cp1 the colonial period
TRANSCRIPT
John Smith Nathaniel BaconJoint-Stock CompaniesJamestownPowhatanHeadright SystemIndentured ServantRoyal Colony
Joint Stock CompanyRich people pooling
their money, hopefully for a profit
Got a Charter from the King – 80/20 split of $$.
1606 – James I grants charter to Virginia Company
Gold, gold gold!!!Colonists refused to work
(rich people)After 8 months only 38 of
150 original colonists were alive.
John Smith – “No work, no eat.”
Powhatan indians provide food but are alarmed by new colonists arriving…sabotage.
“Starving Time”Colony implemented
strict laws for anyone neglecting work. Included flogging (beating) and hanging.
Under these laws Jamestown became successful
New cash crop: Tobacco
Late 1620’s 1.5 million pounds of tobacco were exported to Europe.
Headright System: Pay your own way to colonies or someone else’s…50 acres per person.
Indentured Servants: Someone pays your way to colonies…you work for them for a period of time (4-7 years)…Usually from lower class in England.
1619 – 1st Africans (about 20) brought over by Dutch.
Treated as indentured servants. (Received land and freedom after a period of time).
Several decades before they would be used as slaves.
Forbidden to intermarry among the Indians.
Considered them “savage.”
Jamestown leaders demanded corn and labor from Indians because of Powhatan violence during “Starving Time.”
Pocahontas/John Rolfe marry 1614…half hearted peace.
Colonists continued to take more land.
Powhatan attack kill 340 colonists.
James I makes Virginia a “Royal Colony” (Under direct control of King).
1644 – 10,000+ English in Virginia…Powhatan population continued to fall.
1660’s – Poor settlers felt oppressed by Governor William Berkeley.
High taxes…$ used by rich.
Wanted forts as protection from Indians.
1675 – Fighting between Doeg tribe and colonists.
Governor refused to pay for a war benefitting poor settlers.
Nathaniel Bacon – Raised an army to fight Indians .
Berkeley said Bacon’s army was “illegal.”
1676 – Bacon marches on Jamestown to confront governor about taxation.
Berkeley fled, Bacon dies, Berkeley returns.
Growing power of former indentured servants.
Puritans did not immigrate for profit, they immigrated to create a model new society. John Winthrop (1st Governor) referred to it as a
“City upon a Hill.”
1530’s: Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church.
Elizabeth I formed Anglican Church
Some felt it had kept too much Catholic ritual
Wanted to “purify” Anglican Church
Some Puritans formed independent congregations – “Separatists” (Pilgrims)
1620: Founded Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent English settlement)
Pilgrims were trying to get to Virginia but landed in Massachusetts
Made their charter invalid
Afraid non-Pilgrims would challenge their authority
Before leaving ship 41 men signed Mayflower Compact
Pledged allegiance to King
Joint Stock CompanyJohn Winthrop transfers
company’s HQ to N. England (authority for independent gov’t)
1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston)
1630-31: 1,000 people immigrate to MBC and it eventually absorbs Plymouth Colony
Winthrop’s visionNot a democracyBut did extend voting
rights to male members of Puritan church
“Freemen” voted for members of the General Court
General Court chose the governor.
