course notes for unit 6 of the udacity course st101 introduction to statistics

7/31/2019 Course Notes for Unit 6 of the Udacity Course ST101 Introduction to Statistics

1/23

QZ848 Umgz 9? Re`reqqgcm

Acmzemzq?Re`reqqgcm

Acrrelhzgcm

Fcmzw Nhll Trcblef .Ctzgcmhl'

Hmqperq


2/23

Re`reqqgcm

Wcu qnculj refefber ircf zne yerw be`gmmgm` ci zngq acurqe znhz pe ahm nhye jhzh

qezq pgzn fcre znhm cme jgfemqgcm- Icr e~hftle, zne qge ci h ncuqe relhzgye zc gzq

trgae?

Gm zne igrqz umgz pe qhp jgiieremz phwq ci treqemzgm` zne jhzh, lgke qahzzer&tlczq cr bhr

anhrzq, buz pe jgjmz lcck hz pnhz fg`nz be zncu`nz ci hq zne Nclw @rhgl ci qzhzgqzgaq,

igzzgm` h lgme zc zne jhzh tcgmzq?

Bw zne emj ci zngq umgz wcu pgll be hble zc igz h lgme zc jhzh tcgmzq lgke zneqe, hmj wcu

pgll eyem be hble zc qzhze pnhz zne reqgjuhl errcr gq gm znhz igz- Zngq pgll hllcp wcu mcz

cmlw zc umjerqzhmj zne jhzh, buz hlqc zc fhke trejgazgcmq hbcuz tcgmzq znhz wcu nhye

meyer qeem beicre-


3/23

Lgmeq

Ncp jc pe qteagiw h lgme3 Pell, quttcqe pe nhye h ncrgcmzhl h~gq, ~, hmj h yerzgahl

h~gq, w- H qzrhg`nz lgme gq acffcmlw jeqargbej bw h iumazgcmhl relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~

hmj w ci zne icrf?

hb~w

Acmqgjer zne lgme jeqargbej bw zne iumazgcm w 6 2~-

Gi ~ 6 4 znem w 6 4- Zngq fehmq znhz zne lgme fuqz c znrcu`n zne crg`gm- Gi ~ 6 2 znem

w 6 :- Pe mcp nhye zpc tcgmzq hmj pe ahm jrhp cur lgme?

Tgak zne Lgme Xug

Pnhz hbcuz zne lgme, w 6 &~ +: g-e- pnere b 6 8 hmj h 6 :- Pngan ci zneqe lgmeq beqz

fhzaneq zngq iumazgcm3


4/23

Igmj Aceiigagemzq Xug

Pnhz hre zne aceiigagemzq h hmj b icr zne lgme qncpm belcp?

hb~w

Lgmehr Re`reqqgcm

Gi pe nhye 2&jgfemqgcmhl jhzh, icr e~hftle zne h`e ci h terqcm hmj znhz terqcmq

gmacfe, lgmehr re`reqqgcm gq h zeanmgxue icr zrwgm` zc igz h lgme znhz beqz jeqargbeq znhz

jhzh?

Gm lgmehr re`reqqgcm pe hre `gyem jhzh .nhygm` fcre znhm 8&jgfemqgcm', hmj pe

hzzeftz zc igmj zne beqz lgme zc igz zne jhzh- Zc tuz zngq jgiieremzlw, pe hre zrwgm` zc

gjemzgiw zne thrhfezerq h hmj b icr zne iumazgcm?

hb~w

Pe hre zrwgm` zc igmj zne lgme znhz gq zne beqz&igz zc cur jhzh, hmj zne pcrj beqz gq

gmzereqzgm` gm zngq acmze~z- Cbygcuqlw gz gq gftcqqgble zc jrhp h qzrhg`nz lgme znhz

thqqeq znrcu`n eyerw tcgmz gm zngq jhzh qez?


