crab dissertation
TRANSCRIPT
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v217vghCG7g&list=PLED5E234FBC30A8D5&index=3&feature=plpp_video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v217vghCG7g&list=PLED5E234FBC30A8D5&index=3&feature=plpp_video -
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Study of Crab DissertationContent Details
Objective: - Recreate crab in CG with photo-realistic look, which includes anatomy, behavior,
Movements. And integrate seamlessly into live action footage.
Group members: Junaid Mirza (Modeling)
Shruthi (Animator)
Lal Bahadur (Animator)
Ragatej (vfx)
Vijay Parthap (vfx)
1. History of Crab (vijay prathap)
1.1 Entire history
1.2 Mythological status 1.3 Social role
1.4 Role in stories
2.Breeds of Crab /type of Crab seen in general (ragtej)
2.1 Differentiate between genders of a crab on the basis of their appearance.
2.2 Differentiate between the breeds of Crab on the basis of
their appearance.
2.3 Names based on ages, gender, regions food.
3. Biology of Crab (mirza)
3.1 Lifespan of crab
3.2 Size and measurement
3.3 Colors and markings
3.4 Reproduction and development
4. Anatomy (Lalu)
4.1 Skeletal system with naming
4.2 Eye, Mouth & ear Systems& sense organs
4.3 Body organs
4.4 Study of Muscular system & their movements (walk, run, standing on eight legs,
and others..
4.5 Look and feel details (defuse, secular, etc,.) of different.
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5 . Movement (Vemula shruthi)
5.1 How its walks
5.2 How it eats
5.3 How it attacks 5.4 Influence of the bones on the muscle when movement takes place
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Social role:
Social Networking Helps Crabs:
Everyone wants to live in the nicest possible house, ideally with regular upgrades. A
recent study by biologists at Tufts University's School of Arts and Sciences and the New
England Aquarium reveals that hermit crabs may locate new and improved housing
using previously unknown social networking skills
The scientists combined field studies, lab experiments and computer models to uncover
some surprising new tricks that could lead to better house-hunting strategies for
humans and hermit crabs alike. Their research, published in the May/June 2010 issue ofthe journal Behavioral Ecology (available online on April 1), reveals that, contrary to
their name, hermit crabs often find the best new shells when they gather together.
Hermit crabs have an unusual lifestyle because they require empty snail shells for
shelter. They need to regularly seek new shells as they grow bigger throughout their
lives. "Hermit crabs are really picky about real estate because they're constantly getting
thrown back into the housing market," says Randi Rotjan, leader of the research team
and a co-author with Sara Lewis, professor of biology at Tufts University's School of Arts
and Sciences.
Rotjan studied with Lewis to earn her Ph.D. from Tufts Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences in 2007 and is now a research scientist at the New England Aquarium. Starting
during Rotjan's graduate school days, Rotjan and Lewis have collaborated to gain a
better understanding of social interactions among hermit crabs.
Often there aren't enough suitable shells to go around and some hermit crabs have to
go naked. The soft, exposed abdomen of these homeless crabs makes them more
vulnerable to predators. "I've seen hermit crabs dragging around in bottle caps and even
ballpoint pen tops. It's pathetic," says Lewis, senior author on the Behavioral Ecology
paper.
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So, how do hermit crabs win this life-or-death shell game? One previously identified
strategy that apparently helps each hermit crab find the very best shell is joining a lively
group activity known as a synchronous vacancy chain. When a new shell becomes
available, crabs gather around it and queue up in a line from largest to smallest. Oncethe largest crab moves into the vacant shell, each crab in the queue swiftly switches into
the newly vacated shell right in front of them. As a result, a single vacant shell kicks off
an entire chain of shell vacancies that ultimately leads to many crabs getting new, and
generally improved, housing.
Hermits Show New Social Behaviors
By seeding vacant shells into field populations and staying up all night to see what
happened, the scientists discovered some previously unknown hermit crab behaviors.
When a hermit crab discovers an empty but oversized shell, it waits nearby rather than
simply walking away. Once a small group gathers, crabs begin piggybacking by holding
onto the shell of a larger crab and riding along. Such waiting and piggybacking behaviors
seem to increase the chances that a synchronous vacancy chain will happen. "They
spend hours queuing up, and then the chain fires off in seconds, just like a line of
dominoes," says Rotjan. Computer models populated with virtual hermit crabs and
shells confirmed that synchronous vacancy chains depend not only on crab density, but
also on how long crabs are programmed to wait near an unsuitable shell.
According to Rotjan, the same kind of synchronous vacancy chain can occur with anyanimal that relies on discrete and reusable resources, such as anemone-dwelling fish
and hole-nesting woodpeckers. Studying vacancy chains in hermit crabs might even lend
new perspective on human behaviors, since people regularly participate in synchronous
vacancy chains. For example, every September 1, neighborhood streets in Boston,
Mass., are clogged with rental trucks and moving vans. This signals that the city's many
students are participating in synchronous vacancy chains on this popular start date for
annual leases. Like hermit crabs, these savvy apartment-hunters carefully assess all the
housing options beforehand, and line up on September 1 to switch into their ideal
homes.
Social networking sites like Craigslist and Facebook have made it much easier for people
to assess housing options and coordinate their moving dates. Hermit crabs must instead
resort to queuing up as they wait near empty shells. But in the end, social networking
leads to better housing for everyone.