Civic leaders felt like they were God’s “elect”
Duty to carry out God’s will
Drunkenness, swearing, theft and idleness were considered crimes
Immigrated as families“It takes a village…” –
Families looked out for each other
Children could be removed from homes that were not raising them “properly”
Roger Williams – Extreme Separatist
Settlers had no right to take Indian lands unless purchased
Gov’t officials had no right to punish for religious beliefs
General Court wanted him sent back to England
Williams flees and purchases land from Narragansett tribe
Sets up Providence Colony (later Rhode Island)
Guarantees separation of church and state and religious freedom
People don’t need ministers to interpret Bible
1638: Banished from Massachusetts
Family and followers flee to Rhode Island
Indians: No one owned the land
Europeans: Treaties are one time deal in which Indians permanently sold their land to new owners
Pequots: Powerful tribe in CT river valley
1637: Whites with Narragansett tribe attack Pequot village on Mystic River
Set fire to homes and shot fleeing Pequots
Pequots vitually annihilated…uneasy peace for 40 years
Only hope for Indians to resist settlers was for all tribes to UNITE
Metacom (King Phillip to whites) unites Indians and stages guerilla warfare against while frontier settlements
Whites forced to retreat to Boston
War ended in failure for Indians
Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered
Natives ceased to pose any major threat in N. England
June-September 1692By end 150 people jailed,
24 innocent people hanged
Started by 2 girls who had been entertained by Tituba (slave from Barbados)
When questioned, Tituba claimed there were other witches in Salem which started hysteria
• William Penn• New Netherland
• Proprietor• Quakers
1609 – Henry Hudson (Englishman employed by Dutch) sails up what is now Hudson River
1621 – Dutch give Dutch West India Co. permission to colonize New Netherland
1625 – New Amsterdam (NYC) founded
1655 – Take over New Sweden to expand fur trade
Dutch opened doors of New Netherland to attract colonists
1660’s: 20% of population was African
Better relations with Indians (more interested in trading with them than conquering)
Iroquois tribe controlled much of land
New Netherland formed a “wedge” between English colonies to north and south
1664: Charles II grants James to drive out Dutch
Dutch issue a call to arms which is mostly ignored
Dutch surrender peacefully
Renamed colony “New York”
Quakers: God’s “inner light” burned inside of everyone
Church without formal ministers
William Penn: Founded Pennsylvania without an aristocracy
All adult males…50 acres/right to vote
Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love”
Penn provides a court composed of whites and Indians
Saw that both sides got treated fairly
Indians respected Penn50 years without conflict
between settlers/Indians
Colony was initially opened to Quakers but Penn began to recruit other Europeans
Large number of Germans who brought craft techniques and farming skills
Penn never profited as the proprietor and died in poverty in 1718
1632: Lord Baltimore founds Maryland (religious tolerance)
1663: Charles II grants land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to group of supporters (N & S Carolina)
1732: James Oglethorpe founds debtors colony. Names after King George II (Georgia)
•Mercantilism•Parliament•Navigation Acts•Dominion of New England•Sir Edmond Andros•Glorious Revolution•Salutary Neglect
National self sufficiency by acquiring the most gold and silver
Balance of trade: Export more than import = more gold coming in
Looking to colonies as a source of resources
Colonists begin shipping goods to countries other than England
Meant extra $$ for colonists/loss of $$ for England
All colonial goods must pass through England
Jobs for English dockworkers/jobs for Colonial shipbuilders
1684: Charles II revokes Mass. Charter and makes them a royal colony (under control of King)
Charles was angry because Puritan Mass felt that they didn’t have to obey Parliament
1685: James II succeeds Charles, places Northern colonies (Maine to New Jersey) under one ruler in Boston (D of NE)
Sir Edmond Andros: harsh, questioned Puritan religion, restricted assemblies and levied taxes
Colonists send Increase Mather to lobby for old charter
James II: Catholic who ruled with little regard for Protestant leaning Parliament
1688: Has a son, Parliament worried about possible line of Catholic kings
Parliament offers throne to William of Orange (Protestant)
James II flees the country
After learning of this colonists overthrow Andros
Dominion of New England dissolved, Mass charter restored
King appoints Mass governor
More religious toleration, Puritans could no longer persecute Anglicans/Quakers
England strengthens Nav. Acts – moves trials to English courts (less biased)
Board of Trade – Monitored Colonial trade
Relaxation of policies in return for economic loyalty (send only goods to England)
Governor appointed by King created Advisory Council, Local Assembly, appoint/dismiss judges
Colonial Assembly paid governor’s salary – not as powerful as thought
Large influence over governor and decisions he made
Key Terms•Cash Crop•Slave
•Triangular Trade•Middle Passage•Stono Rebellion
Cash Crop: Crop grown for sale rather than individual use
Plantations instead of towns
Long deep rivers allowed for shipping
Mostly rural and self-sufficient (produced everything they needed on the plantation
Germans settled in MD, VA & SC
Scots-Irish in NCSmall number of
planters controlled most of economy
