cranium rtec 233 fall 2008 fall 2008 week 1 & 2. cranial anatomy calvaria calvaria frontal...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cranium Cranium
RTEC 233RTEC 233
Fall 2008Fall 2008
Week 1 & 2Week 1 & 2
![Page 2: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cranial AnatomyCranial Anatomy
CalvariaCalvaria
FrontalFrontal
OccipitalOccipital
Left ParietalLeft Parietal
Right ParietalRight Parietal
FloorFloor
EthmoidEthmoid
SphenoidSphenoid
Left TemporalLeft Temporal
Right TemporalRight Temporal
![Page 3: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The regions of the Cranial The regions of the Cranial FloorFloor
Anterior: extends form anterior frontal Anterior: extends form anterior frontal bone to the lesser wings of the sphenoidbone to the lesser wings of the sphenoid It is associated with frontal lobes of cerebellumIt is associated with frontal lobes of cerebellum
Middle: Extends from lesser wings to the Middle: Extends from lesser wings to the apices of petrous ridges of temporal boneapices of petrous ridges of temporal bone Accommodates temporal lobes and associated Accommodates temporal lobes and associated
neurovascular structuresneurovascular structures
Posterior: deep depression posterior to Posterior: deep depression posterior to petrous ridge petrous ridge which protects cerebellum, pons and medulla which protects cerebellum, pons and medulla
oblongataoblongata
![Page 4: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Frontal BoneFrontal Bone
Has a vertical and Has a vertical and horizontal portionhorizontal portion Vertical portion- Vertical portion-
forms the forehead forms the forehead and anterior part of and anterior part of the vaultthe vault
Horizontal portion- Horizontal portion- forms roof of orbits, forms roof of orbits, part of the roof of part of the roof of nasal cavity, and nasal cavity, and greater part of greater part of anterior cranial anterior cranial fossa.fossa.
![Page 5: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Parietal BoneParietal Bone Forms large part of Forms large part of
sides of the craniumsides of the cranium
Forms posterior Forms posterior portion of the portion of the cranial floorcranial floor
Parietal eminence is Parietal eminence is used to measure used to measure width of headwidth of head
![Page 6: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Occipital BoneOccipital Bone Inferosuperior portion of calvariaInferosuperior portion of calvaria Squamous portion is superior to inionSquamous portion is superior to inion Ext. occipital protuberance – prominent bulge Ext. occipital protuberance – prominent bulge Contains foramen magnum and articulates Contains foramen magnum and articulates
with atlas (C1)with atlas (C1)
![Page 7: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ethmoid BoneEthmoid Bone Horizontal portion is called cribiform plateHorizontal portion is called cribiform plate
Vertical portion is called perpendicular plateVertical portion is called perpendicular plate
2 light spongy labyrinths2 light spongy labyrinths
![Page 8: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sphenoid BoneSphenoid Bone Resembles shape of Resembles shape of
a bata bat
Consists of a body, 2 Consists of a body, 2 lesser wings, 2 lesser wings, 2 greater wings, 2 greater wings, 2 pterygoid processespterygoid processes
Contains Sella Contains Sella turcica- important turcica- important for positioning errorsfor positioning errors
![Page 9: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sella TurcicaSella Turcica
Lies in the MSP Lies in the MSP ¾” anterior & ¾” anterior &
superior to EAMsuperior to EAM
Deformity of the Deformity of the sella is often the sella is often the only clue that a only clue that a lesion exists lesion exists intracraniallyintracranially
![Page 10: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Temporal BoneTemporal Bone Divided in 3 partsDivided in 3 parts
Squamous: upper Squamous: upper portion forming part portion forming part of the wall of skullof the wall of skull
Mastoid: Posterior to Mastoid: Posterior to EAM contains EAM contains mastoid tip (process)mastoid tip (process)
Petrous: dense & Petrous: dense & houses organs of houses organs of hearing and balancehearing and balance
Thickest most dense Thickest most dense bone in craniumbone in cranium
Level of TEALevel of TEA
![Page 11: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Superior CraniumSuperior Cranium
Visualized more Visualized more clearly:clearly: SphenoidSphenoid TemporalsTemporals OccipitalOccipital FrontalFrontal
Not well visualized:Not well visualized: EthmoidEthmoid ParietalsParietals
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 12: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Lateral CraniumLateral Cranium