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Role in stories :
1.http://www.youtube.com/results?search=Search&resnum=0&oi=spell&search_query
=tales+of+crab&spell=1&suggested_categories=24%2C20%2C22%2C26&sa=X
2.http://www.indianhindunames.com/panchatantra-stories-heron-crab.htm
Panchatantra story-The heron and the crab
moral stories
Long time ago there lived a heron by the side of
a pond. It was a lazy creature and once devised
a plan to get supply of fish without doing much
work. He went to the side of the pond and put
on a gloomy face without attempting to catch
any fish. The pond was also inhabited by a crab,
which was wise and often helped the fish in the
pond. On seeing the gloomy heron, the crabasked her what the matter was.
The heron said, "Alas! I am worried that the pond is going to be soon devoid of any fish,
which are in turn my source of food. I overheard a group of fishermen talking about
catching all the fish in this pond. But I know of a pond somewhat far away, where all the
fish will be safe. If the fishes are interested, i can carry a few each day to the other pond
where they will be safe."
All the fish were eager to make use of the heron in reaching the safer destination. So
everyday some of them volunteer to go with the heron. The heron took some fish each
day in the beak, and on reaching a large rock used to eat all the fish and leave the bones
of the fish at the rock. This way, she was able to get a continuous supply of fish at no
effort at all. In the end, the curiosity got the better of the crab, and one day it
volunteered to go with the fish. When it got closer to the rock, it realized the foul play
the heron had been playing on the poor fish. Enraged, it tightened its claws around the
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neck of the heron and snapped the head of the heron off. The heron thus died a selfish
death. The crab crept back to the pond and told all the fish about the lies the heron had
been telling.
Story moral: Excess of Greed is harmful.
THE STORY OF THE CRAB BUCKET
One time a man was walking along the beach and say another man fishing in the surf
with a bait bucket beside him. As he drew closer, he saw that the bait bucket had no lid
and had live crabs inside.
"Why don't you cover your bait bucket so the crabs won't escape?", he said.
"You don't understand.", the man replied, "If there is one crab in the bucket it would
surely crawl out very quickly. However, when there are many crabs in the bucket, if one
tries to crawl up the side, the others grab hold of it and pull it back down so that it will
share the same fate as the rest of them."
So it is with people. If one tries to do something different, get better grades, improve
herself, escape her environment, or dream big dreams, other people will try to drag her
back down to share their fate.
Moral of the story: Ignore the crabs. Charge ahead and do what is right for you. It may
not be easy and you may not succeed as much as you like, but you will NEVER share the
same fate as those never try.
We have been enriched by the talents of people who have had less than "perfect"
bodies, whether by birth, accident or disease - Helen Keller, F.D. Roosevelt, Stephen
Hawking, George Bush, Stevie Wonder, Christopher Reeve, to name just a few. Theychose to "climb the crab bucket" instead of listening to others.
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Differentiate between genders of a crab on the basis of their appearance:
Male Crab
The Male crab is also known as Jimmyhas blue claws and an underside "apron"
which looks like an upside-down T or the
"Washington Monument." Large male
crabs are also called channelers.
Unlike female crabs, there is no easy wayto tell the sexual maturity of the male.
However, upon a very close inspection, you will
note that the apron of the adolescent male is tightly
sealed to his body whereas the adult male is free to
open his apron
Female Crab
A mature female Crab is also known asSOOK . She has a widened apron with a
semicircular bell shape that looks like the
U.S. Capitol building.
Her broadly rounded abdomen is free toopen and is not sealed shut as before.
She must open her apron in order to
mate and to carry eggs
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Immature (adolescent) Female Crab
The she-crab or immature (adolescent) femalecrab is also known as SALLY.
She can easily identified as she having aninverted "V" or triangular shaped apron. And
she is having two red-tipped claws. Her apron
is tightly
sealed to her
body and
does notopen since
she cannot mate or carry eggs.
Sponge Crab
Pregnant Crab is also known as SPONGE CRAB".
They carry fertilized eggs under their abdomen.
From a distance these eggs resemble a sponge,
hence the term it called as "sponge" crab. It takes
about two weeks for the eggs to "ripen" and be
released into the water to hatch.
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Differentiate between the breeds of Crab on the basis of
their appearance:
Crab Varieties
There are over 4,400 varieties of crabs. Crabs are of the order Decapoda which
covers a large variety of different crustaceans. The word crab comes from the Middle
English. The crab is one of the oldest species on earth. The horseshoe crab dates back
over 200 million years and is literally a living fossil.
The majority of edible crabs have five pairs of legs, with the front legs being larger
pinchers. Out of the 4,400 varieties of crab, most are found in North America in both
salt and fresh water.
Names based on ages, gender, regions food:
BLUE CRAB :
Blue Crab: Its latin name, Calinectes sapidus,
means "beautiful swimmer," and it is indeed a
beautiful blue-green color. The most prolific
species on the East Coast of the US, this is the
crab which also gives us soft-shell crabs. They
range in size from 3-1/2 inches up to 5-1/2
inches .
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DUNGENESS CRAB :
Dungeness crab: Latin name Cancer magister, this crab
is found in coastal waters from Alaska, united states to
Baja, Mexico. This large crab usually weighs in from 1-
3/4 to 4 pounds, and is brown to purple in color. It is
named for the former small town of Dungeness on the
Olympic peninsula in ,Washington State US. The
carapace width of mature Dungeness crabs may reach
25 centimeters (9.8 in) in some areas off the coast of
Washington, but are typically under 20 centimeters
(7.9 in). they are a popular delicacy, and are the most
commercially important crab in the pacific northwest ,
as well as the western states generally.
