period: 19-04-2004 till 02-07-2004 Language: English Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Wave Propagation (Global seismology 1), Data Processing (Data processing and inverse theory) Content: Acquisition of seismic data; Kinematics (seismic travel times); Energetics (reflection/transmission coefficients); Velocity - the link; Wave-form (deconvolution);

The stack (processing flow); Positioning (DMO, migration); Modern developments / alternate applications (3D/4C/4D, env., etc). Aim: A compact overview of the seismic (and GPR) methods in the search for energy resources (oil, gas), in civil engineering and in environmental applications (pollution detection, monitoring). Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. K. Roy-Chowdhury email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5133

Assessment Period Possibility Assignments/ presentation Final exam M4 1 30-06-2004 9-12u C.008 Final exam MH 2 16-08-2004 9-12u C.118

Obligatory literature etc.: Text:: Sheriff & Geldart (ISBN 0-521-46826-4). Advised: Yilmaz. Computational geophysics AW-4027


Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: BSc. (or equivalent) appropriate for an MSc. with geophysical trace. No specific courses are mentioned. Sources of self-study: literature on numerical methods. Content: Numerical solution of the important partial differential equations in geophysics. Finite difference and finite element methods for potential problems, finite element methods for: Mechanical problems described by equations for elastostatic, elastodynamic and elasto-viscous connfigurations. (e.g. elastic plates and elastic wave propagation); The Stokes equation for (creeping) viscous flow; The convection-diffusion equation for heat and mass transport; Equations describing flow in porous media. A computer practical is included were hands-on experience will be obtained in a set of geophysical modelling problems. Aim: To learn the basic concepts of numerical modelling of (geo)physical processes. Learn to develope simple numerical models for a range a geophysical applications, obtain hands on experience and develope a critical attitude in evaluating numerical modelling results in general. Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr. A.P.van den Berg email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5072 Assessment Period Possibility Computer assignment M4 1 Final exam M4 1 28-06-2004 9-12u C.008 Final exam MH 2 18-08-2004 9-12u C.118





Earth resources; origin and exploration modelling with GIS AW-4025

Kinetic processes AW-4026

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen

Period: 19-04-2004 till 02-07-2004 European Credits: 7.5 Language: English Period: 19-04-2004 till 02-07-2004

Language: English Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential background: BSc. or equivalent degree in Earth Sciences or a related field; basic knowledge of general chemistry and calculus. Useful background: basic knowledge of physical chemistry, geochemistry, and continuum mechanics. No specific courses are mentioned.

Prerequisits/pre-knowledge: Essential background: Basic knowledge of Earth sciences and practical use of GIS (e.g., BSc-level courses) Content: Despite our considerable knowledge about the Earth, it remains very difficult to predict where to find ores and hydrocarbons. The basic problem is that resource-forming and capturing processes evolve at widely different spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, society puts constraints on the exploration and exploitation of resources. Exploration is (therefore) a multi-disciplinary subject: it involves geophysics, geology, geochemistry, engineering, economics and politics. In this course, types of mineral and hydrocarbon resources are described along with conceptual models of their genesis. The conceptual models provide the foundation for the application of remote sensing and geographic information systems in regional-scale earth resources exploration.

Content: Time in the earth sciences: Equilibrium versus kinetic descriptions; Irreversible processes, chaos, self-organization, bifurcations. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics: Molecular nature of irreversible processes; Entropy production; Linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Far-from-equilibrium processes. Rates of chemical reactions: Rate laws, reaction mechanisms, Arrhenius equation; Reaction networks; (Bio)geochemical examples. Theory of chemical kinetics: Potential energy surfaces and molecular vibrations; Transition State Theory (TST); Linear free energy relationships; TST treatment of silica dissolution and precipitation ; Molecular diffusion as an activated process. Co-ordinator/Teacher: dr K.A.A. Hein Fluid-rock interactions: Nucleation ; Crystal growth and dissolution; Metastable mineral phases; Chemo-mechanical processes in sedimentary rocks.

Assessment: Period Possibility Final exam M4 1 to be announced Redox kinetics: Electron transfer mechanisms; Oxidation by oxygen and other

environmental oxidants; Mineral surface-catalyzed redox reactions; Photochemical redox transformations; Biological redox transformations.

Final exam MH 2 to be announced

Obligatory literature etc.: Aim: This course covers fundamental principles of geochemical kinetics, from the atomistic treatment of reaction rates and mechanisms to the quantitative description of the chemical dynamics of natural systems. It has the following three goals: (1) provide the students with the fundamentals needed to interpret field and experimental observations using kinetic theory; (2) prepare them to critically read the curent literature on geochemical kinetics, and (3) stimulate them to carry out independent research on natural rate processes.

Text: G.F. Bonham-Carter, 2002, Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists, Pergamon (Computer Methods in the Geosciences). Text: L.L.F. Janssen (ed.) 2000. Principles of remote sensing - an introductory textbook. ITC, 170pp. Advised literature etc.: Text: P.A. Allen & J.R. Allen, 1997. Basin Analysis (Principles and Applications), 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford.

