craniate embryogenesis
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Mrs. Ofelia Solano SaludarDepartment of Natural Sciences
University of St. La Salle
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YOUTH IS ABLUNDER,
MANHOOD ASTRUGGLE,
OLD AGE A REGRET.
Benjamin Disraeli on life history:
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OVIPARITY- egg-laying; contains yolk and
albumen to support development
VIVIPARITY- offspring is born alive
EUVIVIPARITY- maternal tissues provide
nutrition, e.g. histotrophic (embryotrophic)
nutrition derived from glandular secretions,
e.g. placenta
OVOVIVIPARITY- egg providesnourishment throughout
pregnancy, mother provides
protection and oxygen; e.g. shark
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9G_bDhdSBpKz0AA1mmJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBybWhyMzVrBHBvcwMxNARzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANJMTEwXzEzMQ--/SIG=1nlbuvtr3/EXP=1243322845/**http:/images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?custom=600x400&_adv_prop=images&ei=utf-8&va=ovoviviparous+snakes&vm=r&fr=yfp-t-501&fr2=tab-web&w=500&h=339&imgurl=static.flickr.com/3603/3304438990_f92bff760a.jpg&rurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/thorhakonsen/3304438990/&size=70k&name=Eryx+colubrinus+...&p=ovoviviparous+snakes&oid=461aff040ee18d78&fr2=tab-web&fusr=Thor+Hakonse...&hurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/thorhakonsen/&no=14&tt=18&sigr=11ls5tf61&sigi=11g5ssr8k&sigb=14bnkuetq&sigh=11adirhqd&adv=1http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9G_bDhdSBpKz0AA1mmJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBybWhyMzVrBHBvcwMxNARzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANJMTEwXzEzMQ--/SIG=1nlbuvtr3/EXP=1243322845/**http:/images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?custom=600x400&_adv_prop=images&ei=utf-8&va=ovoviviparous+snakes&vm=r&fr=yfp-t-501&fr2=tab-web&w=500&h=339&imgurl=static.flickr.com/3603/3304438990_f92bff760a.jpg&rurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/thorhakonsen/3304438990/&size=70k&name=Eryx+colubrinus+...&p=ovoviviparous+snakes&oid=461aff040ee18d78&fr2=tab-web&fusr=Thor+Hakonse...&hurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/thorhakonsen/&no=14&tt=18&sigr=11ls5tf61&sigi=11g5ssr8k&sigb=14bnkuetq&sigh=11adirhqd&adv=1 -
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1. EXTERNAL- oviparous forms
2. INTERNAL- viviparous forms
Spermatophore- gelatinous packet of sperm is
placed in the cloaca of female by the male, or
picked up by lips of females cloaca, e.g.
urodeles Spermathecae- crypts in the female tract
containing stored sperm which may fertilize
eggs when conditions become suitable
censored
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MICROLECITHAL, OLIGOLECITHAL orISOLECITHAL- little amount of yolk; yolk evenly
distributed: echinoderms, Amphioxus, mammals
MESOLECITHAL- moderate amount of yolk found invegetal pole: many fishes, lampreys, amphibians
MACROLECITHAL- large amounts of yolk found:
shark, monotremesTELOLECITHAL- yolk concentrated on one pole;
birds, reptiles, most nontherian craniates
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AMPHIOXUS
AMPHIBIAN
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BIRD
EMBRYOGENESIS
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YOLK SAC-surrounds the yolk; Meckels diverticulum is
vestigial yolk sac of man
CHORION- lines eggshell
or mothers uterus
AMNION- preventsdessication of embryo
and buffers fetus against
mechanical trauma
ALLANTOIS- respiratoryorgan, site of exchange
of nutrients and metabolic
wastes between mother
and embryo; proximal part becomes urinary bladder
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SIMPLE YOLK SAC-serves as a membrane for absorbing oxygen
and nourishment from maternal tissues; e.g. viviparous anamniotesCHORIOVITELLINE- yolk sac lies against the chorion; e.g.
marsupials
CHORIOALLANTOIC- chorioallantoic membrane is in direct contact
with maternal uterine lining; reptiles, monotremes, eutherians
NONDECIDUOUS vs. DECIDUOUS-fetal membranes peel away
without shedding of uterine lining (ungulates), or disengage with
bleeding from the invaded tissues of uterine lining (man)
CHORIONIC VILLImaybe arranged in cotyledonary (patches), zonary
(band), diffuse, or discoidal patterns
a device which allows an embryo to obtain food
from the mother. In return the embryo provides bodily waste and
eventually, birth pains, stretch marks & sleepless nights.
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Feeding the kids to be
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The mutual associations established among
cells and tissues determine the eventual
developmental outcome.
SCLERO
TOMES
CARTI
LAGES
VERTE
BRAE
SPI
NAL
CORD
NEU
RAL
TUBE
INDUCTION-stimulatory effect betweendeveloping parts of the embryo
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MORPHOGENS- inductor (signaling) proteins
expressed by specific homeotic genes that induce
organization of the germ layers and participate in the
differentiation of specialized tissues from embryonic
mesenchyme.
HOMEOTIC GENES- Hox gene clusters determine thefates of individual segments in Drosophila and craniates
Sonic Hedgehog- participate in differentiation of the
notochord, early neural tube, fins or limbs
Chordin- secreted by genes in the dorsal lip of the
blastopore; body axis-forming activity in early
gastrulation
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MORPHOGENS
MESENCHYMEdendritic, undifferentiated embryonic cells
BLASTEMAtotipotent mesenchymal aggregates
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EPIDERMIS NEURAL PLATE NEURAL CREST
Epidermis
Stomodeum-
mouth; Rathkes
pouch;
mammalian
enamel
Proctodeum-cloacal opening
Extraembryonic
membranes
Telencephalon- cerebral
hemispheres
Diencephalon- thalamus;
Mesencephalon-optic lobes
Metencephalon-
cerebellum
Myelencephalon- medulla
oblongata
Olfactory, otic, optic,
epibranchial placodes and
neuromasts
Neural tube- spinal cord
Ganglionic neural
crest
Neuroglia (Schwann
cells)
Ectomesenchyme-
melanocytes
Visceral skeleton
Adrenal medulla
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EPIMERE MESOMERE HYPOMERE
SOMITE
Dermatome-
dermis
Myotome-
body
musculature
Sclerotome-
vertebral
column
NEPHROTOME
Kidney and
urogenital
ducts:
pronephric
tubules and
duct,
mesonephric
tubules, renal
cortex
Somato
pleure
Splanchno
pleure
Limbs
Parietal
peritoneum
Genital ridge-gonads
CT of skeleton
and body wall
Blood vascular-
heart, vessels
Visceral
peritoneumMesenteries
Extraembryonic
membranes
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FOREGUT MIDGUT HINDGUT
Pharynx- oral and
nasal cavities andderivatives;
pharyngeal pouches
Posterior foregut-esophagus, lungs
buds (trachea)
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Small andlarge
intestines
Allantois-
urinarybladder
Urogenital
sinus- cloaca
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QUESTIONS?
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QUESTIONS?
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Quiz next meeting.
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