HORSESHOE CRAB :
Horseshoe Crab: Latin name Limulus
polyphemus, this crab is named for its
resemblance in shape to a horseshoe. It is
considered a living fossil, tracing its roots back
some 500 million years. It is found along the
Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to the Yucatan and
along Asian coasts from Japan and the Philippines
to India. Horseshoe crabs are arthropods that live
primarily in shallow ocean waters on soft sandy ormuddy bottoms. They will occasionally come on
shore for mating. They are commonly used as bait
and in fertilizer. hey have five pairs of legs for
walking, swimming and moving food into the
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mouth. The long, straight, rigid tails can be used to flip themselves over if they are
turned upside down, so a horseshoe crab with a broken tail is more susceptible to
desiccation.Females are larger than male Horseshoe crabs.
KING CRAB
King Crab: Latin name Paralithodes camtschaticus,
This giant crab is also often called "Alaskan King
crab," "Japanese crab," and "Russian crab" due to its
size, which can reach up to 25 pounds and measureup to 10 feet. It may be large, but only about one-
fourth is edible, primarily the legs and claws. Only
males are harvested. King crabs are generally
thought to be derived from hermit crab-like
ancestors, which may explain the asymmetry still
found in the adult forms. Although some doubt still
exists about this theory, king crabs are the most
widely quoted example of carcinisation among the
Decapoda. This is also known as Stone Crab.
KING CRAB :Stone Crab: Latin name Menippe mercenaria,
it is also called "moro" or "morro" crab. It has
large, very hard claws that are prized for their
meat. Most of the harvest comes from
Florida, US.
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Description:
The stone crab's carapace (shell) is 3 to 3.5 inches (7.6 to 8.9 cm) long and about 4
inches (10 cm) wide. Stone crabs are brownish red with gray spots and tan underneath,
and have large and unequally-sized pincers with black tips. Females have a larger
carapace (the top outer shell), but males usually have larger claws than females.
Life History:
Stone crabs prefer to feed on oysters and other small mollusks, polychaete worms, and
other crustaceans. They will also occasionally eat seagrass and carrion (remains of dead
animals). Predators that feed on stone crabs include horse conch, grouper, sea turtles,
cobia, octopi, and humans.
Sexual maturity is reached at one year. Their long spawning season lasts all spring and
summer, during which time females produce 500,000 to 1 million eggs. The larvae go
through six stages in about 36 days before emerging as juvenile stone crabs. Their
lifespan is seven to eight years.
The male stone crab must wait for the female to shed her exoskeleton before they can
mate. After mating, the male will stay to help protect the female for several hours to
several days. The female will spawn four to six times each season. Adult stone crabs
make burrows in mud or sand below the low tide line, lying in wait for prey.
The stone crab loses its limbs easily to escape from predators or tight spaces, but their
limbs will grow back. When a claw is broken in the right place, the wound will quickly
heal itself and very little blood is lost. If, however, the claw is broken in the wrong place,more blood is lost and the crab's chances of survival are much lower. It only takes about
one year for the claw to grow back to its normal size. Each time the crab molts its
exoskeleton, the new claw grows larger.
The larger of the two claws is called the "crusher claw". The smaller claw is called the
"pincer claw". If the larger crusher claw is on the right side of the crab's body, the crab is
"right handed". If the crusher claw is on the left side of the crab's body, it is "left
handed". Since crabs' eyes are on stalks, they can see 360. A large crab claw can weigh
up to half a pound.
Habitat.
Stone crabs prefer bottoms of bays, oyster reefs and rock jetties where they can burrow
or find refuge from predators. Juveniles do not usually dig burrows, but instead hide
among rocks or in seagrass beds.
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Lifespan of crab :
Shells and shell competition
Hermit crabs fighting over a shell
As hermit crabs grow they require larger shells. Since suitable intact gastropod shells are
sometimes a limited resource, there is often vigorous competition among hermit crabs
for shells. The availability of empty shells at any given place depends on the relative
abundance of gastropods and hermit crabs, matched for size. An equally important issue
is the population of organisms that prey upon gastropods and leave the shells intact.[8]
Hermit crabs that are kept together may fight or kill a competitor to gain access to the
shell they favor. However, if the crabs vary significantly in size, the occurrence of fights
over empty shells will decrease or remain non-existent.[7]
A hermit crab with a shell that is too small cannot grow as fast as those with well-fitting
shells, and is more likely to be eaten if it cannot retract completely into the shell.[9]
For some larger marine species, supporting one or more sea anemones on the shell can
scare away predators. The sea anemone benefits, because it is in position to consume
fragments of the hermit crab's meals.
Biology
The edible crab, Cancer pagurus, is found only in European waters. It occurs all round
the British coast and is found in abundance usually where the sea bed is rugged.
Despite its reputation as a scavenger, the crab feeds mainly on living food, including fish,
marine worms and shellfish such as mussels, which are crushed in its powerful claws.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-Rotjan-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-Rotjan-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-Rotjan-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-Rotjan-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod_shell -
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The crabs keen sense of smell and its voracity account for the ease with which it is
caught in baited traps.
The crab is encased in a hard, rigid shell of fixed shape which must be cast off at
intervals and replaced by a larger one so that the crab may have room to grow; this
process is known as moulting or ecdysis. In Britain the main moulting period is from Julyto October; the females start moulting in July, followed by the males a month or so
later. At this time the crab seeks shelter among the rocks. The shell cracks along a
precise line dividing the upper and lower halves, and the soft crab inside slowly backs
out through the gap. It then absorbs water and swells, increasing in size across the back
by as much as 20 to 30 per cent in one moult. Males appear to grow slightly more during
a moult than females, but moult less frequently after they reach a size of 4 inches. On
average, a 3 -inch male on the east coast will reach 4 inches in one moult and 5
inches in the next.
