World War I1. Under President Woodrow Wilson, the United States originally followed George Washington’s

advice and followed a policy of Neutrality toward World War I. This would soon change, however…

2. Explain how the following lead to American declaring war against Germany in 1917. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare—1917 Germany resumed unrestricted

submarine warfare, where they begin to sink any ship on sight—even American ships because they were sending supplies to Europe.

Freedom of the Seas— can sail whenever you want in the world—Germany violated this.

Sinking of the Lusitania—On May 7, 1915 Germany sank the Lusitania, a British passenger liner. One hundred twenty eight Americans were on board, and this caused the press to go wild. President Wilson tried to get Germany to stop, but they wouldn’t. This is one of the reasons the U.S. entered the war

Zimmerman Telegram—Germany’s foreign secretary made as secret offer to Mexico to be allies with them. Although President Woodrow Wilson did not take this seriously, it edged the U.S. closer to war.

3. Wartime Constitutional Issues:1. Espionage & Sedition Acts –These laws made it illegal to interfere with the draft and illegal to

obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or to discuss anything “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” about the American form of government.

2. Schenck v. U.S.—‘Clear and Present Danger’—yelling fire in a crowded theater

3. The Red Scare—an intense fear of communism and other extreme ideas. Americans called for known Communists to be jailed or driven out of the country.

1

Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations

President Wilson presented a plan for peace known as the Fourteen Points with the League of Nations as the key to this plan. Congress however was reluctant to support Wilson’s plan, especially the League of Nations.

Some Saw the League of Nations as dangerous because being allies with other countries would draw us into further conflicts.

As a result, the U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations and once again returned to my original foreign policy of Neutrality.

X Prosperity of the 1920’sFollowing the shock and brutality of the war, Americans looked to isolate themselves from the problems in Europe and Asia and to focus on their own prosperity.

President Warren G. Harding – “A Return to Normalcy” Return to laissez-faire government Isolation: the less we are involved in foreign affairs the better Strict limits on immigration

By 1930, 2/3 of all American households had electricity and ½ had telephones. As more and more of America’s homes received electricity, new appliances such as refrigerators, Washington machines, vacuum cleaners, and toasters.

Henry Ford Invents the America’s first affordable carBeing one of the most significant inventions of the 1920s, the automobile drastically changed the lives of Americans for the better.

Model-T Assembly Line The number of cars on the road

tripled during the 1920’s Car industry employed 1 of 9

people Stimulated huge economic growth

Revolutionized industry Increased mass production Made products cheaper Monotonous, boring work

Explain the impact the automobile had on the United StatesSocial Impact of the Automobile Economic Impact of the Automobile

People were traveling more Ford introduced a $5 a day pay

The more he was able to make through his assembly line, the less

2

rate double other factories It was easier for people to get

around.

each one cost. Through vertical consolidation or

controlling the businesses that make up the phases, Ford was successful

Thousands of new businesses arose to serve automobile travel including garages, car dealerships, motels, campgrounds, gas stations, and restaurants.

African Americans1. Due to the restrictions placed on African Americans in the early 1900’s, economic opportunities

opened up in Northern cities for African Americans living in the rural south. A mass migration of African Americans to the northern cities began.

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem, in New York City, became the center of cultural life and artistic expression for this new population of urban African Americans. African American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. For the first time, African American paintings, writings, and jazz became absorbed into mainstream culture.

The poet Langston Hughes is often associated with the Harlem Renaissance.Titles of Langston Hughes poems:Let America Be American AgainI, Too, Sing AmericaThe Negro MotherJusticeFreedoms PlowNight Funeral in Harlem

2. What are common themes in his poems?Justice, freedom

Prohibition1. The 18th Amendment to the constitution outlawed alcohol. It went into effect in

January 1920.

Enforcement of the Prohibition amendment was difficult because drinking was a custom ingrained in the fabric of social life.

Bootlegging—suppliers of illegal alcohol

Organized Crime—efficient criminal organizations that controlled the distribution of alcohol.

After years of failed attempts to enforce the Prohibition Laws, the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed by the adaption of the 21st Amendment. The new amendment went into effect in December 1933.

