court procedure

7/24/2019 Court Procedure

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OUTLINE OF TRI L PRO EDURES IN RIMIN L SES

( F rom Ar r ai gnment to Promul gat i on of J udgment~

1.

SESSION OF THE TRIAL COURT

As soon ~s t he Pr esi di ng J udge ent er s t he cour t room

one of t he cour t per sonnel w l l announce:

Ever ' ybody r i se,

Honorabl e

i s enj oi ned.

t he cour t i s now i n sessi on,

, pr esi di ng j udge, si l ence

.

Ever ybody shal l r emai n st andi ng f or t he pr ayer . Af t er ~

t he pr ayer , t he j udge w l l bang hi s qaveL and t hen si t

down. Thi s i s t he cnl y t i me when ever ybody w l l al so si t

down

J udge t o t he Per Sonnel - i n- Char ge:

Cal l t he cases as per cal endar of t he Cour t ,

cl assi f i ed as f ol l ows:

a. For ar r ai gnment

b. For Pr e- t r i al

c. For Tr i al

Not e: At any t i me bef or e ent er i ng hi s pl ea,

may move t o quash t he i nf ormat i on/ f i l e

par t i cul ar s as t he case may be.

t he accused

a bi l l of

Mot i on t o Quash - Gr ounds ( Sect i on 3, Rul e 117, Rul es of

Cour t )

That

t he

facts

char ged

do not

consti t ut e

an

of f ense;

That

t he

cour t

t ryi ng

t he

case

has

no

j ur i sdi ct i on

over

t he

of f ense

charged:

That

t he

cour t

t ryi ng

t he

case

has

no

j ur i sdi ct i on

over t he person of t he accused;

That

t he

of f i cer

who

f i l ed

t he

i nf ormat i on

had

no

aut hor i t y t o do so;

e That i t does not conf orm subst ant i al l y t o t he

pr escr i bed f orm

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That mor e t han one of f ense i s char ged except when a

si ngl e puni shment f or var i ous of f enses i s pr escr i bed

by l ae;

That t he cr i m nal act i on or l i abi l i t y has bee~

ext i ngui shed;

That i t cont ai ns averment s whi ch, i f t r ue, woul d

const i t ut e a l egal excuse or j ust i f i cat i on; and

That t he accused has been pr evi ousl y convi ct ed or

acqui t t ed of t he of f ense char ged, or t he case agai nst

hi m was di sm ssed or ot her w se t er mnat ed w t hout hi s

expr ess consent .

a.

ARRAIGNMENT

J udge:

Where i s t he accused?

The accused w l l st and up, i dent i f y hi msel f by r ai si ng

hi s r i ght hand.

Af t er t hat , t he j udge w l l al so ask:

J udge:

wher e i ~ t he compl ai ni ng w t ness?

He w l l al so r i se, i dent i f y hi msel f by r ai si ng hi s

hand.

J udge:

Appearances

The publ i c pr osecut or w l l ent 8r hi s

appearance as f ol l ows :

For t he St at e, your Honor ; or

For t he Gover nment , your Honor ; or

For t he peopl e, your Honor , r eady .

The pr i vat e pr osecut or ( a l awyer hi red by t he

compl ai ni ng w t ness ( aggr i eved par ty) who w l l assi st t he

publ i c pr osecut or i n pr osecut i ng t he case) w l l ent er hi s

appearance, as f ol l ows:

Good mor ni ng, your Honor . Respect f ul l y

appear i ng as pr i vat e pr osecut or under t he di r ect

cont r ol and super vi si on of t he publ i c

pr osecut or . My name i s

w t h of f i ce

addr ess at

t el ephone or cel l phone number

r eady, your Honor .


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PAO Lawyer r epr esent i ng t he accused.

hi s appear ance by sayi ng:

Ye w l l

errt

er

For t he accused, your Honor , ready.

Lawyer per sonal l y hi r ed by t he accused w l l enter hi s

appear ance i n t hi s manner :

Good mor ni ng, your Honor . Respect f ul l y

appear i ng as counsel f or t he accused. My names

i s w t h of f i ce

addr ess at and

t el ephone or cel l phone number

, r eady your Honor .

The J UDGE shal l di r ect t he accused and hi s counsel t o

st and i n f ront of hi m at a di st ance of about 4 t o 5 m8ter s.

Then he w l l di r ect hi s per sonnel t o ar r ai gn t he accused

by r eadi ng t he i nf or mat i on cont ai ni ng t he char ge/ chargEs

agai nst hi m I f t he accused cannot under st and t he

i nf ormat i on, he w l l di r ect t hat i t be t r ansl at Ed i n t he

di al ect known t o t he accused. Af t er t he t r ansl at i on, t he

j udge w l l ask t he accused of hi s pl ea.

PLEA

When t he accused r ef uses t o pl ead or set s up a l awf ul

j ust i f i cat i on ( sel f - def ense) , or set s up a condj . t i onal

pl ea, t he j udge w l l ent er i nt o t he r ecord a Pl ea of not

gui l t y f or t he accused.

When t he accused ent er s a pl ea of gui l t y t o a l esser

of f ense necessar i l y i ncl uded i n t he of f ense char ged agai nst

hi m t o be val i d, i t r equi res bot h t he con sen

t

cf t he

pr osecut or and t he of f ended par ty.

When t he accused ent er s a pl ea of gui l t y, t he cour t ,

af t er expl ai ni ng t o hi m t he meani ng and consequences of hi s

pl ea of gui l t y, shal l r ender i t s deci s i on f i ndi ng t he

accused gui l t y beyond r easonabl e doubt of t he of f ense

char ge and i mposes t he cor r espondi ng penal ty pr ovi ded under

t he l aw pl us ci vi l l i abi l i t y, i f any.

When t he pl ea i s Not Gui l t y, t he cour t , shal l

schedul e t he next hear i ng f or t he pr e- t r i al of t he case.

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b. PRE TRI L

The cour t w l l be cal l ed t o sessi on, si nce t hi s i . s

anot her dat e of hear i ng, when t he j udge enl er~ t he

cour t room and t he pr ocedur es dur i ng t he 1

st

sessi on sha~

be r epeat ed up t o appear ances of counsel s.

However , i f t he counsel s appear i ng dur i ng t he pr e-

t r i al and al l subsequent hear i ngs ar e t he same counsel s t or

t he Peopl e and t he Accused, t he modi f i cat i on of t hei r

appear ances w l l be as f ol l ows:

Publ i c Pr osecutor : (No changes)

For t he St at e, your Honor ; or

For t he Gover nment , your Honor ; or

For t he peopl e, your Honor , i eady .

PAO Lawyer : ( No changes)

For the accused, your Honor , r eady.

Pr i vat e Pr osecut or : Af t er gr eet i ng t he j udge, he w l l

ent er hi s appear ance:

Same appearance

pr osecut or under t he di r ect

super vi si on of t he publ i c

ready your Honor .

as pr i vat e

cont r ol and

prosecut or ,

Pr i vat e Counsel of t he Accused.

j udge, he w l l st at e:

Af t er gr eet i ng t he

Same appear ance as counsel f or t he

accused your Honor ready.

For new counsel s appear i ng f or t he

pt

t i me at any

st age of t he pr oceedi ngs t hey shoul d ent er t hei r

appear ances i mmedi at el y as out l i ned bef or e t he accused was

ar r ai gned.

Af te r t he counsel s of bot h par t i es have ent er ed t hei r

appear ances, t he j udge w l l st ar t t he pr e- t r i al conf erence

by di r ect i ng t he pr osecut or and t he def ense t o st ar t t he

mat t er s t o be consi der ed dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al .

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J udge:

I s t her e any pl ea- bargai ni ng?

