cover crops for corn/soybean rotations
DESCRIPTION
I shared this presentation on 2/3 at the 17th annual W IL and NE MO no-till conference in Quincy IL.TRANSCRIPT
Why cover crops?
County < 1 *T 1-2*T > 2*T
Adams 85 12 3
Brown 75 17 8
Hancock 91 6 3
Henderson 91 7 2
McDonough 85 12 3
Pike 70 18 11
Schuyler 83 13 4
Erosion continues to be a serious issue in W Illinois and NE Missouri
http://www.agr.state.il.us/darts/References/transect/transect06.pdf
These fields need more
green!
T = tolerable level of erosion according to NRCS (traditional but controversial concept)
(#s = % of sample points)
How many extreme precipitation events has your farm
experienced in the last 3 years?
How much erosion occurred during these events on your farm?
Impact of the 2008 floods on IA soils
20 tons per acre average soil loss across 2,284,000 ac!
Conservation structures needing repair 12,157 Grassed Waterways
8,137 Terraces 3,375 Water and Sediment Control Basins
800 Grade Stabilization Structures
Fields with combinations of two or more conservation practices (e.g., no-till + cover crops) performed much
better than fields with a single practice
Farmers know that cover crops control erosion
CTIC survey of 809 Corn Belt farmers in 2010
Yield maps have made
drainage problems
more obvious
Farmers also know that improved drainage improves yields (and reduces erosion)
H2 O
More infiltration = less run-off = less erosion
Gulf of Mexico
Impact of Ag Drainage
…and more loss of some
nutrients and ag chemicals
Western IL contains a lot of soils that are naturally
prone to nitrate
leaching
REDUCTION POTENTIAL
combine summer annuals with winter annuals
Drainage practices should be combined with other practices that reduce leaching
Reduce N rate by 25 lbs/a
Bar
e fa
llow
Kaspar et al. J. Environ. Qual. 36:1503-1511
The science is clear - cover crops can reduce nitrate leaching at lower cost than most other practices!
What needs to be adjusted to find the best fit?
Where are the best places for cover crops on your farm?
When is the best time for establishment and termination?
Are you familiar with the term Precision Conservation?
Haphazard cover cropping
What am I supposed to do
now?
“What cover crop should I
plant ???”
Very common question received by CC seed vendors in early fall
Well… what do you want your cover
crop to do for you?
Cover crops are not the missing puzzle piece(s) in your current cropping systems!
Start planning today! • Anticipate planting windows
• Match objectives with species
• Confirm seed availability
• Make sure seeding equipment is ready
• Identify realistic termination methods
• Allocate labor
• Develop contingency plans
Crop planted
on May 15 and harvested on October 1
Opportunities for planting cover crops • Dormant seeding early or late winter
• Frost seeding • In the spring
• When planting summer crops • Prevent plant scenarios
• While sidedressing • After small grains • After vegetables
• After seed corn or silage corn • Aerial or high clearance seeding into standing crops in late
summer/early fall • After corn/bean grain harvest
Grazing brassicas, clovers, small grains, a. ryegrass, sorghum-sudan
Nutrient scavenging/cycling brassicas, small grains, annual ryegrass
Bio-drilling brassicas, sugarbeet, sunflower,
sorghum-sudan sweet clover, alfalfa
N-fixation clovers, vetches, lentil, winter pea, chickling vetch, sun hemp, cowpea, soybean
Bio-activation/fumigation brassicas, sorghum-sudan, sun hemp, sesame
Weed suppression brassicas, sorghum-sudan, cereal rye, buckwheat
GRAZING = #1 way to make cover crops pay!
Match CC objectives with species
Oats, turnips, annual ryegrass and wheat
Oats, turnips and cereal rye
Forage kale
Mystery brassica
OATS & PEAS Spring Planted/Summer grazing
Hu
nte
r
Have you used any forage brassicas as cover crops?
• Cover crops (winter or summer) can provide high-
quality forage and increase economic return and farm diversity, but some farmers have been reluctant to take this advantage due to perceived “compaction” caused
by animal trampling.
• Grazing of cover crops can compact soil, but not to the detrimental levels often perceived.
Franzluebbers AJ and JA Stuedemann. 2008. Soil physical responses to cattle grazing cover crops under
conventional and no tillage in the Southern Piedmont USA.
Soil and Tillage Research 100, 141-153.