3

Scopes Trial—Tennessee, 1925Evolution vs. Creation

A 24-year-old science teacher named John Scopes decided to teach the theory of evolution. However, the Butler Law made it illegal to teach evolution in Tennessee. The issue went to trial. William Jennings Bryan acted as special prosecutor. The judge did not allow any scientists to testify and public sentiment in the Bible Belt was against Scopes. The famous lawyer Clarence Darrow eloquently defended Scopes. In the end, Scopes was found guilty, but Scopes’ conviction was overturned on a technicality.

What differences in American society did this trial expose?1. Conservative vs. Progressive2. Rural vs. Urban3. Religion vs. Science

XI The Great Depression and War

1. Explain how each of the following helped to lead to the Great Depression.

1. Over production- Less buying of consumer goods than were manufactured.

2. Stock Speculation- Over speculation in real estate and stockso Speculators—buy stock low, sell high—Easy money—gambling on the stock marketo People were buying shares of stock on margino Margin—you do not pay the full amount of the stock at time of purchase. In the Crash of 1929,

investors could not pay for the stock they had bought on the margin. No government regulation on stock market speculation.

3. Uneven Distribution of Wealth- Unequal distribution of wealth which made economy dependent on small percentage of people. A big gap between the wealthy and the poor.

4. Unsound Banking Practices- Weak banking structure that resulted in more than 7,000 banks failing.

5. Excessive Buying on Credit- Assembly-line production made consumer items more affordable and available. People bought these items whether or not they could afford them. Installment plans made expensive items irresistible.

The Fuel was there but the spark that set off the Great Depression was the Stock Market Crash of 1929!

President Herbert Hoover proposed countering the economic collapse with Trickle Down economics (also known as Supply Side Economics and later as Reaganomics under Ronald Reagan.)

The idea of Trickle Down Economics is to

4

Give tax breaks to business and upper class

↓

They Then produce more, spend more and create jobs

↓

People are hired and have $$$ to spend

2. A major criticism of Trickle Down Economics and Herbert Hoover at the start of the Great Depression was that it did nothing to help the poor people. Hoover did not do anything to help the people, because he felt that the market would recover on its own and that the businesses would help the economy recover.

3. The inaction of President Herbert Hoover resulted in Hoovervilles and the Bonus Army. Explain what each was.

Hoovervilles Bonus Army MarchA shanty town, with shacks of tar paper, cardboard, or scrap material—shelters of the homeless.

20,000 jobless World War I veterans and their families encamped in Washington DC in the summer of 1932. They wanted immediate payment of a pension bonus that they had been promised for 1945.

Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal

1. Under the New Deal Program, FDR vowed to turn around the economy by:

1.Relief 2.Recovery 3.Reform

New Deal Programs

Program Initials Begun Purpose

Civilian Conservation Corps

CCC 1933 Provided jobs to young men to plant trees, build bridges and parks, and set up flood control projects

Tennessee Valley Authority

TVA 1933 Build dams to provide cheap electric power to seven southern states; set up schools and health care centers

Federal EmergencyRelief Administration

FERA 1933 Gave relief to unemployed and needy

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

AAA 1933 Paid farmers not to grow certain crops

National Recovery Administration

NRA 9133 Enforced codes that regulated wages, prices, and working conditions

5

Public Works Administration

PWA 1933 Built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FDIC 1933 Insured savings accounts in banks approved by government

Rural Electrification Administration

REA 1935 Loaned money to extend electricity to rural farmers

Works Progress Administration

WPA 1935 Employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians

Social Security Act SSA 1935 Set up a system of pensions for elderly, unemployed, and handicapped

2. A major change was in the relationship between Labor and Government. Congress passed pro-labor legislation that gave more power and protection to unions. This law was known as the Wagoner Act.

3. FDR ran into opposition when the Supreme Court began to declare some New Deal programs unconstitutional. FDR’s plan to overcome this obstacle was to add more Supreme Court Justices to the Supreme Court, and then he would be able to control the Supreme Court.

Even though FDR was popular, most people felt he overextended his powers and this idea was shot down.

World War II1. Explain US foreign policy regarding the following:

Neutrality Acts (1930’s) – These laws declared that the U.S. would withhold weapons and loans from all nations at war.

Cash and Carry – nonmilitary goods sold to nations at war needed to be paid for in cash and transported by the purchaser.

Lend Lease - Congress allowed Roosevelt to supply Britain with military goods on credit.

