cranberrys pre proto germanic

7/24/2019 Cranberrys Pre Proto Germanic

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Cranberrys Pre-Proto-Germanic

Variously described and much-debated since its frst "discovery" more than acentury ago, Pre-Proto-Germanic is a headache or a thrill to study -depending on your disposition. Germanic has long been characterized as

having strong non-Indo-uropean in!uences, frst by a#ob Grimm and later$ormalized by %igmund &eist. &eist's arguments (ere made in )*+ and are(ell outdated, but his idea that Germanic absorbed leical in$ormation $rometinct, unattested languages has (on many converts.

ore conservative scholars tended to do(nplay the role o$ non-I substrata inGermanic. ust because a (ord has unclear origins does not mean that itcame $rom a substratum. /he (ord may have been an internal innovation ora native I (ord that no longer has cognates in other tongues. %cholarly

opinion is divergent, but (hat can be sa$ely said is that all scholars agree thatthere are some Pre-Proto-Germanic (ords that crept into Germaniclanguages. /he di0culty is to discern (hich etyma are non-I and understand(hat it can it tell us.

/he strongest candidates $or stratum are (ords that have cognates in otherlanguage $amilies that point to non-I morphophonology. /hat multiple$amilies have the leeme ecludes the possibility that the item arose $rominternal innovation and gives us t(o options1 either the item came $rom PIand under(ent idiosyncratic developments or it came $rom a third partysource.

2ag-r 3"tree 456," "plant 456"7 8orth uropean %ubstratum or uropean%ubstratum. 9roonen calls this one an obvious substratum loan. 39roonendoesn't go nearly $ar enough and he misses his o(n underhand pitches (henhe could've hit a homerun: see 2a#r- here and 2a#r- in /ree 8ames7. /his mayall come $rom PI 2heug- "gro(" as /ocharian ; o#o "$ruit" portends an Iorigin. 9roonen eveals su0 2-ana-"$ruit."

a#ran "$ruit" Gothic.


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a#arn "acorn" ?ld 8orse.

acorn "acorn" nglish.

a#eran "beechnut," "acorn" ?ld @igh Germanic.

2agr-on-a1 "berries," "$ruits." Proto-Celtic.

aeron "id." Aelsh.

2agrn-io- "sloes," "berries," "plums" Proto-Celtic.

agoda "$ruit" ?ld Church %lavonic.

Bgoda "berry" >ussian.

2hog-eh- "berry" Proto-;altic.

2a D 2E D 2o1 Frchaic Proto-Germanic ablauting pattern. Fccording to;out#an 4)***6, Proto-Germanic has retained an archaic, non-I ablautpattern. %ee 'Aas there a non-I ablaut in Proto-Germanic5' $or an outline o$the $ull argument. Criticized $or having better eplanations in PI in 9roonen4


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eth "oath." ?ld Irish.

F9>5 "maple tree." %ubstratum. Knreconstructed source to lemmata in Gree#,Proto-Italic, and Proto-Germanic. Li#ely i$ (e assume that Latin and Germanic

$orms are related and are also related to Gree#. &or alternate proposal, see2a#r-no-. 39roonen's theory o$ syllabic 2-r- M 2-Vr- is etremely parsimonius,even here. ven under de Vaan's thesis, (e are almost ineorably led toaccept 2a#r-7.

NOQRST "maple tree" Gree#. &rom 2NOU-QRST5. de Vaan


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2a#-r- "maple tree." Pre-Proto-Italic: %ubstratum.

2a#-er- "maple tree." Proto-Italic. %yllabic 2-r- receives vo(el.

acer, -eris 4n. r.6 "maple tree." Latin. /he only Latin tree-name o$ unclearetymology that is masculine and not $eminine. 3Germanic cognates seemmore li#ely than the Gree# proposals7. de Vaan


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2alsno- Proto-Italic. 3atches closely P;% 2a[el4i6snio-7.

alnus 4$. o.6 "alder" Latin. 8ote1 no Gree# cognates. de Vaan


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merula 4$.6 Latin.

2mesal-#-eh- Proto-Celtic.

moelh 4$.6 ?ld Cornish.

moualc 4$.6 ;reton.

m(yalch 4$.6 Aelsh.

2-ana- "$ruit" 8orth uropean or uropean %ubstratum. 9roonen


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2arut-taugo1- 4$.6 monetary unit.