The accused t hr ough hi s counsel w l l mani f est t o t he

cour t t hat t he accused i s ent er i ng a pLea+bar qaininq, i n

t hat , he i s w l l i ng t o ent er a pl ea of Gui l t y t o a l esser

of f ense t han t hat char ged i n t he i nf or mat i on. For exar epl e:

f r om mur der t o hom ci de. The pr osecut or and t he of f ended

par t y shal l gi ve t hei r consent . t o t he pl ea of t he nccused

t o a l esser of f ense of hom ci de i n or der t o be val i d. Thus,

t he cour t shal l r ender i t s deci s i on convi ct i ng accused of

hom ci de and sent enci ng hi m t o r ecl usi on t empor al . But i f

t he consent of bot h t he pr osecut or and t he of f ended par t y

i s not secur ed/ gi ven, t hen t he accused w l l be t r i ed f or

mur der . Ther eaf t er , t he pr e- t r i al w l l commence and st ar t

as f ol l ows:

Pr osecut i on: May we know f r om t he accused i f

he i s w l l i ng t o st i pul at e or adm t t hat he i s

t he same per son as char ged i n t he i nf ormat i on?

Def ense: The counsel of t he accused may ei t her

adm t t hi s st i pul at i on of f act or deny i t . I f

he adm t t ed, t hen, dur i ng t he t r i al t hi s f act

and ot her f act s adm t t ed w l l not be pr oven

anymor e dur i ng t he t r i al . However , i f not

adm t t ed but deni ed, t hen t he pr osecut i ons w l l

pr ove t hi s f act and ot her f act s not adm t t ed or

deni ed dur i ng t he t r i al .

Pr osecut i on: same r equest f or

adm ssi on or st i pul at i on of ot her f act s r e:

wai ver of , obj ect i on t o adm ssi bi l i ty of

evi dence (documentar y and obj ect evi dence) ; and

such ot her mat t er s t hat may expedi t e t he t r i al .

Af t er t he pr osecut i on has f i ni shed i t s

st i pul at i on of f act s, t he d~f ense w l l be t he

one t o make such st i pul at i ons of f act s

t hus

Def ense: May we know f r om t he pr osecut i on i f

t hey ar e w l l i ng t o st i pul at e or adm t t he f act

t hat

Pr osecut i on: I t may ei t her deny or adm t t he

same. Those pr of f er ed f act s, whi ch ar e deni ed

w l l be t aken up or pr oven dur i ng t he t r i al

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whi l e t hose adm t t ed or st i pul at ed w l l not be

pr oven dur i ng t he t r i al .

J udge: Now we w l l go t o mar ki ng f or

i dent i f i cat i on of evi dence of t he par t i es.

Pr osecut i on: Your Honor , we r equest t hat

t he f ol l ow ng document s and obj ect evi dence be

marked f or i dent i f i cat i on p~rposes:

St at e t he pur pose

) Exhi bi t A - descr i be i t .

of sai d exhi bi t .

Exampl e: Exhi bi t A - af f i davi t of x dat ed

The pur pose of of f er i ng t hi s

exhi bi t i s t o pr ove t hat t he eyew t ness t o

t he comm t t ed by t he accused on

at has

actual l y executed a sworn statement nar rat i ng

how X shot t he vi ct i m i n t hi s case on sai d

dat e, t i me and pl ace; t hat he w l l i dent i f y

hi s swor n st at ement gi ven i n connect i on w t h

t hi s case.

b) Exhi bi t B - descr i be i t ; St at e t he pur pose of

sai d exhi bi t .

c) Exhi bi t C - descr i be i t ; St at e t he pur pose of

sai d exhi bi t .

d) Et c - descr i be i t ; st at e t he pur pose of sai d

exhi bi t

Your Honor , we r eser ve t he r i ght t o pr ese~t and

mar k ot her evi dence i n t he cour se of t he t r i al .

That woul d be al l , your Honor .

J udge: Gr ant ed,

def ense mar k

your

evi dence.

Def ense: The def ense r espect f ul l y r equest s

f or t he mar ki ng of def ense evi dence f or

i dent i f i cat i on pur poses, as f ol l ows:

Exhi bi t

1

descr i be i t ; State the purpose of

sai d

exhi bi t .

Exhi bi t

2

descr i be

i t ;

state

t he

pur pose

of

sai d

exhi bi t .

Exhi bi t

3

descr i be

i t ;

state

t he purpose

of

sai d

exhi bi t .

Exhi bi t

4

descr i be

i t ;

state

t he

purpose

of

sai d

exhi bi t .

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Your Honor , we r eser ve our r i ght t o pr esent and

mar k ot her evi dence i n t he cour se of t he t r i al .

, J udge: Gr ant ed. Pr osecut i on, how many

w t nesses you ar e goi ng t o pr esent and how much

t i me you need t o compl et e t hei r t est i mony.

Pr osecut i on: Thr ee ( 3) w t nesses, your Honor

and we r equest f or f our . (4) set t i ng dat es t o

compl ete thei r tes t i mony.

Our w t nesses ar e:

a. X, eyew t ness t o t he of f ense comm t t ed.

The pur pose of pr esent i ng hi s t est i mony

i s t o pr ove t he mat er i al al l egat i ons i n

t he i nf ormat i on; t hat he was at t he

scene of t he cr i me dur i ng t he shoot i ng

i n quest i ons bef or e t hi s cour t and he

can i dent i f y t he accused; ar d t hat he

can demonst rat e how t he shoot i ng was

per pet r at ed by t he accused r esul t i ng t o

t he i nst ant aneous deat h of t he vi ct i m

b. Next w t ness i s Y, t he medi co- l egal

of f i cer who conduct ed t he aut opsy

exam nat i on of t he cadaver of t he

vi ct i m He w l l t est i f y as t o hi s

f i ndi ngs t hat t he vi ct i m di ed due t o t he

gunshot i n hi s head and t hat he w l l

i dent i f y i n cour t hi s medi co l egal

r epor t t o i ncl ude t he sl ug he r ecover ed

f r om t he head of t he vi ct i m and al so

t he deat h cer t i f i cat e of t he vi ct i ~ t hat

he i ssued.

c. Last w t ness i s Z, t he bal l i s t i ci an who

conduct ed t he bal l i st i c exam nat i on of

t he f i r ear m ( FA) r ecover ed at t he scene

of the crime the empty shells of a

bul l et f ound at t he scene and t he sl ug

r ecover ed f r om t he head of t he vi ct i m

He w l l t est i f y al so on hi s f i ndi ngs, i n

t hat , t he empt y shel l s wer e f i r ed f rom

sai d FA based on t he l i ve bul l et st i l l

at t he chamber of t he gun. He w l l

f ur t her t est i f y t hat t he FA was r ecent l y

f i r ed; t hat t he empt y shel l s and t he

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sl ug f ound embedded i n t he head of t he

vi ct i m wer e f i r ed f r om sai d FA.

That woul d be al l , your Honor , but we

r eserve t he r i ght t o pr esent ot her

w t nesses dur i ng t he t r i al .

J udge: Reser vat i on gr ant ed. Def ense, how

many w t nesses you ar e goi ng t o pr esent and how

much t i me do you need t o compl et e t hei r

t est i mony.

Def ense: Thr ee ( 3) w t nesses al so, your Honor

and we need f our ( 4) t r i al dat es t o concl ude

thei r test i mony.

1st

w t ness:

St at e t he

name,

pur pose of t est i mony of sai d

w t ness.

2

nd

w t ness:

State

t he

name, pur pose of t est i mony of sai d w t ness.

3

rd

w t ness: St at e

t he

name, purpose of

t est i mony

of sai d w t ness.

That i s al l f or t he moment , your Honor , and we

r eserve our r i ght t o pr esent ot her w t ness~s i n

t he cour se of t he pr oceedi ngs of t hi s case.