5/23

Zngq gq pnhz gq kmcpm hq mcm&lgmehr jhzh & zne jhzh tcgmzq `c ut hmj jcpm- Jhzh

cizem lcckq lgke zngq, eyem pnem zne relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~ hmj w gq lgmehr- Zngq gq

beahuqe znere gq uquhllw pnhz gq kmcpm hq mcgqe gm zne jhzh- Mcgqe gq h rhmjcf

elefemz gm zne jhzh znhz pe ahmmcz e~tlhgm-

Gm zrwgm` zc igmj zne beqz&igz zc zne jhzh, pe hre zrwgm` zc igmj h lgme znhz fgmgfgqeqzne jgiieremaeq bezpeem zne jhzh tcgmzq hmj zne lgme gm zne w&jgreazgcm?

Zne rehqcm icr zngq gq znhz pe hre hqqufgm` znhz cur jhzh requlzq ircf qcfe umkmcpm

lgmehr iumazgcm tluq mcgqe?

mcgqehb~w

Gi zne mcgqe gq hqqufej zc be @huqqghm, znem fgmgfgqgm` zne xuhjrhzga jeyghzgcm

bezpeem zne jhzh tcgmzq hmj zne lgme trcygjeq zne acrreaz fhznefhzgahl hmqper- Gm

trhazgae, pnhz pe hre jcgm` gq hjjgm`, cyer hll jhzh tcgmzq, zne jgiieremae bezpeem cur

iumazgcm hmj zne w&yhlue ci zne jhzh tcgmz, qxuhrej?

g~

ggwhb~

2

Zngq gq zne jgqzhmae znhz pe hre fgmgfgqgm`-

Acmqgjer zne icllcpgm` qg~ jhzh tcgmzq?

Pnhz gq zne beqz igz lgme icr zngq jhzh3


6/23

Pell, acmqgjer zne znree tcqqgble lgmeq qncpm?

Gm zne ahqe ci zne blue lgme, znere gq mc lcqq icr zne znree tcgmzq znhz gz thqqeq znrcu`n,

buz h ihgrlw qubqzhmzghl lcqq icr zne czner znree tcgmzq?

Gi zne jgqzhmae hlcm` zne w&h~gq bezpeem zne blue lgme hmj zne jhzh tcgmzq gq a, znem zne

errcr, e, icr zne blue lgme gq?

21 ae

qgmae znere hre znree tcgmzq, hmj pe hre uqgm` zne xuhjrhzga jgqzhmae-

Qgfglhrlw icr zne rej lgme, gz quiierq mc lcqq icr zne znree tcgmzq znhz gz thqqeq znrcu`n,

buz h ihgrlw qubqzhmzghl lcqq icr zne czner znree tcgmzq, hmj zne errcr, e , icr zne rej lgme

gq hlqc?

21 ae

Gm zne ahqe ci zne `reem lgme znere hre errcrq icr hll qg~ tcgmzq, buz zne errcr gq cmlw nhlihq bg` gm ehan ahqe?


7/23

Mcp, zne errcr gq?

22

2

2

1

:

9

29 aa

ae

Zngq fehmq znhz zne zczhl xuhjrhzga errcr icr zne `reem lgme gq nhli hq bg` hq gz gq icr

egzner zne blue cr zne rej lgmeq- Zngq gq beahuqe, pnem pe uqe zne xuhjrhzga, lhr`er

errcrq acumz fuan, fuan fcre znhm qfhller errcrq- Alehrlw, gm zngq ahqe, zne `reem lgme

pculj be zne beqz igz icr zneqe jhzh tcgmzq-

Me`hzgye cr Tcqgzgye Xug

Pgll zne thrhfezerq h hmj b be me`hzgye cr tcqgzgye icr zne jhzh qncpm belcp3

hb~w

Re`reqqgcm Icrfulh

Zne iumazgcm gq zne Nclw @rhgl ci lgmehr re`reqqgcm, hmj fuan ci qzhzgqzgaq gq

acmaermej pgzn ncp zc uqe zne jhzh zc jezerfgme zne yhlue ci b, hmj zne yhlue ci h- Gi

pe ahm jc zngq pgzn zne jhzh, znem pe nhye qclyej zne trcblef ci igzzgm` zne beqz lgme-

hb~w

Gi zne jhzh acfeq gm thgrq?