Co-ordinator/Teacher: prof.dr. P.S.J. Van Cappellen Text: R.A. de By (ed.), 2000. Principles of Geographic information systems - an introductory textbook, ITC, 230pp. email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 6220

Text: A.M. Evans (ed.), 1995. Introduction to Mineral Exploration. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford .

Assessment: Period Possibility Assignments/ Paper

Text: A.M. Evans, 1993. Ore geology and Industrial Minerals (An Introduction), 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford.

Final exam M4 1 29-06-2004 9-12u C.116 Final exam MH 2 27-08-2004 9-12u C.116

Text: A.G. Gubbins (ed.), 1997. Geophysics and Geochemistry at the Millenium- Proceedings of the Fourth Decenniel International Conference on Mineral Exploration (Exploration '97), 1068 pp. (also on CD-rom).

Advised literature etc.: Reader


Stochastic hydrology GS-MSTOC

Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 19-04-2004 till 02-07-2004

Prerequisites: A BSc or equivalent in Earth Sciences or a related field; completion of Principles of Groundwater Flow, Land Surface Hydrology or equivalent Masters-level courses. Useful background: basic knowledge of hydrology and statistics. Content: - introduction to the added value of the stochastic approach to hydrology - descriptive statistics - probability, random variables and random processes (random functions), and their application in calculating the return periods of extreme hydrological events - time-series analysis - geostatistics - forward stochastic modelling - optimal state prediction - data assimilation Furthermore, students will select two special topics for further study from the following list: sampling and monitoring; inverse estimation; ordinary stochastic differential equations; point processes; upscaling and downscaling methods; uncertainty and decision making. Objectives: This course unit will introduce students to the basic concepts and issues essential for the stochastic modelling of hydrological processes. Students will acquire a good overview of stochastic hydrology, a sound basis for reading and understanding the literature on stochastic hydrology, and the ability to incorporate stochastic methods and principles in hydrological analysis and model building. They will come to appreciate the added value of the stochastic approach, i.e. “it pays to be certain about uncertainty Co-ordinator: dr. T.A. Bogaart Teacher(s): prof.dr.ir. M.F.P. Bierkens Modes of instruction: 30 hours of lectures, 15 hours of practicals, 3 hours of computer practical, 6 hours of presentations (attendance compulsory) Assessment: To be announced



Field research instruction Geology and Geochemistry AW-4030 Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 19-04-2004 till 02-07-2004 Language: Nederlands/ English Toegangseisen: U moet minimaal 30 punten voor categorie 3 hebben behaald. Ingangseisen: Minimaal één van onderstaande cursussen dient met goed gevolg te zijn afgelegd: - Onafhankelijk proj./ bachelor scriptie (AW-3125) - Onafhankelijk proj./ bachelor scriptie (AW3-3125) General description Field research instruction: Approximately the month of June is reserved for a research-oriented fieldwork if students choose to incorporate a field-activity in their master-programme. For students entering in September, this will be at the end of year 4 (year 1 of the masterprogramme). In geochemistry, the fieldwork can involve the biogeochemical characterisation of the Lee estuary near Cork, Ireland. For the other disciplines the exact field-programmes are not yet known but will probably include a short introductory excursion and focus either on geodynamic (structural and metamorphic geology, petrology), or on environment/climate-related topics (sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, biogeology). Potential fieldwork areas are the Central/Eastern Mediterranean (Italy, Greece) and the Western Mediterranean (Spain). Depending on the the opportunities available, as well as capabilities and interest of the individual student, it might be possible to do a more individual field-work. Where current research is taking place, students could do a topic-related and, consequently, rather specific fieldwork, as part of a larger research carried out by an individual staff member. Such individual field activities depend on the ongoing research in the faculty and are not restricted to the month of June. Co-ordinator: prof.dr. R.L.M. Vissers Teacher(s): prof.dr. R.L.M. Vissers, and others email: [email protected], tel.: 030-253 5051, kamer N.204, Aardwetenschappen. Assessment: Verslag / report fieldworK

Preparation for MSc Thesis Fieldwork Hydrology GS-MPFW Organisation: Teaching Institute Earth Sciences / OWI Aardwetenschappen European Credits: 7.5 Period: 19-04-2004 till 02-07-2004 Prerequisites: Not mentioned Content: - hands-on experience with field equipment - a desk study (literature, maps, reports, etc.) - hands-on experience with specific software - organisation of the logistics of fieldwork. Objectives: To familiarise students with the thematic and regional aspects and theory required for their MSc thesis research, and to enable them to formulate the objectives of the research, to write the research proposal and to prepare and organise the field research. Co-ordinator: dr. T.A. Bogaart Modes of instruction: Interaction with day to day supervisor Assessment: Each student must hand in a written review of the literature, and a research proposal. These will be graded.

course modules, year 1, msc earth sciences magmatic...

Documents