J udge: Reser vat i on gr ant ed.

J udge: Pr osecut i on and def ense consul t your

di ar y and l et ' s set f our ( 4) hear i ng dat es f or

each of you t o compl et e t he t est i moni es of your

r espect i ve w t nesses w t h a st er n war ni ng t hnt

t hese scheduled dates are i nt r ansf e~abl e.

Prosecut i on:

f or each

W l l

mont h,

pr ovi de one hear i ng dat e

t o w t :

Def ense: W l l do t he same, your Honor , and

we

ar e avai l abl e on

Pr osecut i on: Your Honor , f or l ack of

mat er i al t i me, we move f or cont i nuance f or t he

t r i al of t he case.

Def ense:

No obj ect i on, your Honor .

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J udge: Mot i on gr ant ed but t he par t i es ar e

her eby not i f i ed i n open cour t f or t he i ni t i al

hear i ng of t he case on i t s mer i t s. Pr osecut i on

be r eady w t h your w t nesses.

( Bef or e t he

j udge w l l bang hi s gavel t o l eave t he

cour t room t he per sonnel of t he cour t i n char ge

w l l announce: )

Ever ybody r i se and s' ha

Ll

remai n standi ng

unt i l t he j udge has l ef t t he cour t room / I

NOTE: Bef or e t he t r i ' al , t he j udge shal l i s sue. a pr e. ; . . t r i al

or der af t er t he pr ej : t r i al conf er ence r eci t i ng - t he aC t i ons

t aken, f act s st i pul at ed . and

iev

Ldence mar ked ahd t h~ i . S' ame

t o be used as evi dence agai nst t he accused, t he same\ f uust .

be si gned by

t

he r accu' sed and counsel t o be bi ndi ng < ~ = ~ J }

.. r:~: .:. .~., . . .:,:~.

c. TRI L

Pres~~fation

~f

ProseCJution Witnesses) .

Si nce t hi s i s anot her schedul ed dat e of t he hear i ng,

t he cour t w l l be cal l ed agai n t o sess~on, obser vi ng. t he

same pr ocedur es dur i ng t he ar r ai gnment . Af t er cal l i ng t he

appear ances of counsel who mani f est ed t hat t hey ar e r eady

f or t r i al , t he J udge w l l di r ect t he pr osecut i ons t o cal l

on i t s f i r st w t ness t o t he w t ness st and.

Pr osecut i on: The

pr i vat e prosecut or

w t ness by sayi ng:

publ i c

w l l

pr osecut or or t he

cal I on hi s f i r st

Your Honor , we ar e cal l i ng X as our f i r st

w tness. / I

X

w l l pr oceed i mmedi at el y t o t he w t ness st and

and r emai n st andi ng f or hi s oat h as a w t ness

t o be adm ni st er ed by a cour t per sonnel i n t hi s

manner :

( Wt ness al r eady r ai s i ng hi s r i ght

ha nd wi l l

t e l l

hi m)

Do you swear t o t el l t he t rut h and not hi ng but

t he t r ut h i n t hese pr oceedi ngs?/ I

W t ness:

Yes si r / ma' am/ I

Cour t Per sonnel : Pl ease st at e your name,

age and other personal ci r cumstances. / I

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Wt ness:

I

23

m

years ol d, r esi di ng at

empl oyee, etc .

an

Cour t Per sonnel :

Your w t ness, counsel .

Prosecut i on:

Your Honor ,

we ar e

of f er i ng

t he

t est i mony

of t he

w t ness

t o

prove,

or

t he

pur poses

of of f er i ng

t he

' t est i mony of

t he

w t ness

i s

t hat :

( Br i ef l y onl y and base i t on t he pur pose/ s you

st at ed dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al conf er ence)

J udge: Def ense, any comment / obj ect i on t o

t he of f e~ of t est i mony of X, t he f i r st w t ness

of t he pr osecut i on.

Def ense:

f ol l ow ng:

I t may ei t her

t

a l;e any of t he

a. Your Honor , no comment f or t he moment but

subj ect t o cr oss examnat i on. ThE: n t he

di r ect exam nat i on shal l pr oceed, or

b. I t may obj ect st at i ng a val i d gr ound f or

i t s obj ecti ons l i ke f or exampl e. hi s

t est i mony i s hearsay as he does not have

per sonal know edge of t he shoot i ng

i nci dent i n quest i ons based on hi s swor n

st at ement . I f t hi s i s t he obj ect i on, t hen

t he r ul i ng of t he J udge woul d be~

J udge: Si nce t he pr oposed test i mony of X i s

hear say and t her ef or e i t has no pr obat i ve val ue,

t he same i s her eby excl uded.

Prosecut i on: Your Honor , we move t o make a

t ender proof of t he pr oposed t . eti rnoriy of X

pur suant t o Sect i on 40, Rul e 132 of t he Rul es

of Cour t . Agai n, st at e t he name age and other

personal ci r cumst ances of X, and t he subst ance

of hi s pr oposed t est i mony.

Pr osecut i on: I f t he mani f estat i on of t he

def ense as r egar ds t he purpose of t he of f er of

t he t est i mony of t he w t ness i s t hat : I t has


11/28

no obj ect i on f or t he moment but subj ect t o cr oss

exam nat i on, t hen t he pr osecut i on w l l st ar t t he

di r ect examnat i on quest i ons, as t ol l ows:

Pr osecut i on: W t h t he perm ssi on of t he

Honor abl e Cour t ; or w th your Honor ' s

perm ssi on, or i t may pl ease t he cour t .

J udge:

Proceed, counsel .

Def ense: May we know i f t her e ar e ot her

w t nesses who ar e i nsi de t he cour t r oom so we

can move f or t hei r excl usi on?

Pr osecut i on: Al r eady excl uded, your Honor ;

or May we ask Y and Z t o pl ease st ep out f r om

t he cour t r oom .

J udge: Make t hat on r ecor d.

Pr osecut i on: He w l l now st ar t t he di rect

exam nat i on by pr opoundi ng quest i ons t o X t o

pr ove t he mat er i al al l egat i on of t he

i nf or mat i on; t o pr ove f act s not adm t t ed dur i ng

t he pr e- t r i al i n suppor t of t he char ges agai nst

t he accused, al l desi gned t o bui l d up an ai r -

t i ght case agai nst t he accused. Di r ect

exam nat i on i s l i kened t o const r uct i ng a

bui l di ng. The mor e sol i d t he f oundat i on, t he

st r onger t he case w l l be and i t woul d be mor e

di f f i cul t t o dest r oy i t . . To bui l d up t he case

i s t he concer n of di r ect exam nat i on. Thus, be

br i ef i n f r am ng your quest i ons, ar r ange your

quest i ons l ogi cal l y and emphasi zed t hose t hat

need t o be emphasi zed such as, t he w t ness

backgr ound t o st r engt hen hi s cr edi bi l i t y, must

be abl e t o descr i be t he scene cl ear l y and he

must be sel f - composur e and not be bor i ng. I f

i n t he cour se of hi s t est i mony, document ar y or

obj eet evi dence wer e pr esent ed and i dent i f i ed

by sai d w t ness, t he same must be mar ked as

addi t i onal exhi bi t , ei t her f or t he pr osecut i on

or t he def ense, i f not yet mar ked dur i ng t he

pr e- t r i al . So t he mar ki ng w l l be next t o t he

mar ki ng of t he exhi bi t dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al .

But i f al r eady mar ked dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al , j ust

si mpl y mani f est t hat sai d document cr obj ect

evi dence was al r eady mar ked dur i ng t he pr e-

11


12/28

t r i al , your Honor .

See page 26, the possible

grounds in objecting to the questions propounded

during the direct exams .

