cr13 drafting your report b

8/18/2019 CR13 Drafting Your Report b

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DRAFTING YOUR REPORTNotes from Booth, Colomb, and Williams:The

Craft of Research


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FIND THE BEST WAY TO DRAFT

Write fast and revise carefully

Plan carefully and write carefully


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USE PLAN TO GUIDE YOUR

WRITING

Use your storyboard to guide your writing

Make a subsection heading with key words to

guide your writing of a subsection

Delete heading if not appropriate for your field


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QUOTES, PARAPHRASES, AND

SUMMARIES

Use quotes, paraphrases and summaries to

provide evidence to support your reasons and

claims

Quote if the source usesoriginal phrasing

states the point best

The source is an authority

You disagree with the source and want to be fair

Paraphrase if you can state the idea more clearly

than the source

Summarize if you need to leave out unimportant

information in the source


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QUOTES

If the quote is three lines (four in Chicago Style)

run it into your text with quotation marks.

If the quote is four lines or longer, set it off as a

block of indented text.

Introduce a quote with reference information or

include reference information in parentheses or

as a footnote.

Include explanation of how the quote supports

your reason or claim.


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EXAMPLES

As Frederick Bastiat notes inThe Law, many authors

and political philosophers evidence a desire to play

God and mold the “clay” of humanity into the shape of

their choosing, often through the means of education.

In the following excerpt, Bastiat chides the manywriters of political philosophy for their arrogance in

deciding what is best for others:

Oh, sublime writers! Please remember sometimes

that this clay, this sand, and this manure which you

so arbitrarily dispose of, are men! They are yourequals! They are intelligent and free human beings

like yourselves! As you have, they too have received

from God the faculty to observe, to plan ahead, to

think, and to judge for themselves!


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EXAMPLES

And Thomas Jefferson, in writing the Declaration

of Independence, invokes natural law as that

which is “self-evident” and “endowed by their

Creator”. He appeals to the idea of natural law to

speak of “just powers” the “Right of the People”.Furthermore, Jefferson implies that natural law

is linked to commons sense when he writes,

“Prudence, indeed, will dictate that…”.

When human law disagrees with natural law, wecall that human law unjust, or, in the words of

Augustine of Hippo, “an unjust law is no law at

all” (Book 1, par 5).


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If the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a good

approximation of natural law, then Albania should

recognize the right of parents to educate their children

at home in light of the third line of Article 26(emphasis added): “ Parents have a prior right to choose

the kind of education that shall be given to their

children.” The Convention on the Rights of the Child

gives a further affirmation that parents are primarily

responsible for a child’s education: “Parents or, as thecase may be, legal guardians, have the primary

responsibility for the upbringing and development of

the child. The best interests of the child will be their

basic concern” (Article 18, par 1). The right of a child toan education is affirmed in Article 28: “States Parties

recognize the right of the child to education, and with a

view to achieving this right progressively and on the

basis of equal opportunity” (par 1).


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CHANGING WORDS IN THE QUOTE

Original: Posner focuses on religion not for its

spirituality, but for its social functions: “A notable

feature of American society is religious pluralism,

and we should consider how this relates to the

efficacy of governance by social norms in view ofthe historical importance of religion as both a

source an enforcer of norms” (299).

Modified: In discussing religious pluralism, Posner

says that “a notable feature of American society is[our] religious pluralism” and notes how social

norms affect “the efficacy of governance . . . in view

of the historical importance of religion both as a

source and enforcer of such norms” (299).


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DO NOT PLAGIARIZE

Plagiarism is claiming or implying that someone

else’s ideas or words are your own.

Plagiarism includes:Copying or purchasing essays off the internet

Copying someone else’s essay

Quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing without

citation

Using others’ ideas, words, or methods without

citationUsing exact words from a source without quoting

Paraphrasing too closely


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DO NOT PLAGIARIZE

Mark all quotations, even of just a few words.

If an author has unique vocabulary or phrasing

that you wish to use, cite it in the first instance:

Example: “The power of technology goes beyondindividual inventions because “technology begets

more technology.” It is, as Diamond puts it, an

“autocatalytic process” (301).

Later: As one invention begets another one and

that one still another, the process becomes a self-

sustaining catalysis that spreads across national

boundaries.

Err on the side of using quotation marks more


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WHY CITE?

Proper references improve your academic

reputation

Citations help your readers trust your evidence

and enable them to check your evidence or find

more evidence for their own research

Citations show respect to your sources


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FOUR COMMON CITATION STYLES

Author-TitleChicago Author-Title

MLA Author-Title

Author-DateChicago Author-Date

APA Author-Date


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PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

Chicago Author-Title (Author, page) (Orwell, 29).

MLA (Author page) (Orwell 29).

Chicago Author-Title (Orwell, Animal Farm,29).

MLA (Orwell,1984, 53).Chicago Author-Date (Author date, page) (Orwell

1945, 29).

APA (author, date, p. #) (Orwell, 1945, p. 53).

On second reference of the same author andwork, leave out author’s name.


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FOOTNOTES AND WORKS CITED

Footnote:5. George Orwell, Animal Farm (London: Harcourt,

1945), 23.

Chicago Style bibliographic entry:Orwell, George. Animal Farm.London: Harcourt,

1945.

MLA-Style Works Cited page:Orwell, George. Animal Farm.London: Harcourt,

1945. Print.Seehttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/ or purchase an

official style guide for more information.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph

M. Williams.The Craft of Research. 3rd ed.

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2008.

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