2. Explain what FDR meant by referring to the US as ‘The Arsenal of Democracy’?He meant that the U.S. was supplying military goods to people in Europe because he believed it was necessary to help any nation whose defense was vital to America’s security and democracy.

America’s policy moved from neutrality to eventually war with the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

“December 7, 1941. A date which will live in infamy!” ~FDR3. Explain the sacrifices that Americans on the Home front were asked to make during World War II.

War Bonds Rationing Victory Gardens Rosie the Riveter These

were sold Way to allocate scarce

foodsLabor and transportation shortages made it hard to

The War Production Board was set up to

6

to help finance the war.

Included—meat, butter, sugar, coffee, shoes, gasoline

Stamps & points system

Black market emergedRationing led to people saving money which led to a booming economy.

harvest and move fruits and vegetables to market. So, the gov’t turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "Victory Gardens." They wanted individuals to provide their own fruits and vegetables. Nearly 20 million Americans answered the call. They planted gardens in backyards, empty lots and even city rooftops.

convert peacetime industry into war goods. Women took up positions in these factories.

4. Explain how Japanese Americans were affected by World War II.During WWII people were afraid that Japanese Americans would engage in war against the US. FDR signed executive order 9066, this law required that Japanese American to go to internment camps.

5. What Supreme Court case arose from this situation?Korematsu v. United States (1944)Fred Korematsu sued saying his 14th amendment rights had been violated. The Supreme Court said during times of war the president and Congress had the right to deny certain groups their constitutional rights to help protect national security

The secret Manhattan Project worked on developing an atomic bomb during the war. With Japan reluctant to surrender, President Harry S. Truman made the decision to bomb Japan. On August 6 and 9, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

XII Peace with Problems 1945-1960

1. How did the Nuremberg Trials set a precedent for world leaders?The trial placed 24 leading Nazis on trial for crimes against humanity. Twelve of them received a death sentence. Most significantly is that the trials established an important principle—the idea that individuals were responsible for their own actions.

2. Define: ContainmentThis policy recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was already lost to communism. It called for the United States to resist Soviet attempts to form Communist governments elsewhere in the world.

3. Explain how the following attempted to contain Communism:

Berlin Aircraft USSR blockades all access to West Berlin to try to also make it communist, so the US airlifts supplies. The Soviet blockade ends after nearly a year. 

Truman Doctrine

Truman asks Congress for aid to Greece and Turkey, $400 million in aid to defend against Communist rebels.

Marshall Plan This called for the nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war. The Marshall Plan responded to the concern of the American policymakers that

7

communist parties were growing stronger across Europe, and the Soviet Union might intervene to support more of these movements. It reflected the belief that US aid for European economic recovery would create strong democracies and open new markets for American goods.

Korean War Korea is occupied by the US in the South of the 38th parallel to keep it from becoming communist and the USSR in the North, which is communist.

4. In addition, the United States helped to establish NATO (North American Treaty Organization) which was an alliance of Democratic nations. (This was collective self-defense, for an attack on one of these nations would be perceived as an attack on all NATO member nations) Anyone who attacked a NATO country would The Soviet Union responded by forming the Warsaw Pact.

Senator Joe McCarthy: Many Americans feared the spread of communism (Red Scare). McCarthy was on a committee to investigate communism. He was feared because he had a list of people he claimed were known communists. The accusations became like a witch hunt and he had to be stopped.

5. Explain how the following impacted the lives of Americans during the Red Scare of the 1950’s.

(HUAC) The House Un-American Activities Committee

It was established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty on the eve of World War II.

Black Lists A list of employees believed to be communists, who employers agreed not to hire.

McCarthyismThe fear and belief that there are Communists hiding in America and the search to find them. There was

Arms Race (MAD- Mutually Assured Destruction

The struggle between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to gain weapons superiority and world leadership.

Cuban Missile CrisisThe Soviet Union was building missile bases on Cuban soil. Kennedy put a naval quarantine on Cuba, so the Soviet’s couldn’t get through. The Soviet’s agreed to pull back and stop building missiles if America ended the quarantine and stayed out of Cuba.

“Eisenhower Prosperity”1. Explain how the following affected American Society

GI Bill – Low-interest mortgages given to returning World War II Servicemen to purchase their new homes.

Baby Boom – Births rates soared during World War II and continued because many people were working and making a better living than ever before.

Levittown – New communities built in the suburbs, pioneering mass-production techniques to cater to the demand for housing.