I f you ar e pr esent i ng an exper t w t ness, he must possess a

speci al know edge, ski l l s, t r ai ni ng and expe r Lerice

r egar di ng t he subj ect mat t er under i nqui r y and be abl e t o

gui de and assi st t he cour t i n ar r i vi ng at t he cor r ect

concl usi on. Bef or e st ar t i ng t o pr opound di r ect examnat i on

t o an exper t w t ness, you have t o qual i f y hi m as such

exper t . Thus, you have t o pr ove f i r st by aski ng quest i ons

as t o hi s educat i onal qual i f i cat i on; ask quest i on as t o hi s

t rai ni ng, ski l l and speci al i zed know edge on t he f i el d you

ar e r equest i ng hi m t o t est i f y; l ast l y as t o hi s exper i ence,

f or exampl e, your exper t w t ness i s a medi co l eg31 of f i c~r ,

ask hi m how many aut opsy exam nat i on so f ar conduct ed by

hi m f r om t o how : nany

t i mes he appear ed i n cour t as t o t he r esul t of hi s aut opsy

exam nat i on; and how many of sai d exam nat i on r esul t ed t o

convi ct i ons of t he accused ask hi m about hi s t r ai ni ng,

l ocal l y or i n f or ei gn count r i es; sem nar s at tended by hi m

and t he subj ect mat t er i n sai d sem nar , et c. Af t er

est abl i shi ng hi s exper t i se, t he counsel w l l conduct di r ect

exam

Dur i ng t he di rect exam nat i on of a w t ness,

l eadi ng

quest i ons ar e not al l owed w t h cer tai n except i ons. SOT1l e

of t he gr ounds f or obj ect i ons dur i ng t r i al : The quest i on

(Q ) i s i mmat er i al , i r rel evant and i ncompet ent ; t he Q i s

ki l omet r i c or compound Q; t he Q vi ol at es: t he best evi dence

r ul e; t he pr i vi l ege communi cat i on r ul e; t he par ol evi dence

r ul e; t he dead man' s st at ut e r ul e; t he Q i s w t nout basi s

as t he w t ness has not yet t est i f i ed on t hat ; t he Q cal l s

f or t he opi ni on or t oncl usi on of t he w t ness; t he Q cal 13

f or a nar r at i on; t he Q seeks t o el i ci t mat t e~s not pl eaded

as an i ssue; t he Q vi ol at es t he r i ght agai nst sel f -

i ncr i m nat i on; t he Q t ends t o embar rass or degr ade t he

char act er of t he w t ness; t he Q i s al r eady answer ed. Not e

a l s o t hat l e adi ng as ar e not a l l owe d dur i ng r e di r e c t

exam nat i on.

Suppose t he counsel pr esent i ng t he w t ness woul d l i ke t he

w t ness t o i dent i f y a document ar y or obj ect evi d~nc2

ment i oned by t he w t ness i n hi s di r ect exam nat i ons or

cr oss exam or r e- di r ect or r e- cr oss exams, how w l l t he

counsel conf r ont sai d w t ness of sai d document ar y or obj ect

evi dence?

2


13/28

Counsel w l l pr em se hi s quest i on ( Q) i n t hi s

manner :

Q: A whi l e back or dur i Dg your t est i mony, you

ment i oned or st at ed t hat i n connect i on

w t h t hi s case on hear i ng bef or e t hi s

cour t , you wer e i nvi t ed t o shed l i ght i n

t hi s case by t he pol i ce, i s t hat cor r ect ?

Ans. : Yes, si r .

Q: When was t hi s?

Ans. : W t ness w l l answer by gi vi ng t he dat e,

mor e or l ess.

Q: What di d you do at t he pol i ce st at i on?

Ans. : The pol i ceman- i nvest i gat or asked me a

quest i on and I answer ed i t .

Q: I n what f orm was t he Q and A done?

Ans. : I t was i n wr i t i ng.

Q:

how

t he

i nvest i gat i on

ongor

was

conduct ed?

Ans. :

W tness w l l est i mat e t he t i me.

Q: Af t er t he i nvest i gat i on, what di d t he

i nvest i gat or do?

Ans. : He r equi r ed me t o go over my st at ement .

Q: Af t er goi ng over your st at ement , what di d

you do next ?

Ans. : I si gned my st at ement vol unt ar i l y.

Q: Af t er si gni ng your st at ement t aken by t he

pol i ce, what di d t he pol i ceman do next ?

Ans. : He asked me t o accompany hi m and

pr esent ed me t o an of f i cer whom he cal l ed:

si r .

Q: Now what di d t he of f i cer

do?

Ans. : He asked me whet her t he st at ement i s

m ne. He al so asked me i f t he st at ement

was gi ven vol unt ar i l y by me. He al so asked

me i f t he si gnat ur es af f i xed t o t he

s tatement are s i gnatures .

Q: Af t er you answer ed al l t he Qs of t he

of f i cer , what di d he do?

13


14/28

Ans. : He t ol d me t o st and up and r ai se my

r i ght hand and asked me: Do you swear t o

t he t r ut hf ul ness of al l t he cont ent s of

your st at ement ? Ans. Yes, I do.

Af t er t he above pr el i mnar i es, t he counsel w l l now

pr of ound t he f ol l ow ng Qs t o t he w t ness:

Q of Counsel : Mr . w t ness, . i f t hat st at ement

you gave t o t he pol i ce- i nvest i gat or i s shown

t o you, w l l you be abl e t o r ecogni ze i t ?

Ans. : Yes, si r .

Q: I am show ng t o you a wr i t t en st at ement

consi st i ng of pages pur por t edl y gi ven

by a cer t ai n t o pol i ce

i nvest i gat or on

at pol i ce st at i on, w l l you

pl ease go over t he same or w l l you pl ease

exam ne t he same and t el l us what i s t he

r el at i on of t hi s st at ement w t h t he wr i t t en

st at ement you gave t o t he pol i ce-

i nvest i gat or as t est i f i ed t o, by you a whi l e

ago?

Ans. : (W t ness goi ng over t he pages of sai d

st at ement and af t er whi ch he w l l answer . )

Thi s i s my st at ement , si r .

Q: I am dr aw ng or i nvi t i ng your at tent i on t o

t he si gnat ur e appear i ng on t he l ef t hand

mar gi n of page 1 and al l t he si gnat ur es on

page 2, 3 t her eof and t he l ast page above

t he name whose si gnat ur es

are those?

Ans. : They ar e al l my si gnat ur es, si r .

Q: Ther e i s al so a si gnat ur e at t he l ast page

j ust bel ow your si gnat ur e, whose si gnat ur e

i s t hat ?

Ans. : Thi s i s

bef ore whom

t r ut hf ul ness

st atement .

t he si gnat ur e of t he of f i cer

I was made t o swear t o t he

of al l t he cont ent s of my


15/28

Q:

you t hat t hi s i s hi s si gnat ur e

you know t hat t hi s i s hi s

How sur e ar e

or why do

si gnat ur e?

Ans. : I was pr esent when he si yned i t or

bei ng my co- empl oyee at f or

sever al year s or my cl assmat es i n col l ege,

I became f am l i ar w t h hi s si gnat ur e, havi ng

seen hi m si gni ng hi s name sever al t i mes i n

t he past .

Counsel w l l now mani f est t hat t he st at ement was

previ ousl y mar ked dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al as Exhi bi t

E ( exampl e onl y) or i f not yet mar ked, t hen

counsel w l l st at e: Your Honor , may we r equest

t hat t he st at ement be mar ked as Exhi bi t F .

J udge:

Mar k i t .