~8 ~2 ~1 ~M

w8 w2 w1 wM

Znem pe ahm ahlaulhze b uqgm` zne icrfulh?

g

g

g

gg

~~

ww~~

b2

Mcze znhz g^fehm~ hmj gWfehmw -

Treygcuqlw, peye uqej icr zne fehm, buz mcp znhz pe nhye fcre znhm cme yhrghblepe hre `cgm` zc uqe zne bhr&mczhzgcm-


8/23

Zngq icrfulh qnculjmz be emzgrelw umihfglghr- Pnem pe ahlaulhzej zne yhrghmae, pe

uqej? 2~~g , pnerehq mcp pe nhye 2&jgfemqgcmhl jhzh pe hre uqgm` ww~~ gg -

Mcp znhz pe kmcp b, hmj pe kmcp znhz?

hb~w

Gz zurmq cuz znhz zngq iumazgcm gq hlqc zrue icr zne hyerhè yhlueq, ~ hmj w - Pe ahm

ahlaulhze zne yhlue icr h uqgm`?

~bwh

Lezq zrw gz cuz gm hm e~hftle-

Quttcqe pe nhye zne icllcpgm` jhzh qhftle?

~ w

9 0

2 1

8 2

&8 4

Mcp, pgzn zngq jhzh qez pe mczgae znhz zne w&yhlue gq hlphwq e~hazlw 8 lhrèr znhm zne

~&yhlue, qc?

8 ~w

Zngq fehmq znhz b 6 8 hmj h 6 8-

Lezq qee pnhz pe èz pnem pe uqe zne icrfulh- Zne igrqz zngm` pe jc gq zc ahlaulhze

zne fehmq?

2:

>

:

8829

~

1:

82:

4210 w

Mcp pe ahm eyhluhze b uqgm`?

2222 28282229

1428122811221029

b

878489

78489

b


9/23

Mcp pe ahm ahlaulhze h uqgm`?

8281 ~bwh

Pngan h`reeq pgzn cur gmgzghl cbqeryhzgcm-

Re`reqqgcm Xug

Ahlaulhze zne yhlueq icr h hmj b icr zne icllcpgm` jhzh qez?

~ w

: 0

1 7

0 82 88


10/23

Acrrelhzgcm

Zngq qeazgcm gq hll hbcuz acrrelhzgcm- Acrrelhzgcm gq h fehqure ci ncp alcqelw zpc

yhrghbleq hre relhzej- Pe ahm ahlaulhze qcfezngm` ahllej zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz

pngan `gyeq uq h fehqure ci ncp alcqelw zpc yhrghbleq hre relhzej-

Zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz, r, pgll nhye h yhlue bezpeem &8 hmj 8, qc znhz?

88 r

Gi zne jhzh gq acftlezelw lgmehr, pgzncuz mcgqe, hq qncpm belcp, znem pe ahm igz h lgme

e~hazlw zc zne jhzh hmj zne acrrelhzgcm pgll be 8?

Gi zne jhzh gq acftlezelw umrelhzej znem zne acrrelhzgcm pgll be 4?

Zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz ahm hlqc be &8 gm zne ahqe pnere zne jhzh gq qzgll terieazlw

hlg`mej zc zne lgme, buz pnere znere gq h me`hzgye relhzgcmqngt bezpeem zne zpc

yhrghbleq hq qncpm?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence


11/23

Acrrelhzgcm Ircf Re`reqqgcm Xug

Quttcqe znhz pe rhm lgmehr re`reqqgcm cm cur jhzh, hmj pe icumj znhz?

b 6 :

h 6 &1

Pnere zneqe yhlueq jeqargbe zngq lgmehr relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~ hmj w?

w 6 :~ 1

Pngan ci zne icllcpgm` qzhzefemzq hbcuz zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz, r, gq zrue3

r gq tcqgzgye r gq me`hzgye r 6 4 Pe ahmz zell

Acrrelhzgcm Icrfulh

Qc, zc quffhrgqe pnhz pe kmcp qc ihr hbcuz zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz?