^rtog ?ld 8orse.

ertog ?ld 8orse.

aruz 4m.6 ?ld @igh Germanic.

2arutBa- 4n.6 "ore." Proto-Germanic.

aruzi 4n.6 ?ld @igh Germanic.

rz 4n.6 German.

2raud- "ore lump." Pre-$orm.

raudus [ ru1dus "ore lump." Latin.

urud4u6 "copper." %umerian. Connection unclear, 9roonen admits.

F%/5 a great sea creature. F bizarre eample because o$ a relict ablautingpattern that's clearly non-I unless there (as an idiosyncratic post-PIchesterization. 3;ase pair must have been 2a-s-e-tr- 4a-pref _ inf6 D 2str-4a0less67. %chriBver )**Zb: 9roonen


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2sturBa[o1n- 4m.[$.6 "sturgeon." Proto-Germanic.

;FGG5 "mud." %ubstratum. ?riginal a coastal term, the (ord (as borro(edinto German. %la(s#i 4)*`6 supposes Proto-Germanic 2bagra-, (ith a

relationship (ith Proto-%lavic 2bagno- as relicts o$ an r[n-stem. Polome )**+.

baggher "mud," "sludge." iddle Wutch.

baggaert iddle Wutch.

baggelBe &risian.

baggeln Groningen 4dialectical6.

2bhardha1 "beard." Indo-uropean %ubstratum. Po#orny suggests this (ord(as a dialect innovation among the I spea#ers that (ould later become theGermanic and ;alto-%lavic branches. /he a-vocalism may imply a substratum(ord. ;out#an %iebinga


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2benuta- 4m.6 "bentgrass." Proto-Germanic.

2bunuta- 4m.6 "tu$ted grass." Proto-Germanic.

2besm-an- 4m.6 "rod," "birch." Proto-Aest Germanic %ubstratum. ;out#an %iebinga cite Pfe$er 4)**6 3(ithout $urther in$ormation o$ the citation7 (hocompares Germanic $orms to Latin fscus "bas#et" but given the limitedattestation to Aest Germanic, ;out#an %iebinga 4


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eel nglish.

P>5 "4(ild6 boar." %ubstratum. Initial vo(els disagree in each proto-language, leading one to conclude they (ere borro(ed. 3Implying 2VVpr57.

9roonen


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Counter proposals include 2elmo- 4Aat#ins6 and 2h)\lem D 2h)4e6lmos (hichallory Fdams 4)**Z6 opine may be the remnant o$ an old root noun.3allory Fdams have the most convincing eplanation, see 2ui4n6- in theirncylopedia7.

2lVm-

2limo- "elm" Proto-Celtic.

lem "elm" ?ld Irish.

2Vlm-

2elmos "elm" arly Proto-Italic.

2olmos "elm" Proto-Italic.

ulmus 4$. o.6 "elm," "elm tree." Latin.

lmboum "elm" ?ld @igh Germanic.

elm "elm" nglish.

almr "elm" ?ld Icelandic.

2$raisana8 4$.6 "danger." Proto-Germanic. Wierent verbal and nominal$ormations may indicate non-I origin. ;out#an %iebinga


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GFP>5 "goat." uropean. Wierences bet(een 2#- and 2g- cannot be resolvedinto a sole proto-$orm, (hich 9roonen 4


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crand-gus "pine tree" ?ld Irish.

giumhas "resin" Irish. Wi0cult to trace to 2gis-usto-, perhaps representative o$alternative Proto-Celtic etymon.

giuthas "fr" Gaelic. %ame di0culty as giumhas.

2#use, 2#ose type o$ tree Proto-Kralic. Variously reconstructed.

#uusi "fr," "spruce" &innish.

guossj "spruce" 8orth %aami.

2is-o "gravel." 8orthern uropean. Probably ultimately $rom the Caucasus.9roonen


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cag "trun#." nglish.

2ogh-oro- 34m.6 "part o$ a tree," "shrubbery"7 Proto-;altic.

kgaras 4m.6 "t(ig," 4pl.6 "shrubs" Lithuanian.

kagari 4pl.6 "shrubs" Latvian.

G>V%5 "gristle." %ubstratum to Proto-Aest Germanic. 3F late date loan toProto-Aest Germanic or an internal innovation57 ;out#an %iebinga e!ees in ?ld nglish and ?ld &risian. >e!ein iddle Lo( Germanic probably imported $rom &risian.