Pr osecut i on: As t o t he si gnat ur es of t he

w t ness on each page, may we r equest t hat

t he si gnat ur es i dent i f i ed by t he w t ness as

hi s si gnat ur es be mar ked col l ect i vel y as

Exhi bi t E- l and t hat t he si gnat ur e of t he

adm ni st er i ng of f i ce as Exhi bi t E- 2 .

J udge:

Mar k i t .

Prosecut i on:

That woul d be al l your Honor .

J udge: Def ense, any cr oss exam?

Def ense: Yes, your Honor , and w t h

perm ssi on.

your

J udge:

Proceed, counsel .

Def ense: I t w l l now conduct cr oss exam nat i on

quest i on t o t he 1S

t

w t ness of t he pr osecut i on, bear i ng

i n m nd t hat t he obj ect of cr oss exam nat i on i s t o

dest r oy or demol i sh t he f act pr oven dur i ng t he di r ec t

exam of t he sai d w t ness or t o weaken or di spr ove t he

test i mony of t he w t ness. That t he def ense counsel

must t est t he w t ness' cr edi bi l i t y and r ecol l ect i on,

hi s ver aci t y, accur acy, bi as or pr ej udi ce, sour ce of

i nf or mat i on, mot i ves and i nt er est ; and t o exhi bi t t he

i mpr obabi l i t y of hi s t est i mony i t bei ng unnat ur al ,

beyond t he or di nar y cour se of event or beyond human

exper i ence of manki nd or i ncr edi bl e or har dl y

bel i evabl e.

5


16/28

To achi eve a successf ul cr oss- examnat i on you have t o

prepare t hor oughl y on t he f act s not onl y on your si de

but al so t hat of your adver sar y counsel . Ther ef or e,

bef or e you conduct t he cross, ask your sel f of t he

f ol l ow ng quest i ons:

a. Was t he t est i mony of t he w t ness damagi ng

t o your case?

b. Was hi s t est i mony cr edi bl e?

c. What r i sks do you need t o t ake?

I f t he answer t o ( a) above i s mer el y cor robor at i ve,

t he w t ness has done no damage t o your cl i ent .

As t o l et t er ( b) , i f w t ness i s har dl y bel i evabl e or

i ncr edi bl e, no damage t o your case, so don' t cr oss-

examne.

As t o l et t er ( c) , cr oss- exam nat i on i s not a f i shi ng

pr oposi t i on. Ask t he Q' s t hat you know t he w t ness

w l l answer t he way you want hi s answer ; hence,

l eadi ng t oo much dur i ng cr oss examnat i on i s al l owed.

M sl eadi ng Quest i on i s not al l owed dur i ng t he cross

and r e~examnat i on of w t ness.

THE DONT S OF CROSS EXAMINATION TAKEN FROM OTHER TEXT

BOOK EVIDENCE)

a. Don' t cr oss- exam ne t he w t ness unl ess you ar e sur e

of what t he quest i on you ar e goi ng t o ask i s al l

about .

b. Don' t ask t he quest i on whi ch may harm your theory.

c. Don' t ar gue w t h t he w t ness. Be pr of essi onal at

al l t i mes.

d. Don' t ask hi m t o expl ai n hi s t est i mony. Avoi d such

quest i ons as why or how .

e. Don' t be di scour teous but be m l d w t h t he w t ness.

f . Don' t br ow- beat or sl edge hammer the w t ness

but show t be cour t i f you can t hat he i s l yi ng, but

don' t cal l hi m a l i ar .

g. Don' t show- of f or you gai n not hi ng but , i l l - w l l of

the j udge.

h. Don' t ask hi m t o r epeat hi s st or y but si ngl e out

t he weak poi nt s onl y i n hi s t est i mony.

i . Don' t r em nd hi m t hat he i s under oat h i f you cannot

i l l i ci t a f avor abl e answer .

6


17/28

~

j. Don' t l ose your t emper or make any exhi bi t i on of

i l l - f eel i ng.

k. Never show t hat you have been hur t

by

t he answer of

t he w t ness unf avor abl e t o your cl i ent .

Af t er t he l ast cr oss- exam nat i on quest i on has been asked,

t he def ense w l l say: That i s al l , your Honor .

J udge:

pr osecut i on?

Any

r edi r ect- exam nat i on,

Pr osecut i on: May answer yes or no dependi ng

OIl

t he r esul t of t he cr oss exam nat i on.

The pur pose of r e- di r ect exam nat i on of t he w t ness

af t er t he cr oss- exam nat i on i s t o cl ar i f y, expl ai n

OL

suppl ement hi s answer s dur i ng t he cr oss- exam nat i on,

especi al l y when t her e i s i nconsi st ent st at ement made by t he

w t ness dur i ng t he cr oss exam

Re- di r ect exam nat i on i s f ocused t o f act s or poi nt s

br ought out dur i ng cr oss- exam The par t y conduct i ng r e- -

di r ect i s w t hout r i ght t o i nt r oduce new mat t er s at t hi s

st age, unl ess perm t t ed by t he cour t i n t he i nt er est of

j ust i ce.

When a w t ness has been i mpeached dur i ng t he cr oss by

evi dence of pr i or i nconsi st ent st at ement s,

be al l owed on r e- di r ect t o expl ai n

i nconsi st ency. Leadi ng quest i ons ar e not

t he r edi r ect - exam I f no mor e r e- di r ect

t he w t ness may

t he appa: r ent

al l owed dur i ng

quest i ons, t he

pr osecut i on w l l say: No mor e quest i on, your Honor .

J udge:

Def ense any re- cross?

Def ense: The answer may ei t her be

dependi ng on t he r esul t of

exam nat i on.

yes

t he

or no

di r ect

The r ul e on r e- cr oss i s t hat t he def ense may r e- cr oss-

exam t he w t ness onl y on mat ter s st at ed

i n

t he r e- di r ect

exam except i f al l owed by t he cour t t o ask on new mat t er s.

The manner of conduct i on cr oss- exam i s essent i al l y

appl i cabl e t o r e- cr oss exam

When no mor e quest i ons t o be asked, t he def ense w l l

st at e: That woul d be al l , your Honor . I f t he j udge has

no cl ar i f i cat or y que s

ti

on , t hen t he pr osecut i on w l l ask

17


18/28

t he cour t t hat t he w t ness be excused and t he j udge w l l

t hen excuse t he w t ness.

Prosecut i on:

excused.

May we ask t hat t he w t ness be

J udge: Gr ant ed. Pr osecut i on, cal l your

second w t ness .

Pr osecut i on: Cal l i ng i t s next w t ness;

pr esent al l hi s ot her w t nesses unt i l

t he l ast w t ness i s pr esent ed.

Each w t ness must be pr esent ed one af t er t he ot her .

Af t er swear i ng of t he w t ness, t he gi vi ng of names and

ot her per sonal ci r cumst ances, t he pr osecut i on w l l of f er

t he t est i mony of t he w t ness by st at i ng t he pur pose of sai d

test i mony. Each of sai d w t nesses pr esent ed w l l be

subj ect ed t o di rect exam nat i on by t he proponent and bef or e

t he di r ect exam or dur i ng t he di r ect exam ' t he def ense w l l

ask f or t he excl usi on of t he ot her w t nesses who ar e i nsi de

t he cour t r oom whi l e one w t ness i s on t he w t ness st and.

Sai d w t nesses w l l i dent i f y t he exhi bi t s pe r

t

Lrient t o

t hei r t est i moni es mar ked dur i ng t he pre-t r i al and al so

ot her document s present ed dur i ng t he t r i al and af t er

i dent i f yi ng t hem t hey w l l be mar ked as addi t i onal

exhi bi t s . For t hose al r eady mar ked dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al (

t he pr osecut i on w l l j ust make a mani f est at i on t hat sai d

exhi bi t s document or obj ect evi dence wer e al r eady

mar ked dur i ng t he pr e- t r i al .