Gz nhq h yhlue bezpeem &8 hmj 8 Gz zellq uq ncp relhzej zpc yhrghble hre Bczn +8 hmj &8 jeqargbe terieazlw lgmehr jhzh

Qc ncp jc pe acftuze h yhlue icr r3

Pell, cme phw zc acftuze zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz gq yerw qgfglhr zc zne phw znhz

pe ahlaulhzej zne yhlue ci b pnem pe lcckej hz lgmehr re`reqqgcm?

g g

gg

g

gg

ww~~

ww~~

r22

Pnere? g~M

~8

hmj gwM

w8

Mcp zngq gq trcbhblw zne fcqz acftle~ icrfulh znhz wcu nhye emacumzerej qc ihr gm

zngq alhqq, buz wcu pgll qee gz gq relhzej zc h lcz ci zne qzuii pe nhye qeem beicre, lgke

yhrghmae hmj qc cm, hmj znhz uqgm` gz gq mcz znhz jgiigaulz gm trhazgae-


12/23

Gi pe lcck hz zne jemcfgmhzcr?

g g

gg ww~~22

Pe mczgae znhz zne zerf pgzngm zne qxuhre rccz gq zne trcjuaz ci zne mcm&mcrfhlgqej

yhrghmae ci ~ hmj zne mcm&mcrfhlgqej yhrghmae ci w-

Zne muferhzcr gq h kgmj ci fg~ej&yhrghmae?

g

ggww~~

Zngq gq qcfezgfeq ahllej zne acyhrghmae, beahuqe gz ahlaulhzeq zne yhrghmae cyer zpc

ac&caaurrgm` yhrghbleq- Ncpeyer, wcu pgll nhye mczgaej znhz, cmae h`hgm, znere gq h

fgqqgm` mcrfhlgqer- Pnhz nhq nhttemej gq znhz zne mcrfhlgqerq cm zne muferhzcr hmjjemcfgmhzcr ahmael ehan czner cuz-

Acftuzgm` Acrrelhzgcm

Lezq zrw zne icrfulh cuz cm qcfe jhzh-

~? 1 : 5

w? 0 > 7

Gz gq ehqw zc qee znhz zne fehm ci ~ gq?

:1

825:1

1

8~

hmj zne fehm ci w gq?

>1

2:7>0

1

8w

Hrfej pgzn zneqe fehm yhlueq pe ahm ahlaulhze zne icllcpgm`?

~~ &8 4 8

ww &8 4 8

Pe ahm tlu` zneqe yhlueq gmzc cur exuhzgcm, hmj pe `ez?

8

22

2

848848

884488

222222

r


13/23

Lezq lcck hz h jgiieremz jhzhqez,?

~? 1 : 5

w? 2 5 >

H`hgm, pe ahlaulhze zne fehmq?

:1

825:1

1

8~

51

85>52

1

8w

@ueqq r Xug

Beicre pe jc zne ahlaulhzgcm, lezq qee pnhz wcur gmzugzgcm qhwq hbcuz zne yhlue icr r gm

zngq ahqe- Pngan ci zne icllcpgm` jc wcu zngmk gq acrreaz3

r 6 8 r 6 1 r 6 2 r 6 4

Mcp lezq zhbulhze zne jgiieremaeq ircf zne fehmq?

~~ &8 4 8

ww &1 4 1

H`hgm, pe ahm tlu` zne yhlueq gmzc cur icrfulh zc `ez?

8

8>2

9

141848

184418

222222

r

Pngan gq hq pe e~teazej-


14/23

Reyerqe Crjer

Lezq qee pnhz nhttemq gi pe anhmè zne crjer ci zne w&yhlueq hq qncpm?

~? 1 : 5

w? > 5 2

Qgmae cmlw zne crjer nhq beem anhmèj hmj zne hazuhl yhlueq hre umanhmèj, zne fehm

yhlueq pgll be zne qhfe hq beicre?

:1

825:1

1

8~

51

8525>

1

8w

Mcp, qgmae zne w&yhlueq jearehqe hq zne ~&yhlueq gmarehqe pe pculj e~teaz zne

acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz zc be me`hzgye- Lezq qee pnhz nhttemq pnem pe ahlaulhze zne

yhlue ci r-

Zhbulhzgm` zne jgiieremaeq ircf zne fehmq `gyeq?