Performance over Price • Buy CC seed on value not price
Vendor Cereal rye Annual
ryegrass Hairy vetch Medium red
clover WI 0.188 0.52 (0.69) 1.60 (1.98) 1.22 (1.62)
IL1 0.147 (0.179) 0.47 (0.63) 1.42 (1.65)
MN 0.153 (0.171) 0.50 (0.56) 1.70 (1.90) 1.66 (1.84)
NE1 0.157 (0.179) 0.55 (0.65) 2.10 (2.50) 1.65 (1.95)
IL2 (0.213) (0.75) (2.20) (2.60) IL3 0.188 (0.214) (0.70)
MO 0.197 0.46 1.47 1.21 IL4 (0.20) (0.60) (1.80) (1.75) IA (0.195) (0.62) (2.00) 2.00 IN (0.239) (0.75) (2.20)
(IL farmer) 0.125 0.48 1.05
Cover crop seed price survey from 2010 ($/lb)
The cheapest seed available is frequently VNS – variety not stated
Do you know the difference between “variety name” and “brand name”?
How important is uniform seed size and vigor to you?
How much is good
technical support worth to
you?
Reduce Risk • Enroll in programs that pay you to plant CCs
• Use time tested CC methods • Use more than one method of planting CCs
• Plant mixtures/cocktails • Grow some crops e.g. small grains, vegetables, corn
silage, shorter season hybrids/varieties that are harvested early
• Plan residual herbicide programs carefully • Irrigate
The
most tried and true cover cropping system in
the Midwest region
Frost seeded red clover
Traditional cover cropping in the Midwest
There are lots of options after small grain harvest
corn
soy
Does your county look like this?
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Corn
Soy
wheat
Corn, Soybean and Wheat acres in Western IL (Adams, Brown, Fulton, Hancock, Henderson, Knox, McDonough, Schuyler and Warren)
Acr
es
Drilling CC after corn/bean harvest is a good option for a limited # of acres!
There are many options other than drilling
Annual ryegrass & radishes aerial seeded into soybeans at leaf drop.
Aerial seeding is fast and relatively cheap but more sensitive to weather
Set-up for efficient aerial seeding in SE IA
Steve Nebel
Steve Nebel
Steve Nebel
IA and IL Aerial Applicator Survey (May-June 2010)
Name Location Experience w/CC Cost
Cady Aerial Spray Rock Falls, IL
no exp., no customer
interest $8.00/a norm app $8.50/a cc
Benoit Aerial
Spraying Kankakee, IL turnips and rye $8.00/a norm app $10.00/a cc
Franks Flying
Service Morrison, IL ryegrass and c. rye $8.00/a norm app $10.00/a cc
Reeds Fly-on
Farming Mattoon, IL
yes, c. rye, small part
of business $8.00/a norm app $12.00/a cc
Killiam Flying
Service Carlinville, IL
rye, wheat on beans,
rye on corn $8.00/a norm app $10.00/ac
or 10/lb
Curless Flying
Service Astoria, IL ryegrass and turnips $8-15.00/a all app.
Klein Flying
Service
St. Francisville,
IL annual rye and turnips ~$12.50/a cc,
$9.00/a liquid app
Agriflite Services Wakarusa, IN rye, wheat, ryegrass ave $15.00/a for cc app.
Al's Aerial
Spraying Ovid, MI rye and wheat $10-15.00/a cc
$10.00/a liquid
Seeding cover crops with liquid manure
Cover crop seeding while harvesting
Effective multi-tasking or cover crop chaos???
http://www.greencoverseed.com/
Cover Crops and Corn and Soybean Herbicides h
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Beware of hype!
Cover crops are not a silver bullet solution to
any problem
The rock star of cover
crops!!!
With lots of space, moisture, fertility and time to grow, individual radishes can get huge!
but a good stand of 1” radishes will probably do more for your soil!
Tillage Radish®
plots
control
Soil compaction decreased by >40%
Ohio State
University
Crop root density as affected by previous cover crop
Chen and Weil (2006)
Roots at ~ 40” after 45 days
4’
• much less top growth but deeper roots than cereal rye • much less winter hardy than cereal rye • can be difficult to kill • can be a serious weed in small grains
Radishes are not the only good bio-driller!!
One day, in the mid-1980s, Upton got a magnified view of his soil’s limitations. While tearing out a fence, Upton noticed plenty of moisture in the soil about three feet down. Above it sat a compacted layer of soil through which no roots were growing. Upton had a visible confirmation of why, during dry years, the shallow-rooted crops dried up even though there was plenty of water stored in the soil below.
Ralph “Junior” Upton Springerton, Illinois 1,800 acres of no-till corn, beans and wheat & annual ryegrass, cereal rye and hairy vetch cover crops Problem Addressed Difficult soil characteristics. Ralph “Junior” Upton farms poorly drained land characterized by an impenetrable layer, or “plow pan,” six to eight inches deep that crop roots typically can’t grow through.
“I began looking for a way to break up that plow pan so my crops could get to the moisture they needed”
Learn from cover crop innovators • Attend field days/host a field day
• Attend conferences
• Participate in internet forums
Field day at Steve Groff’s farm
$
What is innovation??