After a moult has been completed the shell slowly hardens and no further increase in
size will occur until the next moult, although the shell will not be completely hardened
for two or three months. Moulting takes place at frequent intervals during the crabs
early life, but after it has reached a size of 5 inches moulting takes place about once
every two years. It is not possible to state the age of a crab with accuracy, since no part
of the body gives a reliable guide, but on average a 4 -inch crab is about four to five
years old. Most female crabs are mature by the time they measure 5 inches across the
back, whilst males reach maturity at a slightly smaller size.
The sex of a crab can easily be determined; the female or hen crab has a broad beehive-
shaped abdomen or apron, whereas the male or cock crab has a narrow abdomen which
fits tightly to the body (figure 2). The claws of the male are also larger than those of a
female of the same size.
Mating occurs in inshore waters during the summer, immediately after the female crab
has moulted and while it is in the soft-shelled condition. Prior to the moult, and for a
period of up to a fortnight after, the female is attended by a hard-shelled male.
Immediately the female has cast her shell mating takes place and the male sperms are
introduced into the females two sperm sacs. One supply of sperm may fertilize two ormore batches of eggs in subsequent years, and the majority of females that mate in July
or August will spawn, that is carry eggs, in November or December of the same year, but
in some cases spawning is delayed until the next winter. Crabs usually select a soft sea
bed for spawning, often in deep water, and the eggs remain attached to the swimmerets
on the abdomen of the parent for about seven months. A crab with eggs is sometimes
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called a berried crab and the number of eggs carried can vary from half a million on a 5-
inch crab to three million on a 7-inch one.
In the spring and summer following spawning the berried females move inshore, where
the eggs hatch; the young crabs at first have a shrimp-like appearance and form part of
the free-floating plankton. This period is believed to last about a month, and during thistime the larval crab will probably drift to new grounds away from the hatching area. It
finally settles on the sea bed and assumes the adult form when it is about inch in size.
Tagging experiments have shown that on the east coast of Britain mature female crabs
can move considerable distances, mainly in a northerly direction. Crabs released off
Whitby, Yorkshire, have been recaptured along the Scottish coast, having moved
distances of between 180 and 200 miles in twelve to eighteen months. These migrations
are associated with the offshore movement of females for spawning. Male crabs rarely
moved far from the point of release.
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FIGURE 1. Parts of the edible crab
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FIGURE 2. External features of male and female crabs
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Size and measurement :
Gecarcinus quadratus, a land crab from
Central and South America
Crabs are generally covered with a thick
exoskeleton, and armed with a single pair of
chelae (claws). Crabs are found in all of the
world's oceans, while many crabs live in fresh
water and on land, particularly in tropical
regions. Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimetres wide, to the Japanese
spider crab, with a leg span of up to 4 metres (13 ft).[4]
About 850 species of crab are freshwater, terrestrial or semi-terrestrial species;[5]
they
are found throughout the world's tropical and semi-tropical regions. They were
previously thought to be a monophyletic group, but are now believed to represent at
least two distinct lineages, one in the Old World and one in the New World.[6]
The earliest unambiguous crab fossils date from the Jurassic,[7]
although Carboniferous
Imocaris, known only from its carapace, may be a primitive crab.[8]
The radiation of
crabs in the Cretaceous and afterward may be linked either to the break-up of
Gondwana or to the concurrent radiation ofbony fish, crabs' main predators.[9]
Life cycle
Coconut crabs mate frequently and quickly on dry land in the period from May to
September, especially between early June and late August.[20]
Male coconut crabs have
spermatophores and deposit a mass of spermatophores on the abdomen of the
female;[21]
the abdomen opens at the base of the third pereiopods, and fertilisation is
thought to occur on the external surface of the abdomen as the eggs pass through the
spermatophore mass.[22]
The extrusion of eggs occurs on land in crevices or burrows
near the shore.[23]Shortly thereafter, the female lays her eggs and glues them to the
underside of her abdomen, carrying the fertilised eggs underneath her body for a few
months. At the time of hatching, the female coconut crab releases the eggs into the
ocean.[22]
This usually takes place on rocky shores at dusk, especially when this coincides
with high tide.[24]
The empty egg cases remain on the female's body after the larvae
have been released, and the female eats the egg cases within a few days.[24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spider_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spider_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2008b-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2008b-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2008b-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Tudge1991-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Tudge1991-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Tudge1991-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2009-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2009-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2009-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Fletcher_656-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2009-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Tudge1991-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Sato2008b-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spider_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spider_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spider_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_crab 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The larvae float in the pelagic zone of the ocean with other plankton for three to four
weeks,[5]
during which a large number of them are eaten by predators. The larvae pass
through three to five zoea stages before moulting into the post-larval glaucothoe stage;
this process takes from 25 to 33 days.[25]
Upon reaching the glaucothoe stage of
development, they settle to the bottom, find and wear a suitably sized gastropod shell,
and migrate to the shoreline with other terrestrial hermit crabs.[26]
At that time, theysometimes visit dry land. Afterwards, they leave the ocean permanently and lose the
ability to breathe in water. As with all hermit crabs, they change their shells as they
grow. Young coconut crabs that cannot find a seashell of the right size often use broken
coconut pieces. When they outgrow their shells, they develop a hardened abdomen.
The coconut crab reaches sexual maturity around five years after hatching.[22]
They
reach their maximum size only after 40 to 60 years.[10]
Measurement Of The Crabs:-
Stone Crab Measurement
Stone Crab claws must measure at least 2 3/4-inches in length measured by a straight
line from the elbow to the tip of the lower immovable finger. The forearm (propodus)
shall be deemed to be the largest section of the claw assembly that has both a
moveable and immovable finger and is located farthest from the body of the crab.
