cranial hematomas (injury)

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Cranial Hematomas

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Page 1: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Cranial Hematomas

Page 2: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Hematoma• Localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, & then coagulate and solidify before blood is reabsorbed.

Disease: sickle cell disease, infection, tumorsTrauma: injury or surgery• Hemorrhage is active or ongoing bleeding. • Hematoma is a pathologic collection of blood in body tissues, outside of blood vessels.

Page 3: Cranial hematomas (injury)

ClassificationLoaction• Cranial hematoma• Subdermal hematoma• Breast hematoma• Perichondral hematoma• Perianal hematoma• Subungual hematomaSize• Petechia < 2 mm• Purpura 2 mm – 1 cm• Bruise (ecchymosis, contusion) > 1 cm

Page 4: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Cranial hematomas• Intra-axial (cerebral) hematoma:• Intraparenchymal• Intraventricular• Extra-axial hematoma:• Epidural• Subdural• Subarachnoid

Page 5: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Caput succedaneum• Between the scalp and the periosteum.• Caused by the pressure of the presenting part of the scalp against the dilating cervix during delivery.• Presents as a scalp swelling that extends across the midline and over suture lines and is associated with head molding.• Usually resolves over the first few days.• Management consists of observation only.

Page 6: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Subgaleal hematoma• Occurs in the space between the skull periosteum and the scalp galea (epicranial) aponeurosis.• Ruptures the emissary veins.• Ventouse (vacuum extraction): used in the second stage of labour if it has not progressed adequately.• Raccoon eyes, hemorrhagic shock, hyperbilirubinemia.

Page 7: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Cephalohematoma• Occurs between the skull and the periosteum of a newborn secondary to rupture of blood vessels crossing the periosteum.• Due to prolonged second stage of labor or instrumental delivery.• Jaundice, anemia, hypotension• Risk of infection: osteomyelitis, meningitis• Differential diagnosis: subgaleal hematoma

Page 8: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Epidural hematoma• Mostly originate from meningeal arteries, particularly in the temporal region.• Commonly results from a blow to the side of the head.• Anterior division of the middle meningeal

artery runs underneath the pterion.• Lucid interval, unconsciousness, loss of pupillary light reflex, Cushing’s triad.

Page 9: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Subdural hematoma• Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.• Results from tears in bridging veins which cross the subdural space.• Slower onset than epidural.• Life-threatening when acute, but better prognosis if chronic.• Increased intracranial pressure leading to gradual increase of headache & confusion with slowly progressive neurologic deterioration.

Page 10: Cranial hematomas (injury)

Subarachnoid hematoma• Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia

mater.• ~85% rupture of a cerebral aneurysm.• They tend to be located in the Circle of Willis and its branches.• Thunderclap headache,   vomiting, seizures, decreased level of consciousness,    hemiparesis, Terson syndrome.

Page 11: Cranial hematomas (injury)