Af t er t he di rect exam t he w t ness and ot her w t nesses

present ed w l l be cr oss- exam ned by t he adver se par t y;

af t er t he cr oss, sai d w t ness w l l be r edi r ect exam by t he

proponent ; and af t er t he r edi r ect - exam t he w t ness w l l

be r e- cr oss exam ned by t he adver se par t y.

I f

no mor e quest i ons t o be asked, t he def ense counsel w l l

say: No mor e quest i on, your Honor ; and t he Pr - osecutor

w l l r equest t hat t he w t ness be excused.

J udge:

Gr ant ed, w t ness i s excused.

Prosecut i on: ( Assumng t hat t her e ar e no mor e

w t nesses t o be pr esent ed. ) Your Honor , we have

no mor e w t nesses t o present , and we ar e r eady

t o f ormal l y of f er our mar ked exhi bi t s .

8


19/28

J udge:

Pr oceed counsel / pr osecut or .

OFFER AND OBJECTION:

Not e t hat t he cour t shal l consi der no evi dence whj . ch

has not been f ormal l y of f er ed. The pur pose f or whi ch t ~e

evi dence i s of f er ed must be speci f i ed.

When t o make an of f er : as r egar d t o t he t est i mony of

a w t ness, t he of f er must be made at t he t i me he i s cal l ed

t o t he w t ness st and t o t est i f y on di r ect exam nat i on by

t he counsel pr esent i ng hi m as a w t ness.

Document and obj ect exhi bi t s mar ked dur i ng pr e- t r i al

and t r i al shal l be of f er ed af t er t he pr esent at i on of a

par t y' s t est i moni al evi dence. Such of f er shal l be done

or al l y unl ess al l owed by t he cour t t o be done i n wr i t i ng,

as shown bel ow:

FORMAL OFFER OF EXHIBITS

Pr osecut i on: Your Honor , we f ormal l y of f er t he

f ol l ow ng exhi bi t s f or adm ssi on as evi dence of t he

prosecut i on. ( Exampl e onl y) :

a. Exhi bi t A i s t he af f i davi t of X dat ed August

23, 2003. The pur pose of of f er i ng t hi s exhi bi t

i s t o pr ove t hat

X

saw t he act ual ki l l i ng of

t he vi ct i m by t he accused on August 22, 2003 at

2: 00 p. m at Sal es St r eet , St a. Cr uz, Mani l a,

et c. Based f r om t hi s exhi bi t , t he accused

ki l l ed t he vi ct i m w t h a f i r earm We ar e al so

of f er i ng t hi s exhi bi t as par t of t he t est i mony

of X.

b. Next i s Exhi bi t B, t he Medi co Legal Repor t of Y

dat ed August 28, 2003. The pur pose of of f er i ng

this exhibit is to prove

t hat t he cadaver of

t he yi ct i m was aut opsi ed by Medi co Legal Of f i cer

Y and t hat hi s f i ndi ngs i s t hat t he daceased

di ed due t o gunshot wound on t he head. We ar e

al so of f er i ng t hi s exhi bi t as par t of t he

t est i mony of Z, The compani on of Dr . Y i n

conduct i ng the aut opsy of the dead body/ cadaver

of t he vi ct i m i n t hi s case . .

c. Next i s Exhi bi t C, t he deat h cer t i f i cat e dat ed

August 28, 2003. The pur pose o~ of f er i ng t hi s

9


20/28

exhi bi t i s t o pr ove t hat t he vi ct i m di ed due t o

gunshot wound on t he head; and t hat i t i s al so

bei ng of f er ed as par t of t he t est i mony of Y.

d. Next i s Exhi bi t 0, t he bal l i st i c r epor t of Z

dat ed August 30, 2010. The purpose of of f er i ng

t hi s exhi bi t i s t o pr ove t hat t he f i r earm used

i n t he ki l l i ng was subj ect ed t o bal l i st i c

exam nat i on; t hat t he f i ndi ngs i n sai d

exam nat i on, i s t hat : t he f i r earm was r ecent l y

f i r ed. We ar e al so o

f

fer i nq t hi s exhi bi t as

par t of t he t est i mony of Z.

e. Next i s Exhi bi t E- 1 and E- 2, t he empt y shel l of

a bul l et f ound at t he scene of t he cr i me and

t he bul l et st i l l at t he bar r el of t he gun,

r especti vel y, whi ch wer e al so subj ect ed t o

bal l i st i c examnat i on. The pur pose of of f er i ng

sai d exhi bi t s i s t o pr ove t hat t he empt y shel l

f ound at t he scene of t he cr i me as per bal l i s t i c

exam nat i on was f i r ed f rom t he gun used i n t he

ki l l i ng; t hat t he bul l et f ound i n t he chamber

i s al so of f er ed t o prove t hat t he bul l et i n t he

chamber of t he gun i s t he same ki nd and t ype

w t h t he bul l et f i red f r om t he gun i n quest i on

whi ch was r ecover ed at t he scene of t he cr i me.

We ar e of f er i ng t hi s exhi bi t as par t of t he

t est i mony of Z.

That w l l be al l , your Honor .

J udge: Def ense,

exhi bi t s f or mal l y

pr osecut i on?

any comment / obj ecti on t o

of fered f or adm ssi on by

t he

t he

Def ense: As t o Exhi bi t A, no obj ect i on except

f or t he pur pose f or whi ch i t i s bei ng of f er ed. As

t o Exhi bi t S, t he def ense i nt er poses an obj ect i on

on t he gr ound t hat i t i s hear say because t he medi co

l egal of f i cer who al l egedl y conduct ed t he aut opsy

on t he cadaver of t he al l eged vi c t i m was not

pr esent ed as a w t ness. Thi s i s assum ng t hat t he

medi co l egal of f i cer i s al r eady not avai l abl e as

he had l ong r et i r ed f r om . ser vi ce and hi s

wher eabout s unknown. Hence, t he def Anse was

depr i ved of t he r i ght t o cross- examne sai d

w t ness.

20


21/28

As t o Exhi bi t C, t he deat h cer t i f i cat e, t he same

obj ect i on as st at e i n Exhi bi t B f or bei ng hear say

and f or l ack of cr oss exam

As t o Exhi bi t D, we obj ect because i t i s i mmat er i al

and i r rel evant consi der i ng t hat t he bal l i st i ci an

had t est i f i ed al r eady on sai d exhi bi t . We al so

obj ect t o t he pur pose f or whi ch sai d exhi bi t i s

bei ng of f ered.

As t o Exhi bi t E, E- l and E- 2, we obj

t

t o t he

pur pose f or whi ch t he sai d exhi bi t s ar e bei ng

of f er ed; we al so obj ect , as t he same i s i mmat er i al

and i r r el evant , t he w t ness havi ng been pr esent ed

and t est i f i ed on sai d exhi bi t s.

That woul d be al l , your Honor .

Not e: The possi bl e val i d gr ounds f or obj ect i on t o exhi bi t s

ar e:

I t i s i r r el evant , i t i s i mmat er i al , i ncomp8t ent ,

i ncr i mnat i ng, hear say;

i t vi ol at es t he:

o best evi dence r ul e;

o par ol evi dence r uLe :

o pr i vi l ege communi cat i on

hypot het i cal quest i on and t he w t ness

lS

not an

exper t w tness;

document ar y or obj ect evi dence not pr oper l y

i dent i f i ed or aut hent i cat ed.

For mor e val i d gr ounds whi ch counsel s coul d avai l

t hemsel ves dur i ng t he di rect exam nat i on, cr oss

exam nat i on, r e- di rect exam nat i on and r e- cr oss

exam nat i on and al so when obj ect i ng t o of f er of exhi bi t s,

pl ease see gr ounds f or obj ect i ons enumer at ed at ~he end of

her ei n t r i al pr ocedur e.