8

Interstate Highway Act – Provided $26 billion to build an interstate highway system more than 40,000 miles long. (1956).

XIII Challenging Segregation

African-American Civil Rights MovementBrown v. Board

Of Education1954)

Overturned the Plessy case by declaring that segregated facilities were inherently unequal, and ordered the integration of the nation's public schools.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus for a white rider, leading African-Americans to boycott public bussing.

Little Rock Crisis(1957)

After schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, refused to admit African-Americans to all-white schools, President Eisenhower authorized the U.S. Army to escort and protect African-American students.

Freedom Rides(1961)

On May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. The Freedom Riders, attempted to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way into the Deep South. African-American Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters, and vice versa. The group encountered tremendous violence from white protestors along the route, but also drew international attention to their cause. Over the next few months, several hundred Freedom Riders engaged in similar actions. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train stations nationwide.

March on Washington

(1963)

Martin Luther King and his SCLC organized a massive demonstration in Washington, D.C., where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

1. Explain how each of the following was a step toward achieving civil rights.They were all peaceful protests that got the international attention.

2. Explain how the Civil Right Act attempted to outlaw discrimination.By making it illegal, anyone discriminating would have to pay the consequences themselves.

African-American Civil Rights LawCivil Rights Act of 1964

Provides criminal penalties for discrimination in employment or voting and integrates most public facilities.

24th Amendment(1964)

Eliminated Poll taxes

Voting RightsAct of 1965

Outlawed discriminatory voting practices such as literacy tests.

9

This successful civil rights reform movement inspired other groups to follow similar tactics in order to achieve similar results.

Women—Feminist LawEqual RightsAmendment

(NEVER PASSED)

A Constitutional Amendment that would guarantee men and women equal treatment in all aspects of society. However, the states failed to ratify it.

Equal Employment Opportunity Act

(1972)

Required employers to pay equally qualified women the same as their male counterparts.

Title IX of Educational

Amendments Act(1972)

Gave female athletes the same right to financial support for individual and team sports as male athletes.

Disabled American LawEducation of All

Handicapped Children Act (1972)

Required states to mandate education for all students regardless of mental and/or physical disability.

Americans With Disabilities Act

(1990)

Mandated construction codes, public access, and employment opportunities for the disabled.

XIV The Achievements of the Modern PresidentsFor Each modern President, write a brief summary of their programs, or event

John Kennedy’s Presidency (1961-1963)

1. Kennedy and the New Frontier: Space Program: In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite into orbit around the

earth.  Soon after, the United States Congress created the National Aeronautical and Space Administration, or NASA to develop American space technology.  This created the Space Race during the Cold War. 

Peace Corps: Program that would send volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, and technicians to help developing nations around the world (community service abroad).

2. Kennedy and the Cold War: Bay of Pigs: Fidel Castro (communist) had come to power. On April 1961 the U.S. started an air

strike and sent people in to overthrow the government (Castro). It was unsuccessful and a complete failure.

10

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Soviet Union was building missile bases on Cuban soil. Kennedy put a naval quarantine on Cuba. The Soviets agreed to pull back and stop building missiles if America ended the quarantine and stayed out of Cuba.

“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” ~ Kennedy

3. How does the quote reflect Kennedy’s goals as President?Kennedy wanted people to be supportive of the government and help one another.

Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (1963-1968): Johnson hoped to carry on all of JFK’s plans for the nation

Johnson and the Great SocietyUnder President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s, the welfare programs of FDR were greatly expanded. It was during this expansion that created the modern American welfare state.

1. Goal of the Great Society Programs:o Economic Opportunity Act: works to ensure fair treatment and hiring for minorities and women.

The act proved to be one of the single greatest steps forward in the struggle for civil rights and equality in the 20th century.

o Head start: Provided poor, disabled, and minority kids with extra academic assistance through pre-school in order to ensure educational success.

o Job Corps: Provided training for poor, minority inner-city youth in order to cultivate job skills.

o Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): Established to oversee the nation’s housing needs and to develop and rehabilitate urban communities. HUD also provided money for rent supplements and low-income housing.

2. Johnson and VietnamEvent What happened Effect

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Johnson said, North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked U.S. destroyers in international waters of the Gulf of Tonkin, 3o miles from North Vietnam.