~~ &8 4 8

ww 1 4 &1

Hmj cmae h`hgm, pe ouqz tlu` zne yhlueq gmzc cur icrfulh?

8

8>2

9

141848

184418

222222

r

Qc zne jhzh gq terieazlw me`hzgyelw acrrelhzej-


15/23

Umacrrelhzej Jhzh

Lezq zrw qcfezngm` h lgzzle bgz zrgakw- Lezq anhmè zne w&yhlueq zc?

~? 1 : 5

w? > 5 >

Pnhz qeefq zc be nhttemgm` gq znhz zne w&yhlueq qzhrz zc jearehqe hq zne ~&yhlueq

gmarehqe, buz znem znew qzhrz zc gmarehqe h`hgm- Pngle znere fhw be h relhzgcmqngt

bezpeem ~ hmj w, gz jceqmz httehr zc be h lgmehr cme, hmj pe pculj e~teaz zne

acrrelhzgcm zc be erc-

Lezq jc zne ahlaulhzgcm- Zne fehmq hre mcp?

:

1

825:1

1

8~

01

28>5>

1

8w

Mcp pnem pe zhbulhze zne jgiieremaeq ircf zne fehmq pe èz?

~~ &8 4 8

ww 8 &2 8

Hmj gi pe tlu` zne yhlueq gmzc cur icrfulh pe èz zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz?

4

92

4

828848

882488

222222

r

Ci acurqe, pe jgjmz hazuhllw meej zc ahlaulhze zne jemcfgmhzcr- Cmae pe kmep zne

muferhzcr phq erc pe hlqc kmep znhz r 6 4-


16/23

Igmhl E~hftle

Lezq lcck hz h igmhl e~hftle- Zngq gq cur jhzh?

~? 1 : 5

w? > 1 0

Alehrlw, zngq jceqmz lcck yerw acrrelhzej, hlzncu`n gz lcckq fcre acrrelhzej znhm zne

jhzh gm zne lhqz e~hftle qgmae zne igmhl w&yhlue nhqmz gmarehqej bw hq fuan- Pe fg`nz

znereicre e~teaz znhz zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz pgll be leqq znhm 8, hmj gi pe tlcz zne

jhzh cm h `rhtn, pe qee znhz gz qnculj hlqc be me`hzgye?

Hq uquhl, zne igrqz zngm` pe jc gq zc ahlaulhze zne fehm yhlueq icr ~ hmj w?

:1

825:1

1

8~

91

8>01>1

8 w

Mcp pnem pe zhbulhze zne jgiieremaeq ircf zne fehmq pe `ez?

~~ &8 4 8

ww 2 &1 8

Hmj gi pe tlu` zne yhlueq gmzc cur icrfulh pe `ez zne acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz?

8>7-48:2

8

812848

881428222222

r

Qc znere gq h me`hzgye acrrelhzgcm, hq pe quqteazej, buz gz gq pehk- Zngq jhzh rehllw

gqmz pell jeqargbej bw h lgmehr iumazgcm-


17/23

Quffhrw

Wcu mcp umjerqzhmj zne bhqgaq ci acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemzq- Hq pe qhgj ehrlger, zne

acrrelhzgcm aceiigagemz?

nhq h yhlue bezpeem &8 hmj 8 zellq uq ncp relhzej zpc yhrghble hre

Pe hlqc mcp kmcp znhz?