Spiny Lobster Measurement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Drew46-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Drew46-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Drew46-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean_larvaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Wang2007-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Wang2007-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Wang2007-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Reese1968-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Reese1968-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Reese1968-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Greenaway2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Greenaway2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Greenaway2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Greenaway2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Schiller-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Reese1968-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Wang2007-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean_larvaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab#cite_note-Drew46-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone -
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Spiny Lobster must have a minimum carapace length of greater than 3-inches and the
measurement must take place in the water. The carapace is measured beginning at the
forward edge between the rostral horns, excluding and soft tissue, and proceeding
along the middle to the rear edge of the carapace.
Colors and markings
Reproduction and development:
Hermit crab species range in size and shape, from species with a carapace only a few
millimetres long toCoenobita brevimanus, which can approach the size of a coconut.
The shell-less hermit crabBirgus latro(coconut crab) is the world's largest terrestrial
invertebrate.[10]
The young develop in stages, with the first two (the nauplius and protozoea) occurring
inside the egg. Most hermit crab larvae hatch at the third stage, the zoea. This is a larval
stage wherein the crab has several long spines, a long narrow abdomen, and large
fringed antennae. After several zoeal moults, this is followed by the final larval stage,
the megalopa stage.[11]
Reproduction
For marine creatures the most important way to distribute offspring to suitable newsites is by casting their fertilised eggs or juveniles adrift as plankton into water currents.
Most intertidal female animals produce hundreds, if not thousands, of eggs. Most will
not survive into adulthood, but are an excellent food supply for some other kind of
animal.
A planktonic development pattern is common in mostcnidaria,echinoderms,molluscs,
barnacles,decapod crabsandascidians.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenobita_brevimanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenobita_brevimanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenobita_brevimanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgus_latrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgus_latrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgus_latrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protozoea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-10http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/cnidaria.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/cnidaria.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/cnidaria.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/echinoderms.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/echinoderms.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/echinoderms.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/molluscs.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/molluscs.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/molluscs.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/barnacles.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/barnacles.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/decapods.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/decapods.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/decapods.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/chordates.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/chordates.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/chordates.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/chordates.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/decapods.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/barnacles.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/molluscs.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/echinoderms.htmlhttp://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/cnidaria.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protozoea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgus_latrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenobita_brevimanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapace -
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The important issue is whether the currents will return the plankton to a suitable site for
juveniles to settle and grow to become reproductively mature adults.
Birth And Development:-
Size of pond and Pond constructionCrab fattening is carried out in ponds, cages or pens. Small tidal ponds ranging from0.025 to 0.1 ha in size with a water depth of 0.5-1.0 m are generally used for the
purpose. The pond should preferably have a sandy bottom to discourage burrowing.
Bunds should have a minimum width of 1.0 m at the top to prevent crabs from escaping
by burrowing through the bunds. Crabs are capable of climbing over the bunds, which
can be prevented by fixing overhanging fences on dykes. Fencing a height between 0.5
to 1.0 m over the dyke is done with materials like bamboo sticks, bamboo poles and
knotless nets, asbestos sheets, fibreglass panels, etc. As the crabs are highly
cannibalistic on the freshly moulted animals, 'hide outs'made out of hollow bamboo
pieces, cement pipes or stones are required to be placed inside the pond to minimise
mortality.Biological features
Mud crabs grow to a very large size of about 22 cm in carapace length and about 2 kg in
weight. The crabs belonging to the species S tranquebarica is free swimming and grows
to a large size with carapace width of 22 cm and those of species S. serrata have
burrowing habit and grow to about 14.7 cm in carapace width. Mud crabs are
omnivorous and they feed on a wide variety of food items and other crustaceans such as
shrimps& small crabs, bivalve molluscs and fish.
The females reach sexual maturity at a size of about 12 cm in S. tranquebarica and 8.5
cm in S.serrata in the brackish water regime. Both the species are continuous breederswith peak breeding seasons varying from place to place. The peak seasons of seed
abundance is May to October along the southwest coast, December to May in Tamil
Nadu coast and March to June in Chilka Lake. Each crab spawns once in two months.
The number of eggs carried by S. tranquebarica are about 1.1 to 7.0 million and by S.
serrata are 0.5 to 0.9 million. The berried females migrate from estuarine areas to the
inshore sea. The eggs hatch out in the sea and undergo metamorphosis later they
migrate to brackish water areas and spread to different parts of the estuarine systems.
Mating & Birthing
Crabs are born into litters, ranging from anywhere of a litter of 200-5,000. A mother
crab will normally go into heat two times a year: in-between cooking and cleaning
(which is sometime in June) and during football season.
After mating, the female will lay her fertilized eggs in the belly of the father, just like
seahorses, only gayer; this is considered the equivalent of "full custody" in the human
world. After having the young in his gut for about seven months, the father will give
http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Hornyhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Womenhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Junehttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Footballhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Gayhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Humanhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Earthhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Earthhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Humanhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Gayhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Footballhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Junehttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Womenhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Horny -
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birth out of his anus. After being released from the dank, hairy tomb of their father's
ass, the young set out to start lives of their own.
Structure & Physiology
A typical crab. Note the yellow testicles, often mistaken for a limb by retards or those
who aren't doctors.
Crabs typically have six legs; five of those legs are used to move the crab, while the sixth
is actually mistaken for the crab's genitalia. In irony, crabs can catch a form of crabs as
well. These type of crabs are known as David Hasselhoffs.