Johnson used this to deepen American involvement in Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

This gave Johnson complete control over what the U.S. did in Vietnam, even without an official declaration of war from Congress

A gradual military escalation, or expansion, devoting even more American money and personnel to the conflict.

Tet Offensive On the Vietnam New Year, January 30, Viet Cong and North Vietnamese launched a major offensive surprise attack on major cities and towns and American military cities, towns and U.S. military bases throughout South Vietnam.

It was televised in the U.S. and many people in the U.S. began to express reservations about U.S. involvement in Vietnam. President Johnson’s popularity plunged.

My Lai Massacre

A U.S. infantry company moved into the village of My Lai because it had gotten word that they were sheltering 250 members of the Viet Cong. There were only women and children there. Already having

This incident increases the feelings of anti-war and fueled the anti-war movement.

11

suffered heavy combat losses and worn down by the tensions, terrors, and frustration of fighting a guerilla war, some lost control and killed hundreds of the women and children.

Napalm/Agent Orange

Chemical warfare: napalm- a jellylike substance that was dropped for firebombs. Agent orange: a herbicide that killed dense jungle landscapes to expose the Viet Cong hiding places.

Agent Orange also killed crops and was later discovered to cause health problems in livestock and humans.

Escalation Expansion of the war devoting more American money and personnel to the conflict.

As more men were sent to Vietnam, more deaths occurred. This increased the feelings of anti-war.

Draft During the draft, many protested, burned draft cards, went to Canada, and self-immolated themselves.

This increased the feelings of anti-war.

Living Room War

People at home in the U.S. were able to see what was going on in the war.

Images of brutality and bloodshed made American television viewers question U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Kent State A college protest against the war turned ugly when the students started throwing rocks and empty tear gas containers at the Ohio National Guard who began firing on them.

These attacks horrified Americans and caused a division in the nation.

Richard Nixon’s Presidency (1969 – 1974)

1. Explain why each of the following was either a success or failure for Richard Nixon.

Accomplishments FailuresEnding the Vietnam War-Vietnamization: Removing American forces and replacing them with South Vietnamese soldiers. Opposition to the war in the U.S. declined.

-War Powers Act: The president can send troops anywhere he wants but must notify Congress within 48 hours. Within 60 days of sending troops he has to ask Congress about keeping them there. Congress can put an end to troops’ involvement by passing its own resolution.

Diplomacy with China: Normalizes relations with China, lifts restrictions with China, and is the first present to visit China.

SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty- US / USSR agreement on limits to long-range missiles.

Détente: Initiates dialog and easing of tensions with USSR

26th Amendment: Lowered the voting age from 21 - 18

Pentagon Papers (NY Times vs U.S.): New York Times publishes classified documents from the Pentagon on Vietnam. This showed that Nixon lied to the American people.

Watergate Scandal (Nixon vs U.S.): Nixon's resignation followed months of investigation into the Watergate scandal, during which Nixon and his aides tried to cover-up their involvement in the 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters located at Washington D.C.'s Watergate hotel.

The Legacy of Vietnam2. How did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution lead to the passage of the War Powers Act?

12

Johnson had too much power in involving the U.S. in the Vietnam war.

Jimmy Carter’s Presidency (1977 – 1981)

Triumph and Failure in the Middle EastCamp David Accords OPEC and the energy crisis Iranian Hostage Crisis

In September 1978, Carter assumed the role of peacemaker between Egypt’s Anwar el-Sadat and Israel’s Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David in Maryland. Here they agreed on a framework for peace.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: It is an organization of major oil producing nations of the world. They cooperate with each other and control the price and amount of oil produced. The U.S. had backed the Israelis in war against the Arabs. The Arab countries were mad and imposed an embargo. This caused high gas prices, a shortage of gas, and long lines at the pumps.

American’s were supporting Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was trying to modernize and westernize Iran. A revolution broke out by Muslim fundamentalists who wanted to bring back traditional ways and liberal critics who wanted more political and economic reforms. He fled the country. Carter let the exiled shah enter the country for medical treatment. Many Iranians were outrages and seized the American embassy in Tehran. They took 66 American hostages. Carter tried many approaches for their freedom but failed. After the Shah died negotiations were made, but they were not released until Carter left office.