Southern economy was good because of booming tobacco industry
2nd class citizensFew legal/social rights
(could not vote)Bowed to husband’s willTaught only basics of
reading/writing/mathResponsible for taking
care of household duties/children
Only 10% survived term of service
Life did not improve very much after term of service
Numbers of IS’s coming to America declined at end of 1600’s
Gave rise to slavery
Worked for life = better investment
Most whites thought slaves were inferior because of their skin color
Better suited to hot climate than European
1690: 13,000 slaves1750: 200,000 slaves
Triangular Trade: 3 way trading process
New England-Africa: Rum, etc to be traded for slaves
Africa-West Indies: Slaves for sugar/molasses
West Indies-New England: Sugar/molasses distilled into rum
Part of trip that brought Africans to America
Many (up to 20%) died from disease and harsh treatment of slavers, some committed suicide
Tight vs loose packing
80-90% of slaves were field workers (worked under the direction of a foreman on plantations)
10-20% were house servants (cooked/cleaned/raised owner’s children)
Kept alive African culture and traditions
Song/dance and story telling
Many slave families were broke apart because they were sold
1739: Stono Rebellion – 20 slaves with guns killed several planter families
By afternoon they were surrounded by militia several were killed, others executed as a message to other slaves
Still many slaves attempted escape
• Enlightenment• Benjamin Franklin• Jonathan Edwards• Great Awakening
Mercantilism: Colonies exist to help mother country amass wealth
1650-1750: Colonial economy grew 2x as fast as England’s
Most growth in New England & Middle Colonies
Most farms in North produced more than 1 crop
Farming/fishing/lumber1760: Colonies producing
1/3 of English ships and producing more iron than England
1750’s: Merchants one of most powerful groups in the North
More ports in NorthGrid design for
Philadelphia 1st since Roman Empire
Large #’s of people living close together
Firewood/clean water hard to find
Germans & Scots-Irish were largest non-English speaking immigrant groups
Fleeing economic distress & religious freedom
Did not always get along with English speaking colonists
Corn/wheat did not require slaves
Slavery still existed in New England & Middle Colonies
Slaves in North enjoyed greater legal rights
Racial prejudice still existed in the North
Extensive work responsibilities/Few legal rights
Puritan doctrine dictated wives obey their husbands
Only single women/widows could operate businesses
Women could not keep $ earned outside the home
Started the Scientific Revolution
World is not governed by chance but fixed mathematical laws
Emergence of Physical Sciences
People began to question their governments
World renowned scientist
Owned several printing companies
Enlightened thinkerColonial diplomat to
England and formed an alliance with French during the Revolution
Emotion over Rational thought
As wealth grew, church attendance suffered
Puritans feared loss of culture
Jonathan Edwards began to preach about hell and damnation…idea was to scare people back in to church
Caused people to question authority
Built many churches in the South that became social meeting places
Emphasized the individual
Helped question British authority and Anglican church in the colonies
•New France•George Washington•French & Indian War
•William Pitt•Pontiac
•Proclamation of 1763•George Grenville
•Sugar Act
France and Britain competed for control of Ohio Valley
Colonists favored Britain (Mother country/wanted to expand westward)
1608: Quebec founded1682: Sieur de la Salle
claimed entire Mississippi Valley for France (Louisiana)
Fur trade led to better relations w/Indians (military alliances)
Tribes allied with French to help defeat their other Indian enemies
1754: French build Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)
British had already claimed that land so VA governor sent militia to boot out French
Militia was led by George Washington
Washington defeated/French and Indian War begins
British ambushed by French on their way to attack Fort Duquesne
Many British soldiers ran away causing Colonials to question the ability of British army
French were very successful from 1755-56
William Pitt: Energetic, self-confident politician
Under Pitt, British begin winning battles/Powerful Iroquois begin to support them
1759: British attack Quebec at night
Catch French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm by surprise
Win a short but deadly battle which leads Britain to victory in war
1763: Treaty of Paris ends war/Britain claims all of N. America east of Mississippi River
1763: Pontiac realizes that the French loss was a loss for Indians
Led by Pontiac Indians capture 8 British forts
Smallpox infected blanket given during peace negotiations
1765: Indians weakened by disease and war ask for peace
No settlement west of Appalachian mountains
Colonists did it anywayColonists felt that
Britain did not care about their needs
1761: Writs of Assistance – allowed British to search any Colonial home or ship
Enraged Colonists (particularly in Massachusetts)
10,000 British troops stationed in Colonies
Colonists viewed as a standing army that might turn against them
Keeping troops in Colonies was expensive, doubling Britain’s national debt
George Grenville: Prime Minister of Britain
1764: Sugar ActHalves the tax on foreign
made molassesTaxes on certain importsMoved smuggling cases
to British courts instead of Colonial courts (British less sympathetic)