Crabs have an excellent sense of smell. An average crab can smell a rather vile crotch
from three miles away, and a rather clean crotch only one mile away. However, a crab's
ability to smell frumunda cheese[4]
is proportional to it's size, or more accurately, it's
weight. It can be simply expressed by the following equation:
w(1.5) = s
In the equation above, wrepresents the crab's weight, where s roughly represents the
crab's range of smell in miles. Of course, because there's no way to measure the stench
of one's wang, it just can't be added into the formula. To change the above from grams
to ounces and/or miles to kilometers, use the following equation:
w(0.0352739619)(1.5) = s(1.609344)
http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Anushttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Asshttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Retardhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Doctorhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/David_Hasselhoffhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Dickhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Dickhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Crab#cite_note-3http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/David_Hasselhoffhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Doctorhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Retardhttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Asshttp://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Anus -
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Now, an average crab weighs about two grams (a little more than one-hundredth of an
ounce), and based upon the above equations, can smell approximately three miles
(about 4.83 kilometers). For more reference, see the table below:
Weight (grams) Smell Distance (miles)
2 grams 3 miles
3 grams 4.5 miles
4 grams 6 miles
5 grams 7.5 miles
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Diet
Some crabs are scavengers and eat dead animals. Some eat
plankton. Some young crabs eat worms. Larger crabs eat
shrimp and other shellfish.
Size From 1 centimeter to nearly 2 meters
Color
Lined Shore crab - reddish-
purple
Kelp crab- brown on top,
reddish below
Purple Shore crab - dark
purple with purple spots on
claws
Hermit crab - gray-green
Lumpy crab - red-brown
Rock crab - light purplish-
red
Life CycleCrab eggs hatch into zoea larva which turn into megalopa
larva and then into crabs.
Predators fish, birds, octopus, and sea otters
Neat
Facts
A barnacle sometimes gets inside a male crab and takes
nourishment from its blood and changes its sex hormones,
so the next time it loses its shell it is a female.
TypesLined Shore crab, Spider crab, Kelp crab, Lumpy crab, Pea
crabs, Fiddler crab,
Relatives ghost shrimp (relative of the Hermit crab)
http://library.thinkquest.org/J001418/glossary.html#anchor1400278http://library.thinkquest.org/J001418/glossary.html#anchor1400278http://library.thinkquest.org/J001418/glossary.html#anchor1400278 -
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Although crabs come in a variety of shapes and sizes they all have the same
general body plan. All crabs have one pair ofchelipeds and four pairs ofwalking legs. Also
referred to as claws, nippers or pincers, the chelipeds are the first pair of legs on a crab andtheir most distinguishing structure. Chelipeds are used for holding and carrying food, digging,
cracking open shells and warning off would be attackers. The carapace is the hard cover or
exoskeleton which protects the internal organs of the head, thorax and gills.
Visible on the underside of a crab are the mouthparts and the abdomen. The gills through
which the animal obtains oxygen cannot be seen. They are soft structures under the side of the
carapace. The eyes which protrude from the front of the carapace are on the ends of short
stalks. The mouthparts are a series of pairs of short legs, specialised to manipulate and chew
food.
The abdomen is small and tightly held against the underside of the body. Like all crustaceans
the sexes are separate and the size of the abdomen distinguishes them: in males it is triangular
and inset into the underside. In females it is broad and round and most obvious when the eggs
are being carried.
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Antenna- (pl. antennae) The long segmented appendages located behind the eyestalks. These
allow the crab to interact with its environment by touch and chemoreception.
Antennule- (pl. antennules) Shorter segmented appendages located between and below the
eyestalks, sensory organs; these also use chemoreception to "smell" and "taste"
Appendages- Ten legs (five pairs) including a claw-bearing pair with spines used for feeding and
defense, followed by three pairs of sharply pointed walking legs, and a pair modified as flat
swimming paddles at the rear, swimming legs.
Apron- Abdomen of a crab, which is folded under the body; male's is narrow and long. A
mature female's is semicircular, like the dome of the capitol building.
Carapace- The shell covering the body. It provides protective covering. It is made of chitin and
covers cephalothorax of the crab.
Cheliped- The first pair of legs, carries the large claw which is used for defense and obtaining
food. Male's claws are blue tipped with red; female's are red.
Eyes- Visual organs mounted on the ends of eyestalks. The eyestalks contain cells that release
hormones that inhibit molting and the development of gonads.
Lateral spines- Paired points on the widest outside edges of the carapace.
Mouth- Opening to the digestive system, located between the antennae. The mouth contains
jaws that hold and push food into the esophagus.
Sponge- Egg masses. Numbers of eggs vary, some may contain as many as
8,000,000. They are attached to swimmerets.
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Swimmerets- (pleopods) Paired abdominal appendages under the apron of the female crab on
which the eggs are carried until they hatch.
Swimming Legs- The last paired abdominal appendages, flattened for swimming.
Walking legs- 3 pairs. Used for movement; crabs are capable of walking forward or diagonally,
but usually they walk sideways.
Gills- Place of respiration and filtration, consisting of many plume-like filaments arranged
around a central axis. There are eight gills on each side.
Heart- The pump of the circulatory system. It is broad in size and located in the lower centerpart of the body.
Hepatopancreas- Digestive gland. Large organ with several functions, including the secretion of
digestive enzymes and absorption of digested food. It fills most of the area around the stomach,
depending on its contents of food and water.
Intestine- Portion of the digestive system through which digested food passes.
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Stomach- The organ of the digestive system that breaks down swallowed particles of food. It is
lined with small hard plates and projections.
Testes- Part of the male reproductive system, located on top of the hepatopancreas on either
side of the stomach.
Ovaries- Female reproductive organs that produce eggs and leading to the oviducts where eggs
are released.