2gru[os- %outhern Aest Germanic languages 4@igh Germanic and %aon6.

2gros-il- Proto-Aest Germanic. >e!e in ?ld @igh Germanic and ?ld %aon.

2gru[os-p-il- Proto-Aest Germanic. >e!e in ?ld @igh Germanic.

2gru[os-t-il[ul[l- Proto-Aest Germanic. >e!e in ?ld @igh Germanic.

2gros-t Proto-Aest Germanic. >e!e in ?ld nglish that seems to bizarrelycon$orms to the %outhern 2gru[os- $orm. 3Possibly contamination $rom %aoninvaders to the ;ritish Isles57.

2gVg- "Ba(." Pre-Proto-Germanic. F non-I ablaut pattern and the Germanic


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(ords points to an impossible 2gVg- in Pre-Germanic. 3Problem also occurselse(here, see 2Vgh-7. ;out#an %iebinga.

2#eu#- "Ba(" Proto-Germanic.

2#au#o1n- "chee#." Proto-Germanic. >e!ees in ?ld nglish.

2#e1#an- "Ba(." Proto-Germanic. >e!ees in ?ld &risian, iddle Lo( Germanic,and iddle Wuthc.

2#e#o1n- "Ba(." Proto-Germanic. >e!ees in iddle Lo( Germanic and8or(egian.

2#o1#o1 "mouth." Proto-Germanic. >e!e in ?ld 8orse.

32Vgh- "(ood," "tree segment" Indo-uropean %ubstratum. Wisclosure1 myo(n hypothesis, not $ound in peer-revie(ed literature. Fn Indo-uropeandaughter language that arrived in urope prior to surviving $amilies thatretained palatal 2 $rom PI. >e!ees betray larger I ablauting pattern as

(ell as tree su0 2-on- $ound in Italic.

2ogh-on- "shrub," "small part o$ tree" 8orth uropean. %u0 2-on- is not 8&%PI 2-on- but related to arboreal su0es Italic 2-n- 4c$. $rainus6 and Celtic 2-Vn- and possibly Gree#. %ee 2 - in /ree 8ames.

2#agan- "part o$ 4small6 tree" Proto-Germanic. 9roonen


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2#e1##a4n6- "(ooden henge $or punishment" Pre-Proto-Germanic. Vo(eletension $rom ablaut, stress shi$t or proterodynamite. ore research needed.M 2#e1gh-#a4n6-.

2#o1##o1n- "s#id," "sledge runner." %#ids (ere made o$ (ood. Vo(el etensioneither $rom ablaut, 2o1-mutation, stress shi$t, reduplication 456 orproterodynamite. ore research needed. M 2#o1gh-#o1n-.

2#o1#o1n- 4m.6 "s#id" Proto-Germanic.

2ho1d- D 2hatt- "hat." %ubstratum. Proto-Germanic. &orm points to an

impossible structure in PI. Compared (ith Latin cassis "helmet," (hich (asidentifed in Isidore's encyclopedia tymologiae 4.)=.)6 as an truscan loan.?ther problems an include unusual ablaut, alternate consonant length.Connection (ith Proto-Germanic 2heq-en-az "clothing" is dismissed. ;out#an %iebinga


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2hnig(-E- "bend do(n." Proto-Germanic. >e!e in ?ld nglish.

2hnig(-no- "sin#." Proto-Germanic. >e!e in ?ld 8orse.

2hni#4#6-Ba- "bend," "nod." Proto-Germanic.

2@ito- "oath." Possibly PI but could also be a substratum based on thelimited range o$ the (ord and the semantic closeness. 9roonen notes this isprobably part o$ a regional legal tradition and that many Germanic (ordshave peculiar deriviations o$ 'oath' 4e.g. %(edish ed-gHng- "oath-(al#"6.;out#an %iebinga


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;out#an %iebinga e!ees in iddle Lo( Germanic, ?ld Wutch and possibly ?ld8orse.

2ili 4m.6 "$ootsole." >e!ees in ?ld nglish, ?ld &risian, and iddle Lo(Germanic.

lia "$emale se organs." Gree#. F semantic stretch.

i1lia "belly." Latin. ;out#an %iebinga 4e!e in ?ld nglish.