Ronald Reagan’s Presidency (1981 – 1989)

Economic Policy—Supply Side Economics: Focused on the supply of goods instead of the demand for goods. It predicted that cutting taxes would put more money into the hands of businesses and investors. The theory assumed that businesses would then hire more people and produce more goods and services, making the economy grow faster. Encouraging business leaders to invest would create and promote greater national economic abundance and prosperity would “trickle down” to the lower levels of the economy.

Iran-Contra Affair: Reagan sold weapons to Iran and gave the profits to the Contras.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): “Star Wars” – A satellite shield in space to intercept and destroy incoming Soviet Missiles.

What was the purpose of Reagan’s SDI? He wanted to strengthen both the conventional military forces and nuclear arsenal to be strong than the “evil empire,” Soviet Union.

How did it help to bring an end to the Cold War?Since the Americans developed a system to eliminate the missiles, the Soviets weren’t a threat. In addition, the amount of money Regan spent made it impossible for the Soviet’s to keep up with the Americans.

George H.W. Bush (1989 – 1993)

Operation Desert Storm – Persian Gulf War

o Causes – Iraq lead by Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. He justified it by citing centuries-old territorial claims. He really wanted Kuwait’s oil wealth. It would yield riches and stir up patriotic support.

13

o Results—UN forces with the help of the U.S. forces liberated Kuwait.

George Bush – “READ MY LIPS! NO NEEW TAXES!” This was the real undoing of his serving a second term. There was a recession that started in the Reagan years. Unemployment climbed again. The job rate reached 7 percent. Bush countered by slowing spending for social programs and finally agreeing to include new taxes. This broke his campaign promise and led to public fury.

Bill Clinton (1993 – 2000)

Economic Success: Clinton took over during an economic slump, but soon managed to climb out due to increased free trade through NAFTA and the bull markets of the 1990's caused in part by the startup of hundreds of .com businesses.  The economy took an upturn due in part to many companies starting a business on the internet. 

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Association - Free trade expanded with the passage of NAFTA. It was created by the United States, Mexico, and Canada in 1993.  Its purpose was to provide free trade between the three nations, by eliminating trade barriers like tariffs.   Many feared a loss of America jobs as companies moved to Mexico where it is less expensive to do business.  Instead, Mexico has faced problems due to the influx of inexpensive American products.

Action in Kosovo:

Impeachment: Clinton, to a grand jury under oath, denied having sexual relationships with an intern. Afterward, he admitted to having an inappropriate relationship with her and misleading his family and the country. On December 19, 1998, the House voted to impeach Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. On February 12, 1999 the Senate voted to acquit Clinton on both charges.

What do President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton have in common? They were both impeached.

George W. Bush (2001 – 2009)

Attack on World Trade Center: On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, triggering major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over 3,000 people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than 400 police officers and firefighters.

U.S. Patriot Act: (United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act). An act signed into law on October 26, 2001 due to the terroristic actions on the

14

World Trade Center. It violates the search and seizure amendment because it allows the government to monitor persons suspected of endangering national security.

War in Iraq: We invaded Iraq in 2003 because we thought there were Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). This was a result of 9/11 and the war on terrorism.

Barack Obama (2010 – 2018)

Used the government positively/reactively to stabilize the economy.

Started Obamacare: affordable health care for families

Modern IssuesDomestic Issues

Health CareObama care was created to give families without insurance a low cost health care program, since many could not afford it. The fee for insurance is based on income levels.

ImmigrationThe first ten years of the 20th century (1901-1910) and the last ten years of the 20th century (1991-2000) have the most influx of immigrants. In the beginning of the century most immigrants came from Europe.

Use of TechnologyThe internet has been an integral part of advancements, cultural diffusion, and communication. The advancement in technology has helped the U.S. hone in on terroristic activities. Satellites and drones are useful in locating areas of concern in the Middle East.

Alternative Sources of Energy/Protecting the EnvironmentSolar energy, wind power, and nuclear energy are alternate sources of energy.

Longer Life Spans/Social SecurityDue to medical advancements, people are living longer. Because of this the baby boomers are placing a big strain on social security.

Foreign Policy

TerrorismAfter 9/11, Bush created Homeland Security to try and make sure there are no other acts of terrorism on American soil. Americans have fought in the middle east to try and control terrorism.

15

Works Cited"9/11 Attacks." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 June 2015.

Cayton, Andrew R. L., Elisabeth Israels. Perry, Linda Reed, and Allan M. Winkler. America: Pathways to the Present. Needham, MA: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print

16