Cartilage- Encases muscles that aid in movement of the legs. The muscles are the edible portion
of the crab.
Reproduction:
Female crabs usually lay their eggs shortly after copulating but can also store sperm for many
months. The eggs are fertilized as they are laid by passing through the chamber holding the
sperm. Eggs are brooded in a mass attached to hair on the female's abdomen. The number of
eggs carried can be very large but depends on the size of the crab. Some species may carry tens
of thousands of eggs when fully grown. Once developed the egg hatches into a tiny larva called
a zoea. Release of the zoea is aided by the female wafting her abdomen to and fro. The crab
larvae spends its life swimming in the plankton moulting several times until it reaches a stage
ready to settle on the sea floor again.
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Sense Organs:
Crabs have compound eyes consisting of several thousand optical units. The eyes are on stalks
which can be lowered for protection into sockets on the carapace. Crabs appear to see very
well with some species detecting movement 20 or 30 metres away. Crabs can also hear and
produce a variety of sounds. In courtship some species attract the females attention by banging
their cheliped on the ground or vibrating their walking legs. Each species has its own unique
sound that can attract a female or intimidate a competing male. Crabs have bristles and hairs
which act as touch receptors. The bristles occur all over the body but are most frequently foundin clumps on the walking legs. These bristles signal contact with a hard surface simply by
bending, whilst other shorter hairs are sensitive to water currents. Crabs can find food using
chemical stimuli. The antennae have "smell detectors" which detect chemicals that stimulate a
search for food. When similar detectors on the legs contact food the cheliped quickly grasps the
object and passes it into the mouth. Crab mouthparts have further receptors which are
sensitive to particular chemicals. Crabs rely on a combination of these sense organs to find food
and mates and flee predators.
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How its walks :
A crab has evolved to move sideways in response to its environment. Its body is
relatively flat with eyes that face forwards on stalks. It lives in rock crevices and moves sideways
across the surfaces of coral, etc with its back against the rock face, therefore always facing
outwards to possible threats from predators, other crabs, etc. When danger appears it can
easily conceal itself in gaps between rocks for protection where necessary. I have seen crabs do
this on many occasions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Bl945vIPX8&feature=related
How it eat :
Crabs eat by catching or tearing food with their pincher claws and putting thefood into their mouths to digest it. A Crab has a claw to tear food and a claw to hold onto food.
Crabs are omnivorous in nature, that means they can eat plants and animals. Algae is the main
source of food for crabs. There are some crabs that can be scavengers and eat dead animals.
Coral crabs eat coral polyps found in the warm waters of the tropical oceans. The Ghost crabs
and Fiddler crabs eat mud and sand on the beaches. Pebble crabs and box crabs use their claws
as tools to crack open marine snails. It pulls the soft body of the snail and holds it in its mouth
and tears it apart to eat it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NN_Zyos6Ib0
The other things that crabs eat are:
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Marine crabs breathe underwater using gills, which are located in a two cavities under
the carapace. True land crabs have enlarged, modified cavities that act like lungs so that the
land crabs can breathe air.
How it attacks :
Crab attaks with their cheliped.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWcQ1pNn3sA
Influence of the bones on the muscle when movement takes place :
The crab and lobster are both crustaceans, who are invertebrates(animals without a spine). They have exoskeletons, which means their skeletal systems
are on the outside of the body with the muscle inside.
Composition :
Exoskeletons for crabs and lobsters are made of chitin, a semi-rigid protein
structure. Some species of crab (the hard-shelled varieties) also have calcium carbonate
embedded in the chitin, making it heavier and more rigid.
Muscle Attachment :
Exoskeletal systems for crabs and lobsters have several attachment points on
the inside for muscle. When you eat a crab's legs or a lobster's tail, you're eating the muscle
inside the skeleton. The nodules inside the shell are where the muscle attaches, holding the
meat in place.
Moulting :
When a crab or lobster grows, it sheds its exoskeleton. Moulting involves some risk
for the animal as it spends a few days waiting for the new shell to harden.
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Exoskeletons and Sensory Organs :
Crabs have tympani (eardrum-like organs for sensing sounds in water), which are
made out of a thinner layer of the same material as the exoskeleton. Lobsters have antennae
that are made of stalks of exoskeleton material and serve as vibration sensors like the tympani.
In addition to the vibration senses, lobster antennae have the smell and taste organs at their
ends. In both cases, the exoskeleton serves as more than armor for the body of the crustacean.
Segmentation and Movement :
Exoskeletons are usually divided into segments; the segment containing the
brain and the internal organs is usually more heavily protected. Segments in the body provide
attachment points for the legs, and the legs themselves are segmented so that they can move,
much the same way a knight's armor is segmented so that the knee joint can bend.
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CRAB MODELING AND TEXTURING
We started by taking the pictures of our character crab,i brought it from outside, and takenthe pictures. We shot some videos for reference.Then as a modeler i needed some more
images showing each and every part of crab in detail.So i collected as many references i
could from internet for eyes,mouth,legs and body.Then to know the shapes properly,i
collected images of skeleton.
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For the model sheet i used images as reference for getting front and profile views of crab...
Then for body and legs, i used one picture as an image plane for proportions to be
maintained properly.This pic was scaled to 3cm in maya as the average size of crab is
width: 11.6cm and height is 6cm and the cheliped size was 5cm.
I used this image from body modelling. The front and side views of the crab modelsheet.
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MODELING
I started with eye,probably and the upper body part of a model but the most
attractive part too......... And i was doing the
individuals parts of the eye and upper body part
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Then i moved on to the upper part of the body of crab.....
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Then i moved on to model the whole part of the body.....