2ilBen- "bump," "bruise." In minor @igh German dialects.

2ilB "$ootsole." >e!e in ?ld 8orse.

2#agila- 3"pin," "cone," "(edge"7 8orth uropean %ubstratum. 3%ee noteunder 2#Vg-7. 9roonen


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#a1# 4m.6 "pillory" iddle Lo( Germanic.

2#lun-i- "maple tree" %ubstratum. Possible uropean loan(ord but perhaps$rom PI 2#l\u-un 4nom.6: 2#lu-\n-s 4gen.6 as a proterodynamic noun satisfesvo(el disagreement in various re!ees. 3Probably bar#ing up the (rong tree

here on this one.7 9roonen


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harug "grove," "place o$ sacrifce." ?ld @igh Germanic.

#ar##o, -u "pile," "stone (all," "cli." &innish. ;orro(ing $rom Proto-Germanic.

2#ra#ia1- "roc#." Proto-Celtic. %ee entry in Pre-Proto-Celtic..

2#ra##a1- "small hill." Proto-Celtic. %ee entry in Pre-Proto-Celtic.

2#rn- "heap o$ stones." Proto-Celtic. %ee entry in Pre-Proto-Celtic.

2#rs-V#-w1- "stone," "roc#." Proto-Celtic. 3I fnd this reconstruction hard tobelieve7. %ee entry in Pre-Proto-Celtic.

2#nu-C- "nut." Aestern uropean. F classic substratum term. 38ote theincompatible su0es. /his needs (or#7. 9roonen ?W5 "toad." %ubstratum. ?nly in Germanic languages in the south. Frelationship (ith Gree# btra#hos can be discounted 4We Vries )*Z)6. /hegeographic isolation to southern Germanic languages ma#es this aninteresting candidate. Polome )**+.


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3?[F-$orm Fblaut.7

cra[ode iddle Wutch.

#rade iddle Lo( German.

#rota ?ld @igh German.

3-$orm Fblaut.7

#rede iddle Lo( German.

#reta ?ld @igh German.

2#umar "lobster." %ubstratum: 3editerranean57. Gree# variations point to anon-I pre-$orm. 9roonen


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2lent-eh- "lime tree bar#," "board." Proto-;altic

2maldo1- "saltbrush." %ubstratum. /his reconstruction is assumed i$ the (ordis not I and not related to Gree# $orms. I$ one attempts a reconstruction into

PI, 9roonen 4


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2magan- 4m.6 "stomach." Proto-Germanic.

2ma#-o- 4m.6 "stomach," "gums" 456. Proto-;altic.

2mo#i1-na1- 4$.6 "bello(s." Proto-Celtic.

2mo#-in-eh- 4$.6 "small bag," "pouch." Proto-%lavic.

2mr#- [ 2br#- "(ild carrot." uropean. 9roonen 4


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2mr#-u@- Proto-%lavic.

>FP5 "turnip." Aestern uropean. Fn agricultural substratum term. 8ote thedual a-pref (ith zero-grade versus zero-pref (ith $ull grade that is so

common among substratum terms. F $ull reconstruction, ho(ever, is notoered. %chriBver )**Zb: 9roonen


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2sahaza- 4m.6 Proto-Germanic.

2seha- Pre-$orm o$ ?ld %aon.

2se#-s4#6-i- Pre-$orm o$ Celtic $orms through metathesis.

2sali#-[2seli#- "sallo(," "(illo(." uropean: 3Aander(ort7. Aidely attested butunderstudied. Counter-proposal is PI 2sal[#- "(illo(." 3/he a-vocalism isclearly a divisive point here: one must ma#e a value Budgment1 accept the a-vo(el as I or not, but (ith the homogeneity o$ gender as (ell as uadra-$amilial attestation, this loo#s at least li#e a borro(ing $rom a late stage innarro( PI rather than during Proto-Germanic7. I$ one reBects the ycenaean$orm as unrelated then (e are le$t (ith Bust the frst, 2sali#-. 9roonen


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2sle1)pana8 4v.6 "sleep." Proto-Germanic.