Gi r = 4 znere gq h tcqgzgye relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~ hmj w- Gi r < 4 znere gq h me`hzgye relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~ hmj w- Gi r 6 4 znere gq mc relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~ hmj w-

Iurznerfcre, pe nhye qeem znhz 8r hq zne relhzgcmqngt bezpeem ~ hmj w beacfeq

gmarehqgm`lw lgmehr- Bczn r 6 +8 hmj r 6 8 jeqargbe terieazlw lgmehr jhzh pgzncuz hmwmcgqe cr jeyghzgcm ircf zne lgme-

Acrrelhzgcm gq h yerw tcperiul zccl- Icr hmw jhzh qez pgzn fulzgtle yhrghbleq, quan hq

qhlhrw yerquq h`e, wcu ahm mcp zell ncp alcqelw zne yhrghbleq relhze zc ehan czner

uqgm` zne relhzgyelw qgftle icrfulh?

g g

gg

g

gg

ww~~

ww~~

r22


18/23

Fcmzw Nhll Trcblef .Ctzgcmhl'

Zngq qeazgcm qnculj be ium- Gz gq, ncpeyer, emzgrelw ctzgcmhl-

Qcfe ci wcu fhw be ihfglghr

pgzn Fcmzw Nhll- Ne rhm h UQ`hfe qncp ahllej Lezq Fhke h

Jehl ircf 8791- Zne qncp rhm

icr fhmw wehrq-

Hz zne nehrz ci zne `hfe qncp

phq h tule- Zngq tule tuleq

qzhzgqzgaghmq zc zne treqemz jhw- Gm

zngq umgz, wcu èz zne anhmae zc

qclye zne Fcmzw Nhll trc`rhf,

hmj wcu hlqc èz zne anhmae zc

trc`rhf gz, hmj yergiw znhz zne

hqqerzgcm pngan gm mcz emzgrelw

cbygcuq gq hazuhllw acrreaz-

Gm zne `hfe znere hre znree jccrq- Bengmj cme jccr gq h ahr- Fcmzw kmcpq pngan jccr,

buz ne pcmz zell wcu pnere zne ahr gq-

Zne `hfe gq znem tlhwej hq icllcpq?

Wcu èz zc anccqe h jccr- Qhw, icr zne qhke ci hrùfemz znhz wcu tgak jccr mufber 2-

Gi zne ahr gq bengmj jccr 2, znem wcu pgm zne ahr, cznerpgqe wcu pgm mczngm`- Qc ihr, qc

`ccj-

Mcp acfeq zne gmzereqzgm` bgz- Cbygcuqlw, hz lehqz cme ci zne zpc refhgmgm` jccrq

jceqmz nhye h ahr bengmj gz- Mcp, Fcmzw kmcpq pngan jccr nhq zne ahr, hmj nereyehlq cme ci zne jccrq znhz wcu jgjmz anccqe znhz jceqmz nhye zne ahr-

Fcmzw znem hqkq wcu gi wcu phmz zc qpgzan ircf zne jccr wcu nhye ancqem zc zne czner

alcqej jccr- Jc wcu phmz zc anhmè wcur ancgae gm zne ncte znhz wcu pgll gmarehqe

wcur anhmae ci pgmmgm` zne ahr3

Pnhz fhkeq zngq trcblef gmzereqzgm` gq znhz pnem Fcmzw ctemej zne jccr, ne rehllw

jgjmz zell wcu hmwzngm` wcu jgjmz hlrehjw kmcp- Wcu hlrehjw kmep gm hjyhmae znhz

cme ci zne zpc jccrq jgjmz acmzhgm zne ahr- Zne ihaz znhz Fcmzw nhq ouqz ctemej h

jccr qnculj `gye wcu erc gmicrfhzgcm hbcuz pngan ci zne refhgmgm` jccrq zne ahr gq

bengmj-


19/23

Gi wcu ancqe jccr 2, hmj Fcmzw znem ctemej jccr 1, hll wcu mcp kmcp gq znhz jccr 1

jceqmz acmzhgm zne ahr- Pnw qnculj jccr 8 mcp be fcre lgkelw znhm jccr 23

Jccr Anhmae Xug

@gyem znhz wcu ancqe jccr 2, hmj Fcmzw znem reyehlej znhz jccr 1 jgjmz acmzhgm zne

ahr, pnhz hre zne trcbhbglgzgeq, T8, T2 hmj T1 znhz zne ahr gq bengmj ehan jccr3

Ci acurqe gz gq ehqw zc qee znhz T1 6 4- Pe hlrehjw kmep znhz zne ahr phqmz bengmj