COURT RULING

J udge:

Exhi bi t A, D, E and sub- mar ki ngs ar e

al l adm t t ed.

Exhi bi t Band C not adm t t ed, bot h

bei ng hear say and f or l ack of cr oss-

examnat i on by the def e~se.


22/28

The pr osecut or ' s r emedy as t o t he excl uded Exhi bi t s 8 and

i s t o t ender pr oof of sai d excl uded exhi bi t s as f ol l ows:

Pr osecut or : Your Honor , as r egar ds our

excl uded exhi bi t s

8

a: : 1d C , we r espect f ul l y

move t o make a t ender proof of sai d excl uded

exhi bi t s . Your Honor , Exhi bi t

8

i s t he medi co-

l egal r epor t of Dr . Y dat ed August 28, 2003,

whi ch was pr oper l y and pos i t i vel y i dent i f i ed by

Dr . Z, t he compani on of Dr . ' Y, i n conduct i ng

aut opsy. I n t hi s exhi bi t , t he medi co ~_egal .

of f i cer nar rat es i n hi s r epor t t hat he conduct ed

an aut opsy exam nat i on on t he dead body of

on at t he

t hat af t er t he aut opsy exam

he st at ed i n hi s r epor t hi s f i ndi ngs whi ch

st at es t he vi ct i m i n t hi s case di ed due t o

gunshot t hat per f or at ed hi s br ai n; t hat sai d

medi co l egal r epor t was dul y appr oved by hi s

i mmedi at e super vi sor ; t hat sai d r epor t i s

r equest ed t o be mar ked as Exhi bi t F.

As t o Exhi bi t C, t he deat h cer t i f i cat e of

dat ed whi ch was

i ssued by Dr . Y; t hat i n sai d deat h cer t i f i cat e,

Dr~ Y al so st at ed t he vi ct i m s cause of deat h

was due t o gunshot on hi s head. We al so r equest

t hat sai d deat h cer t i f i cat e be now mar ked as

Exhi bi t G.

J udge:

Make t hat on r ecor d

RESTING OF PROSECUTION S CASE

Pr osecut i on: W t h t he adm ssi on of al l our exhi bi t s

and sub- mar ki ngs, Exhi bi t A, D, E,

E-1

and E- 2

and sub- mar ki ngs, t oget her w t h t he t ender of

pr oof of our excl uded exhi bi t s Band C and sub-

mar ki ngs, t he pr osecut i on r espect f ul l y r est s i t s

case.

J udge: Def ense, ar e you r eady t o pr esent your

w t ness?

Def ense: May ei t her f i l e a Demur r er t o Evi dence on t he

gr ound of i nsuf f i ci ency of evi dence. ( Must st at e

i t s gr ounds and shal l be f i i ed w t hi n 5 days

( al so 5 days t o r ebut ) af t er prosecut i on r est s

22


23/28

i t s case) . I f gr ant ed, t he def ense i s gi ven non-

ext endi bl e per i od of t en days t o f i l e t he

demur r er i t sel f and non- ext endi bl e per i od f or t he

prosecut i on to oppose.

I f t he demur r er i s f i l ed w t h l eave of cour t , accused

may be al l owed t o pr esent hi s evi dence i n hi s def ense, i f

t he mot i on i s deni ed by t he cour t .

I f f i l ed w t hout

deemed to have wai ved

subm t s t he case f or

evi dence onl y.

l eave of

hi s r i ght

j udgment

cour t , accused shal l be

t o pr esent evi dence and

based on pr osecut i on' s

The ef f ect of gr ant i ng t he demur r er t o

whet her w t h l eave of cour t or w t hout l eave, i s

amount i ng t o acqui t t al . I t i s not appeal abl e

f i nal and execut or .

evi dence,

di smssal ,

and i t i s

On t he ot her hand, t he accused may opt t o pr esent hi s

w t nesses and document ar y and obj ect evi dence i nst ead of

f i l i ng a demur r er t o evi dence. Al l w t nesses t o be

pr esent ed by t he accused w l l be subj ect ed t o t he f ol l ow ng

pr ocedur es:

a. Swear i ng of sai d w t ness

b. Gi vi ng of t hei r names and ot her per sonal

ci r cumst ances

c. St at i ng t he pur pose/ s of t he of f er of t he

t est i mony of sai d w t nesses subj ect t o t he

comment / obj ect i on of the prosecut i on

d. Subj ect ed t o di r ect exam cr oss exam r e- di r ect

and re- cross

e. Af t er t he compl et i on of l ast w t ness, def ense

w l l f ormal l y of f er i t s exhi bi t s mar ked dur i ng

t he pr e- t r i al and dur i ng t he t r i al i n t he same

manner as what t he pr osecut i on di d when i t

of f er ed i t s exhi bi t s f or adm ssi on by t he cour t

f . Pr osecut i on t o make an obj ect i on t o t he of f er of

exhi bi t s

g. Rul i ng of t he cour t on sai d exhi bi t s whet her

adm t t ed or not . For excl uded exhi bi t s, t he

def ense w l l t ender pr oof of sai d exhi bi

t

s as

what t he pr osecut i on di d when of f er i ng i t s

exhi bi t s f or adm ssi on by t he cour t .

h. ' Def ense t o r est i t s case

J udge: Any r ebut t al w t ness, pr osecut i on?


24/28

--

\

,

Pr osecut i on: None, your Honor ; Or one r ebut t al

w t ness, your Honor .

J udge: Pr esent your r ebut t al w t ness ( sai d w t ness

w l l be subj ect ed t o swear i ng, di r ect , cr oss,

et c. ) . Any new document pr esent ed, i dent i f i ed,

and mar ked w l l have t o be f ormal l y of f er ed f or

adm ssi on as addi t i onal exhi bi t f or t he

pr osecut i on and same i s subj ect ed t o obj ect i on

by t he def ense.

Cour t :

Rul i ng on sai d exhi bi t .

Pr osecut i on: Rest agai n t he case of t he pr osecut i on

i nsof ar as t he t est i mony of t he r ebut t al w t ness

and t he addi t i onal exhi bi t s ar e concer ned.

J udge: Def ense, any sur - r ebut t al w t ness?

Def ense: None, your Honor ; Or one sur - r ebuttal

w t ness who w l l al so be subj ect ed t o swear i ng,

cr oss, r e- di r ect and r e- cr oss exam nat i ons. Any

evi dence pr esent ed, i dent i f i ed and mar ked dur i ng

t he pr esent at i on of t he sur - r ebut t al w t ness w l l

have t o be f ormal l y of f er ed f or adm ssi on by t he

cour t ; subj ect t o obj ect i on by t he pr osecut i on.

Def ense: Rest agai n t he case of t he def ense i nsof ar

as t he t est i mony of t he sur - rebutta l w t ness and

t he addi t i onal exhi bi t s ar e concerned.

JUDGMENT

The f orm of j udgment must be i n wr i t i ng; wr i t t en i n

of f i ci al l anguage; personal l y pr epar ed and si gned by t he

j udge; i t must cont ai n t he cl ear and di st i nct statement of

t he f act s and t he l aw on whi ch i t i s based.

J udgment i s t he of f i ci al announcement of t he deci si on of

the cour t . I t consi st s of r eadi ng t he j udgment or sent ence

i n t he presence of t he accused and any j udga of t he cou~t

r ender i ng t he j udgment . The pr esence of t he counsel dur i ng

t he pr omul gat i on of t he j udgment i s not necessar y.