2s#al#a- 4m.6 "servant." Proto-Germanic. Intriguingly proposed to be $rom thename o$ a subBugated people. ;out#an %iebinga


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3alir un#no(n meaning. Iberian. ?ccurs in pecuniary $ormula iltita-alir-ban.Laminal [s[ is shared (ith ;asue zilar as [VlVr[ and other(ise uniue tourope. Ahile Iberian and ;asue languages are unli#ely to be related, they

shared a numeration system, the product o$ years o$ close contac. nding-ban evidently mirrors ;asue ban "one," "a," "single," yielding somethingli#e "one alir 4silver coin56." ?ther uropean (ords could be re-interpreted asun(ittingly internalizing 2sila-[2salir- "silver" _ 2bar "one" as a single (ord.7

2silabur- Proto-Germanic.

silubr Gothic.

sil$r ?ld 8orse. 3Aas 2-ur- re-analyzed as nom. case -r in ?ld 8orse and latereliminated due to analogy57

silo$r ?ld nglish.

seolubr ?ld nglish.

siol$or ?ld nglish.

siluar ?ld %aon.

sil4a6bar ?ld @igh Germanic

silver iddle Wutch.

silab[Pur Celtiberian. Competed (ith native Proto-Celtic 2arganto-. ?ther


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Celtic tongues did not pic# up the (ord.

QUST "iron" Gree#. Ksually not included by linguists, but ;ee#es 4


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someho(. /ras#


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2s(e[il-#-o1n- "vesicle." Proto-Germanic. >e!e in ?ld nglish.

2s(il- "bump." Proto-Germanic. >e!ees in ?ld %aon and ?ld @igh Germanic.

2s(ulla- "s(elling." Proto-Germanic. >e!ees in ?ld &risian and ?ld 8orse.

2s(uli- "s(elling." Proto-Germanic. >e!e in ?ld nglish.

2]-s-[-is 4su0es6 %ubstratum. ;alto-%lavic and Germanic variations revealt(in su0es o$ un#no(n meaning: appears in 2alsnos. Wer#sen e!e in ?ld &risian.


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touto "citizenship," "the state." ?scan.

tath "people." ?ld Irish.

2Jeuba- "thie$." Proto-Germanic %ubstratum. %upposed to have originallyre$erred to a specifc type o$ the$t (hich reuired borro(ing $rom asubstratum language. ;out#an %iebinga


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fchid "struggle." ?ld Irish.

2ui1#- "$ued," "anger," "resentment." Proto-Celtic. >e!e in ?ld Irish.

2ui##- "ferce." Proto-Celtic. >e!e in Aelsh.

vinco1 "vanuish." Latin.

vincter "conuers," "(ins." ?scan.

2(eig- "struggle," "battle." Proto-Germanic.

;ibliography.

;ee#es, >obert %. L. "/he etymology o$ Germ. &un#e "spar#"". Fmsterdamer;eitrXge zur Xlteren Germanisti#. Vol. =. )**.

;ee#es, >obert %. L. tymological Wictionary o$ Gree#. Indo-uropeanWictionaries ?nline. d. by Fleander Lubots#y. ;rill, odopi. )***.

;out#an, Wir# %Boerd %iebinga. tymological Wicitionary o$ ?ld &risian. Indo-uropean Wictionaries ?nline. d. by Fleander Lubots#y. ;rill,


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de Vries, an. 8ederlands etymologisch (oordenboe#. Leiden. )*Z).

Wer#sen, >ic#. tymological Wictionary o$ the %lavic Inherited Leicon. Indo-uropean tymological Wictionaries ?nline. d. by Fleander Lubots#y. ;rill,


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Polome, dgar C. "Wutch and the %tudy o$ Proto-Germanic tymology" inCurrent /rends in Aest Germanic tymological Leicography. Proceedings o$the %ymposium @eld in Fmsterdam. d. by >ol$ @ ;remmer, r. an Van den;erg. ;rill. )**+.

Po#orny, ulius. Indogermanisches etymologisches Arterbuch. ;ern1 &ranc#e.)*`*.

%chriBver, Peter. %tudies in the @istory o$ Celtic Pronouns and Particles.aynooth. )**Z.

%chriBver, Peter. "Fnimal, Vegetable and ineral1 %ome Aestern uropean%ubstratum Aords". %ound La( and Fnalogy1 Papers in @onor o$ >.%.P.;ee#es. d. by Fleander Lubots#y. Fmsterdam. )**Zb.

%la(s#i, &rantisze#. %lo(ni# etymologiczny Bezy#a pols#iego. 9ra#o(. )*`-)*.

cranberrys pre proto germanic

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