jccr 1-, Buz jcmz pcrrw gi wcu peremz hble zc ig`ure cuz zne czner zpc trcbhbglgzgeq,

zne hmqper zc zngq trcblef gq emzgrelw mcm&gmzugzgye-

Pe ahm ternhtq beqz umjerqzhmj pnhz gq nhttemgm` bw bugljgm` h zruzn zhble-

Znere hre znree tcqqgble zrue lcahzgcmq icr zne ahr, hmj pe kmcp znhz ehan ci zneqe

tcqqgble lcahzgcmq nhq h trcbhbglgzw ci 8#1-

Pnem pe anccqe h jccr, Fcmzw pgll ctem cme ci zne czner jccrq- Pe ahm acmqzruaz

zne zruzn zhble hq qncpm?

Zrue

lcahzgcm

Fcmzw

Nhll Trcbhbglgzw

Mcrfhlgqej

trcbhbglgzw

8 8 4

8 2 4T.8' 6 8#1

8 1 8#1

2 8 8#9

2 2 4T.2' 6 8#12 1 8#9

1 8 8#1

1 2 4T.1' 6 8#1

1 1 4

Lezq qhw, icr zne qhke ci hr`ufemz znhz pe nhye ancqem jccr mufber 2- Mcp, pe

kmcp znhz cm zne igrqz rcp ci zne zruzn zhble, gi zne ahr gq bengmj jccr mufber 8 znem

zne trcbhbglgzw znhz Fcmzw pgll ctem jccr mufber 8 gq erc- Cm zne qeacmj lgme, zne

trcbhbglgzw znhz Fcmzw pgll ctem jccr 2 gq hlqc erc beahuqe pe nhye ancqem jccr

mufber 2-


20/23

Qc zne cmlw ctzgcm refhgmgm` gq icr Fcmzw zc ctem jccr 1- Zngq nhq h trcbhbglgzw ci 8,

buz zne tcqzergcr trcbhbglgzw fuqz zhke haacumz znhz zne zczhl trcbhbglgzw icr T.8' 6 1,

qc zne trcbhbglgzw beacfeq 1#81#88 -

Qgfglhrlw icr zne ahqe pnere zne ahr gq bengmj jccr mufber 1, zne trcbhbglgzw znhz

Fcmzw pgll ctem jccr mufber 1 gq erc, hq gq zne trcbhbglgzw znhz ne pgll ctem zne jccrznhz pe nhye ancqem .jccr mufber 2'- Zne cmlw refhgmgm` ancgae gq jccr mufber 8-

Gi zne ahr gq bengmj jccr mufber 2, hmj pe nhye ancqem jccr mufber 2 znem znere gq h

igizw anhmae icr jccr mufber 8 cr jccr mufber 1- Zne tcqzergcr trcbhbglgzw icr bczn

jccrq gq znereicre -9#81#82#8

Mcp pe nhye cur zruzn zhble bhqej cm zne ihaz znhz pe ancqe jccr mufber 2-

Lezq qhw znhz Fcmzw ctemq jccr mufber 1- Mcp eyerw czner ahqe, gm pngan ne fg`nz

nhye tgakej jccr mufber 8 cr jccr mufber 2 nhq erc trcbhbglgzw- Zne cmlw eyemzq

znhz refhgm hre ng`nlg`nzej nere?

Zrue

lcahzgcm

Fcmzw

Nhll Trcbhbglgzw

Mcrfhlgqej

trcbhbglgzw

8 8 4

8 2 4T.8' 6 8#1

8 1 8#1 2#1

2 8 8#9

2 2 4T.2' 6 8#12 1 8#9 8#1

1 8 8#1

1 2 4T.1' 6 8#1

1 1 4 4

Mcp pe ouqz meej zc mcrfhlgqe zneqe yhlueq qc znhz zne zczhl trcbhbglgzw hjjq ut zc 8-

