course on regulation and sustainable energy in developing countries - session 10
DESCRIPTION
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes. Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Industry
Webinar 19 April 2012
Prof. Dr. Kornelis BlokDirector of Science, Ecofys Group
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries –Session 10
www.leonardo-energy.org/course-regulation-and-sustainable-energy-developing-countries
Energy Efficiency in Buildings and IndustryLeonardo-Energy Webinar, 19 April 2012
Prof. dr Kornelis Blok
Director of Science, Ecofys Group
Professor of Sustainable Energy, Utrecht University
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Energy efficiency is the number one option to limit GHG emissions and enhance security of energy supply
Confirmed by many many studies:
• IPCC
• International Energy Agency
• Ecofys
• McKinsey
• Greenpeace
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0
100
200
300
400
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Final
Ener
gy
(EJ/
a)
Fossil & NuclearRenewable Heat & FuelsRenewable Power
Baseline: ~520 EJ/a
Aggressive end-use energy savings and
electrification
Substitution of traditional by
renewable sources
Remaining fossil fuels
Energy efficiency improvement makes it possible to limit global energy use to current levels
The Energy Report - Transition to a fully sustainable global energy system by 2050
Source: Ecofys
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Table of contents
• What is energy efficiency?
• Benchmarking of energy efficiency in the world
• Overview of energy use in industry and buildings
• Energy audits
• Energy management
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How to measure energy efficiency?
Specific Energy Consumption:also indicated as (physical) energy intensity
Examples: MJ/ton steelMJ/m2 heated office areaMJ/vehicle-km
activityuseenergySEC =
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Energy Efficiency Index (EEI)Example: Refrigerator and freezers
• Simple indicator for a refrigerator:
Specific Energy Consumption in kWh/litre,year
• Indicator for fridge/freezer combinations: energy efficiency index
kWh/litre,year
volumerefrigeratorcompartment
volumefreezercompartment
fr VVEEEI×+
=1.2
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What is energy efficiency improvement?
Energy efficiency improvement:
= reducing the use of energy per unit activity without affecting the level of these activities
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050year
Cok
e de
man
d (M
J/kg
hot
met
al)
Energy efficiency improvements:1760-1800: -1.9% a year1800-1820: -0.2% a year1820-1910: -1.1% a year1910-1920: +0.2% a year1920-1940: -1.4% a year1950-1990: -3.4% a year1760-1990: -1.4% a year
Introduction coke fired blast furnaces
Steam engines
Hot blast
Radical changes in shape and design
Larger hearth furnaces
Closed top furnaceUse of richer ores
Ore Higher blast
Energy intensity of iron-makingSource: De Beer, Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, 1998
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Development of energy use by sector (EJ)
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
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Sectoral breakdown of total final industrial energy use, 2007
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Breakdown of industrial energy use(USA, 2010?)
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Energy use in the service sector
•Fuel is mainly used for space heating (if any)
•Electricity is typically responsible for 50% of the primary energy use of the service sector.
Electricity balance average office building
Cooling9%
warm tapwater1%
humidification0%
other3%
horeca7%
ict-central21%
ict-decentral12%
pumps2%
transport2%
ventilation5%
lighting inside36%
lighting outside1%
lighting emergency1%
Data for the NetherlandsSource: Meijer Energie & Milieumanagement B.V., 2008
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14
“Standby consumption” of buildings is substantial
20-55% of electricity consumption in office buildings takes place outside office hours.
Ecofys research
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Benchmarking of primary energy use of 16 cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Benchmark curve for copper productionSaygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for aluminium productionSaygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for steel production (EEI)Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curves for ethylene productionSaygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for ammonia productionSaygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for clinker productionSaygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for paper productionSaygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Energy demand in the service sector(per capita)
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
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Development of specific energy use for space heating
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
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Energy audits
Key elements of an energy audit:
1. understand how energy is used
2. identify opportunities for saving energy
3. cost-benefit analysis and recommendations
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Energy audit1. Understand how energy is used
• Determine total energy use (e.g. bills)
• Registration of equipment and operation time
• Determination of thermal building characteristics
• Additional measurements (!)
• Draw up a complete energy balance
• Determine load profiles
• (Benchmarking)
Nr. 1 deficiency: energy balance is not complete
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Energy audits2. Identify opportunities for saving energy
• Generic building related measures (insulation, control ventilation, lighting, condensing boilers)
• Generic industrial measures (motor systems, heat recovery, compressed air, steam systems, insulation)
• Process-specific measures
• Combined-generation-of-heat-and-power
Nr. 2 deficiency: no attention for production processes
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Energy audit3. Cost-benefit analysis
• Payback time
• Net present value
• Internal-rate-of-return
• Life-cycle costs
• Cost-supply curves
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More efficient motor systems
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Heat recovery and optimization of heat exchange systems
Pinch technology:• Inventory of flows to be
heated and flows to be cooled
• Systematic optimisation of heat exchanger network
• Large theoretical savings achievable
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Strip casting
Smelt reduction
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temp
eratur
e (K)
blastfurnace
sinterplant
cokeoven
continuouscasting
reheatingfurnace
hotstripmill
Absolute enthalpy change per grid unit = 0.5 GJ/trs
melting point pure iron
iron/steel
coal/coke
scrap
ore/sinter/pellets
BOF
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
1.2
0.3
0.9
0.3
0.8 0.8
0.1
0.2
0.1
New production processes
(steel making)
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Combined generation of heat and power (CHP)“cogeneration”
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Energy saving opportunities in cement plants (16 plants in Shandong, China)
• Electicity conservation
potential is 40% (of
which 16% cost-
effective)
• Fuel conservation
potential is 8% (all cost-
effective)
• Discount rate 30%
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities
for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China,
LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Electricity conservation supply curve for 16 cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Fuel conservation supply curve for 16 cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Principles for energy management
• Make it a priority
• Commit to energy savings (at all levels)
• Assign responsibility
• Look beyond first costs
• Make energy management a continuous process
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Make energy management a continuous process
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Elements of energy management
• Energy audits
• Energy teams
• Employee awareness
• Monitoring
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Provide the right internal incentives. A targeted reward system can
ensure that sufficient attention is devoted to energy saving.
• Incorporate concrete targets in the salary system of those who have an influence on the energy consumption of buildings (and ensure that they are sufficiently empowered).
• This kind of reward system must obviously be part of a broader approach to energy saving.
The combination of comprehensive energy-saving information and a clear reduction target for technical managers at sorting centres resulted in energy savings of 10% in De Post-La Poste(Belgium) sorting centres in 2009 compared to 2008. First a detailed study was conducted in one sorting centre into the potential to reduce energy consumption and possible energy-saving measures. The results of this study were rolled out to four other sorting centres. The savings potential from implementing short-term measures was then translated into a target for the technical managers of all sorting centres. The final savings achieved were reflected in the annual bonus of the managers. In 2009 this policy delivered a saving of 10%, which translated into an energy saving of more than 3 million kWh.
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Further reading
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Contact details
Prof. dr. Kornelis Blok
Ecofys Group
Director of Science
Phone: +31-30-662 3399
E-mail: [email protected]