However , promul gat i on of j udgment i n absent i a mav be

al l owed when t he deci si on i s f or a l i ght of f ense ana t he

r epr esent at i ve or counsel may st and f or hi m Al so i n case

wher e despi t e not i ce t o t he accused or hi s bondsman or

24


25/28

,

counsel , t he accused f ai l ed t o appear at t he pr omGl gat l on

of t he deci si on, t he deci si on w l l be pr omul gat ed not i n

open cour t but t he same w l l be r ecor ded/ r egi st er ed i n t he

cr i m nal case docket and ser vi ng a copy t o t he accused at

hi s l ast known addr ess or t hr u hi s counsel .

When t he j udgment i s convi ct i on, t ~e j udgment sh011

state:

>

The l egal qual i f i cat i on of t he of f ense ccmm t t ed by

t he accused;

> The par t i ci pat i on of t he accused whet her as pr i nci pal ,

accompl i ce or accessory;

> The aggr avat i ng and m t i gat i ng ci r cumst ances, i f any;

The penal t y i mposed upon the accused;

>

And t he ci vi l l i abi l i t y or damages caused by t he

wr ongf ul act , unl ess ci vi l act i ons has been r eser ved

or wai ved.

The j udgment of convi ct i on shal l become f i nal when the

per i od f or per f ect i ng an appeal has l apsed; t hat i s, 15

days f r om pr omul gat i on of j udgment of convi ct i on; or

w t hout wai t i ng f or t he I S- day per i od t o l apse, t he accused

commences t o ser ve sent ence; wai ves i n wr i t i ng hi s r i ght

t o appeal ; appl i es f or pr obat i on. Once t he j udgment of

convi ct i on i s f i nal , i t shal l be car r i ed i nt o ef f ect by a

pr ocess cal l ed m t t i mus

whi ch i s a pr ocess i ssued by t he

cour t af t er convi ct i on t o car r y out t he f i nal

j

udqment ,

such as commandi ng a pr i son war d t o hol d t he accused i n

accor dance w t h t he t er ms of t he j udgment .

When i t i s a j udgment of acqui t t al ( whi ch may ei t hEr

be t hat evi dence of t he pr osecut i on absol ut el y f ai l ed t o

pr ove t he gui l t of t he accused; or f ai l ed t o pr ove t he

gui l t of t he accused beyond r easonabl e doubt ; t hat t he act

or om ssi on f rom whi ch t he ci vi l l i abi l i t y m ght ar i se di d

not exi st or exi st s) t he acqui t t al shal l become f i nal

i mmedi at el y af t er pr omul gat i on of t he j udgment of acqui t t al

and cannot be r ecal l ed f or corr ect i on or amendment .

-END-

Not e: See t he gr ounds of obj ect i ons t o any quest i on

propounded dur i ng t r i al and/ or when cal l ed by t he J udge t o

comment or any obj ect i ons t o t he exhi bi t s f ormal l y of f er ed

by ei t her t he pr osecut i on or t he def ense.

moriz

t hem

They are al l f ound i n t he next pages her eof .

25


26/28

GROUNDS FOR OBJECTION

Obj ect i on, your Honor , i t i s i mmat er i al or i r r el evant t o

t he i ssue.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on cal l s f or an i mpr oper

answer ; or i ncompet ent answer .

Obj ecti on, your Honor , t he evi dence i s i ncompetent because

i t i s excl uded by t he r ul es or by l aw.

Obj ecti on, your Honor , t he quest i on cal l s f or t he opi ni on

of t he w t ness; or concl usi on of f act s/ l aw.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on cal l s f or i ncompet ent

answer si nce t he w t ness has not been qual i f i ed as an

exper t w t ness.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s l eadi ng.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s m sl eadi ng.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he counsel i s aski ng a compound

quest i on; ki l omet r i c; t he quest i on cover s t wo f ac~s.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s vague, ambi guous or

uni nt el l i gi bl e.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s hypot het i cal or

conj ect ur al and t he w t ness i s not an exper t w t ness.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s har assi ng t he

w t ness.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on t ends t o embar r ass or

degr ade t he char act er of t he w tness.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he counsel i s pr esent i ng evi dence

on a mat ter t hat i s al r eady adm t t ed.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s al ready answer ed;

t he w t ness has al r eady answer~d t he quest i on.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he w t ness i s i ncompet ent t o

t est i f y on t hat .


27/28

~

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t hi s per son i s di ~qual i f i ed t o be a

w t ness f or bei ng t he spouse of t he accused; or t he

w t ness i s pr i vi l eged not t o be a w t ness si nce he/ she

i s t he spouse of t he accused or par t y i n t hi s case.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on cal l s f or an answer

i nvol vi ng a t r ansact i on w t h a dead per son or i nsane

person.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he w t ness i s compel l ed t o t est i f y

agai nst hi s ascendant s, par ent s, or

descendant s/ chi l dr en.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t hat i s a pr i vi l eged communi cat i on

between husband and w f e

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t hat i s a pr i vi l eged communi cat i on

between at t or ney and cl i ent .

Obj ect i on, your Honor , i t i s pr i vi l eged communi cat i on

bet ween doct or and pat i ent .

Obj ect i on, your Honor , i t i s pr i vi l eged communi cat i on

between pr i est and peni t ent .

Obj ect i on, your Honor , i t cal l s f or t he di scl osur e of st at e

secr et .

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on t ends t o i mpeach

counsel ' s own w t ness.

- Thus-

( Counsel shoul d ask perm ssi on to i mpeach hi s own

w t ness because he has m sl ed hi m i nto cal l i ng hi m t o

t he st and. I f al l owed, we w l l show t hat he made

pr i or i nconsi st ent st atement ) or

Your Honor , t he w tness i s an unw l l i ng or host i l e w t ness

and so I can i mpeach hi m

Your Honor , t he quest i on or evi dence i s f or i mpeachi ng

pur poses of t he adver se w t ness t o show t hat - - - Or

has made pr i or i nconsi st ent st at ement ; pr i or

convi ct i on; pr i or i nconsi st ent t est i mony.

27


28/28

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on i s sel f - i ncr i m nat i r i g;

hence, I r equest t hat t he w t ness be advi sed of hi s

r i ght agai nst sel f - i ncr i mnat i on.

Your Honor ,

r ecor d

Your Honor ,

exhi bi t

we move t hat t he answer be st r i cken of f t he

because i t i s not r esponsi ve.

I move t hat t he t est i mony of t he

be st r i cken of f t he r ecor d f or

w t ness or

f ai l ur e of

counsel t o make t he necessar y corr ect i on.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , i t i s i nadm ssi bl e f or t he pur pose

f or whi ch i t i s bei n~ of f er ed.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on seeks t o el i ci t mat t er s

not al l eged or pl eaded as an i ssue.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he

beyond t he scope of t he

t he di rect exam not

exam nat i on.

counsel i s aski ng quest i on

di r ect exam not cover ed by

t ouched dur i ng t he di r ect

Obj ect i on, your Honor , a w t ness cannot be cr oss-examned

about what anot her w t ness has sai d or t est i f i ed.

I mpr oper f or cr oss- exam nat i on.

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he quest i on assumes a f act not yet

i n evi dence.

Obj ect i on, your

Exampl e:

assumpt i on

Honor , t he quest i on has no basi s-

Di d you know

i

Do you know? ( Ther e

of somet hi ng not t est i f i ed t o)

i s an

Obj ecti on, your Honor , no suf f i ci ent f oundat i ons has been

l ai d show ng t hat - - - - -

Obj ect i on, your Honor , t he evi dence i s i l l egal l y oht ai ned.

Obj ect i on, your Honor ,

aut hent i cat ed; t he

r epresent t he scene

the photograph

phot ogr aph does

t hat i t depi ct s.

has

not

not been

accur at el y

Your Honor , I obj ect t o t he use of t he s ket ch because i t

does not accur at el y r epr esent t he scene i t pur pur t s

t o depi ct .

court procedure

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