VS
This type of innovation must be used on millions of acres to pay for R&D
Home grown innovation that fits your acres
adopt ≠ adapt
Are you an early adopter?
Are you a master adapter?
Farmers that make cover crops work tend to be master adapters!
~ 120 profiles since 2008
Read about CCs in on-line forums
Subject Replies Views
> 100 threads and > 200,000 views in 2011
Use precision planting
Bio-strip till
September 2008
Radish planted on 30” rows using milo plates in mid-August 2010
Attempt #3
“A Wheat-Corn-Bean rotation with "tillage" done via RADISHES (!!) into the wheat stubble every third year! All done with a single 60 ft
30" planter, RTK and one 60ft toolbar. Fertilizer efficiency is very good with banding, split application and no fall losses.
I came away from there thinking I have seen the future of production
agriculture, at least in some areas.
Sorry to go on so long but this was a very interesting day. The field of tillage radishes was incredible. The size of those things
does really seem to break up the soil at least as deep as many tillage tools.
I think this may be the future for many folks and Joel, Steve, Ed and
others: I am no longer a skeptic!”
A Wheat-Corn-Bean rotation with "tillage" done via RADISHES (!!) into the wheat stubble every third year! All done with a single 60 ft 30" planter, RTK and one 60ft toolbar. Fertilizer
efficiency is very good with banding, split application and no fall losses.
I came away from there thinking I have seen the future of
production agriculture, at least in some areas.
Sorry to go on so long but this was a very interesting day. The field of tillage radishes was incredible. The size of those
things does really seem to break up the soil at least as deep as many tillage tools.
I think this may be the future for many folks and Joel, Steve, Ed
8625 views!!
Cover crop system Relative
corn yield
Volunteer oats 79%
Radishes planted on 30” 99%
Radishes drilled on 7.5” 91%
Corn following cover crop experiment in 2011
Corn planted on radish rows
Keep good records – Date of planting
– Seeding rates, drill settings…
– Take lots of photos!
My computer is about to explode from cover
crop overload :->
Optimize fertility • Inoculate legumes
• Inoculate non-legumes?
• Fertilize cover crops when
residual fertility is low
Soybean seeds often contain >25% more N than was fixed within
their nodules
Do all legumes add N to the soil?
Hairy Vetch 3,260 lbs of DM/ac
141 lbs of N/ac
133 lbs of K/ac
18 lbs of P/ac
52 lbs of Ca/ac
18 lbs of Mg/ac
Learn from research On-farm research
• Leave check strips - replicate if possible
• Work with universities/NRCS
Research station trials
• Make suggestions
• Pay attention to results
Cereal rye inter-seeded with soybean for in-row weed control at the Allison Farm
Cereal rye and several other CC species that require vernalization will be planted over soybeans rows using the
insecticide boxes on our planter in 2012
No significant differences in yield between 20&40 lbs of rye in row vs. 60 lbs broadcast vs. control (all trt
means > 40 bu/a)
Joe Rothermel’s new rig
Cover crops planted with insecticide boxes while stripping
Wheat + radish trial at the Allison farm November 2010
3 lb/a = 2 lb/a = 1 lb/a > 0 lb/c ~ 2.5 bu/a yield boost
Annual ryegrass variety trial at the Allison farm November 2010
Bruiser, Bounty and KB Royal had the most top growth
> 36”
Early July 2009
Organic No-till research at the Allison Farm
Soybeans drilled after rolling 5’ tall cereal rye
Early August 2009
Early November 2009
Plot yields ranged from 51.6 to 58.6 bu/ac
No significant differences between NT, CT and bio-strip-till systems
November 2010
Plot yields ranged from 42-52 bu/ac
Significant foxtail pressure but almost no broadleaf weeds
August 2011
November 2011
Have you considered this option for combating herbicide resistance!
Soybean health experiment – 6 locations across IL
Mustard Rapeseed
Canola Cereal rye Cereal rye
November 2010
Soybeans no-till drilled into cereal rye were the top yielder in 2011
incorporated pre-plant
no-till
Cover Crops
Adapted from Magdoff and Weil (2004)
Which potential benefits of CC are most important to you?
Feed livestock
Erosion Control
Good advice from Steve Groff…
TREAT
YOUR
COVER
CROPS
LIKE YOUR
CASH
CROPS!
Be realistic about potential cover crop
challenges
How will I seed the cover crop? What will soil temperature and moisture conditions be like?
What weather extremes and field traffic must it tolerate? Will it winterkill in my area?
Should it winterkill, to meet my goals? What kind of regrowth can I expect?
How will I kill it and plant into it? Will I have the time to make this work?
What’s my contingency plan—and risks—if the cover crop doesn’t establish or doesn’t die on schedule?
Do I have the needed equipment and labor?
Start planning today for next fall!