Aurremzlw zne quf ci zne trcbhbglgzgeq gq 2#89#81#8 - Gi pe jgygje ehan gmjgygjuhltrcbhbglgzw bw zngq quf pe `ez zne mcrfhlgqej trcbhbglgzgeq hq qncpm- Zneqe hre zne

zrue tcqzergcr trcbhbglgzgeq `gyem znhz pe ancqe jccr mufber 2, hmj Fcmzw ctemej

jccr mufber 1-

Alehrlw pe qnculj qpgzan cur ancgae eyerw zgfe, hq zngq pgll jcuble cur anhmaeq ci

pgmmgm` zne ahr(


21/23

Qgfulhzgcm

Prgze h iumazgcm qgfulhze.' znhz rumq 8444 gzerhzgcmq ci h qgfulhzgcm ci zne Fcmzw Nhll

trcblef hmj qc eftgrgahllw yergiw zne trcbhbglgzgeq znhz pe nhye ouqz ahlaulhzej-

Zne iumazgcm qnculj acumz ncp fhmw zgfeq wcu pgm zne ahr gm h yhrghble, K, hmj znemrezurm K jgygjej bw zne mufber ci gzerhzgcmq, M-

Twzncm gmalujeq zne buglz&gm iumazgcm rhmjgmz.'- Zngq èmerhzeq rhmjcf gmzeèrq gm zne

rhmè qteagigej bw zne iumazgcm hrùfemzq, qc?

rhmjgmz.8,1'

pgzn rezurm h rhmjcf gmzeèr gm zne rhmè 8 zc 1 .pngan gq e~hazlw pnhz wcu pgll meej

gm crjer zc tgak h rhmjcf jccr'-

Wcu pgll hlqc nhye zc qgfulhze zne hazgcmq ci Fcmzw Nhll- Qcfezgfeq zneqe hazgcmq

pgll be jezerfgmgqzga, hz czner zgfeq znew pgll be qzcanhqzga .rhmjcf'- Reahll znhz pe

qhp bczn zwteq ci hazgcm pnem pe acmqzruazej zne zruzn&zhble-

Cmae zne Fcmzw&qgfulhzcr nhq tgakej h jccr, ilgt wcur ancgae zc zne refhgmgm` jccr-

Gi znhz fhzaneq zne zrue lcahzgcm znem wcu qnculj gmarefemz K, cznerpgqe mcz-

Pnem wcu rum zngq 8444 zgfeq, zne cuztuz ircf wcur iumazgcm qnculj be httrc~gfhzelw

exuhl zc 2#1-

Zne hqqg`mfemz pgll rexugre qcfe rehl kmcplejè ci Twzncm hmj gq znereicreacmqgjerej zc be h anhllem`gm` trcblef- @ccj luak-


22/23

Hmqperq

Tgak zne Lgme Xug

a

Igmj Aceiigagemzq Xug

h 6 8

b 6 4-25

Me`hzgye cr Tcqgzgye Xug

h gq tcqgzgye- Hq ~ gmarehqeq, w jearehqeq, qc b gq me`hzgye- Zngq gq hm e~hftle

cime`hzgye acrrelhzgcm-

Re`reqqgcm Xug

:~

0w

28:

2>b

h 6 85

Acrrelhzgcm Ircf Re`reqqgcm Xug

r gq tcqgzgye r gq me`hzgye r 6 4 Pe ahmz zell

@ueqq r Xug

r 6 8


23/23

Jccr Anhmae Xug

T8 6 4-990

T2 6 4-111

T1 6 4

Qgfulhzgcm

ircf rhmjcf gftcrz rhmjgmz

M 6 8444

jei qgfulhze.M'?

K 6 4icr g gm rhmè.M'?ZrueLca 6 rhmjgmz.8,1'ùeqq 6 rhmjgmz.8,1'gi ZrueLca 66 ùeqq?

fcmzw 6 rhmjgmz.8,1'

pngle fcmzw 66 ZrueLca?fcmzw 6 rhmjgmz.8,1'

elqe?fcmzw 6 9 & ZrueLca & ùeqqqpgzan 6 9 & ùeqq & fcmzwgi qpgzan 66 ZrueLca?

K 6 K + 8

rezurm ilchz.K' # ilchz.M'

trgmz qgfulhze.M'

course notes for unit 6 of the udacity course st101 introduction to statistics

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