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As modeling the part was done.....i started making the whole in the down part of the
body for the legs part of the crab....
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Then i completed making the wholes in the down part of the crab.....
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I have completed making the legs part. There are four legs with four different sizes and
shapes of the legs...
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Then i started to model the cheliped of the crab by using nurbs modeling and then
converted to polygon.....
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Now i completed the body, and i have made the mouth part of the crab..
Now i started modelling foot part....
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Now all the legs part is done.....
And then finally i merged the face and the body atlast. Before moving model to
unwarp...
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Wireframe of the model.... Front
Wireframe of the model.... Side
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Wireframe of the model.... Top
Now the model was almost done........
Now i exported the model as .obj....then for unwraping the model i used Headus uv
Layout,where i imported the .obj file and unwrappd the model.I used
2 uv sets for body and face and transferred the attributes to maya model...
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This is the uv layout in Maya...
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TEXTURING
Now the model was ready with uv s unwrapped.then i went through the basic
checklist and sent it for rigging and skinning. As the rigging part was started, i started the
texturing part.Initially i broke up the body into 2 parts body and legs,based on the 2 uv sets and
exported each of them as .obj. I used Mudbox for texturing.Now i started preparing stencils for
each and every part of the body taking diferent reference images.
After the stencils were done i started sculpting the head....
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After the Head was done i started sculpting the body part....
After the body was done i started sculpting the legs part...
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After painting of the body was done, i moved on to the Legs........
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So finally the coloring was done with sculpting...........
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EXTRACTING TEXTURE MAPS
After the texturing was done,the Normal map,Diffuse map,Displacement map,and the
VectorDisplacement maps are extracted from mudbox.
Example:Diffuse map of Body and Legs.
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Then after all the maps are extracted,i imported them into maya using the shading network
where all the maps are connected to their respective shaders.so now the model was finallyready with all the textures and was ready for lighting.
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RIGGING OF CRAB
Before starting the rig I referred to the real skeleton structure of the crab. But crab dosent have
skeleton system. and the way the crab walks,run,stands and stuff. I did skeleton on my own for
the crab to get movements which animator needs.
BASIC SKELETON :
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RIG WITH Ik HANDLES :
After i did basic skeleton i did ikHandles.
ADDED CONTRILS TO Ik HANDLES :
I have added both fk and ik controls and gave ik_fk_switch so that it would be easy for the
animator to switch from ik to fk whenever needed.
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FINAL CRAB RIG WITH CONTROLS:
SKIN:
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FINAL SKINNED CRAB:
After completing the rigging i have given for animation.
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Crab Animation
Crabs come in a variety of shapes and sizes they all have the same general body plan. All crabs
have one pair ofchelipeds and four pairs ofwalking legs.
I have taken the pictures and videos for reference for the movements of the legs
Then i have done observation on the leg movement by frame by frame key frame animation.
Then i have observe on the walk cycle, Each seperate leg of the crab.
I made the rough storyboard for the crab and there are 5 shots in the scene.
Story board of Crab (rough)
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Shot_01 :
After getting the tracking videos, i have analyse the videos. I have done 2d animation of
shot_01 for the sake of timing. Then i have analyse shot_01 and i have started doing animation
in maya.
Corrections:
In the 1st
shot no problem and corrections were occured.
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Shot_03 :
After getting the tracking videos, i have analyse the videos. I have done 2d animation of
shot_03 for the sake of timing. Then i have analyse shot_03 and i have started doing animation
in maya.
Corrections:
In the 3rd shot, according to the camera movement the crab animation was not matching, so i
have done the keyframes animation of the crab after some frames.
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Shot_04 :
After getting the tracking videos, i have analyse the videos. I have done 2d animation of
shot_04 for the sake of timing. Then i have analyse shot_04 and i have started doing animation
in maya.
Corrections:
In the 4th shot, i got no problem in this shot.
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Shot_05 :
After getting the tracking videos, i have analyse the videos. I have done 2d animation of
shot_05 for the sake of timing. Then i have analyse shot_05 and i have started doing animation
in maya.
Corrections:
In the 5th shot, i got no problem in this shot.
These were all the 5 shots frm the scene.
After completing the animation for all the 5 shots. I have given these for VFX department.
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Match move
Artist:vijay prathap
The footage was taken with free camera so it had so many shakes and jerks.It was an interlaced
footage
It took so many days to track we had to do object track for shot no 5 and geometry track was
enough for the rest of the shots . Then these shots were exported to Maya Ascii 4.5 ,using the
track points we built the surounding rocks and ground which was not even and checker map
was applied .the tracked maya file was forwarded to the animators for placement of the
character.
In shot 5 we imported the plane in PF track to achieve the track even though it was not thatmuch perfect so we had to correct it by key frame animation .
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Lighting
Artist:Ragatej
The lighting for these shots were very typical firstly I used SIBL which was not at all suitable we
had a problem with the gamma values so we shifted to IBL .
Mostly I used spot lights and in some cases I also used area lights to match the character to the
scene.
Finally rendered in diferent passes such as Color,indirect,specular,light,fresnel,shadow and
occlusion.
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And composited in fusion :
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In compositing we had took the following indirect, light, AO and master beauty for body
contact passes . reflectivity, Fresnel and specular for light passes .Shadow and occlusion for
ground contact passes. We had to use master beauty instead of color because the texture was
not applied to the eyes in color pass and also the depth was missing .We did rotoscopy to make
the feel as the crab is coming outside of the hole in the footage.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v217vghCG7g&list=PLED5E234FBC30A8D5&index=3&feature=plpp_video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v217vghCG7g&list=PLED5E234FBC30A8D5&index=3&feature=plpp_video