From this view you can visualize From this view you can visualize all the cranial bonesall the cranial bones
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 13: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Infant SuturesInfant Sutures& Fontanels& Fontanels AnteriorAnterior
Close approx 2 yearsClose approx 2 years
2 Mastoids2 Mastoids Close approx 2 yearsClose approx 2 years
2 Sphenoidal2 Sphenoidal 1-3 months old1-3 months old
PosteriorPosterior 1-3 months1-3 months
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 14: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Adult SuturesAdult Suturesand Junctionsand Junctions Sutures:Sutures:
Coronal Coronal
SagittalSagittal
SquamosalSquamosal
LamboidalLamboidal
JunctionsJunctions
BregmaBregma
LambdaLambda
PterionPterion
AsterionAsterionCopyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 15: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Lets compareLets compare
InfantInfant Anterior fontanel Anterior fontanel
Posterior fontanel Posterior fontanel
Sphenoidal fontanelsSphenoidal fontanels
Mastoidal fontanels Mastoidal fontanels
AdultAdult BregmaBregma
LambdaLambda
PterionsPterions
AsterionsAsterions
![Page 16: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anterior CraniumAnterior Cranium
Not able to Not able to visualize:visualize: OccipitalOccipital EthmoidEthmoid
Able to visualize:Able to visualize: ParietalsParietals FrontalFrontal SphenoidSphenoid TemporalsTemporals
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 17: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cranial TopographyCranial Topography
![Page 18: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SurfaceSurfaceLandmarksLandmarks
![Page 19: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Skull morphologySkull morphology Mesocephalic: Mesocephalic:
averageaverage 47 degrees47 degrees
Brachycephalic: Brachycephalic: Short and broad Short and broad Width 80% or Width 80% or
greater than lengthgreater than length 54 degrees54 degrees
Dolichocephalic: Dolichocephalic: long and narrowlong and narrow Width is less than Width is less than
75% than the 75% than the lengthlength
40 degrees40 degrees
![Page 20: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Skull Positioning LinesSkull Positioning Lines
![Page 21: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Skull TopographySkull Topography
GlabellaGlabella Inner canthusInner canthus Outer canthusOuter canthus NasionNasion Infraorbital Infraorbital
marginmargin AcanthionAcanthion
GonionGonion Mental pointMental point External auditory External auditory
meatus (EAM)meatus (EAM) Auricular pointAuricular point Top of ear Top of ear
attachment (TEA)attachment (TEA)
Be able to locate the following landmarks:
![Page 22: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Radiographic LandmarksRadiographic Landmarks
Interpupillary line (IPL)Interpupillary line (IPL) Perpendicular line between pupils of Perpendicular line between pupils of
eyeseyes Acanthiomeatal line (AML)Acanthiomeatal line (AML)
From acanthion to EAMFrom acanthion to EAM Mentomeatal line (MML)Mentomeatal line (MML)
From mental point (center of chin) to From mental point (center of chin) to EAMEAM
![Page 23: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Radiographic LandmarksRadiographic Landmarks
Orbitomeatal line (OML)Orbitomeatal line (OML) From outer canthus to EAMFrom outer canthus to EAM
InfraorbitomeatalInfraorbitomeatal line (IOML)line (IOML) From infraorbital margin to EAMFrom infraorbital margin to EAM
Glabellomeatal line (GML)Glabellomeatal line (GML) From glabella to EAMFrom glabella to EAM
![Page 24: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Positioning AidsPositioning AidsUse any straightedge:•Straw•Pen/pencil
![Page 25: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Most Common Positioning Most Common Positioning ErrorsErrors
RotationRotation
TiltTilt
Excessive FlexionExcessive Flexion
Excessive ExtensionExcessive Extension
Incorrect CR angleIncorrect CR angle
Rotation
TiltCopyright © 2005, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 26: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Indications for Cranial Indications for Cranial RadiographyRadiography
Skull fracturesSkull fractures
LinearLinear DepressedDepressed Basal skullBasal skull
Gunshot woundsGunshot wounds
Pituitary AdenomasPituitary Adenomas
Subdural hematomaSubdural hematoma
NeoplasmsNeoplasms MetastasesMetastases
OsteolyticOsteolytic OsteoblasticOsteoblastic Combo of bothCombo of both
Multiple myelomaMultiple myeloma
Paget’s DiseasePaget’s Disease
Acoustic neuromaAcoustic neuroma
![Page 27: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
http://www.skullbaseinstitute.com/vidhttp://www.skullbaseinstitute.com/video_pituitary_tumor.htmeo_pituitary_tumor.htm
http://www.skullbaseinstitute.com/http://www.skullbaseinstitute.com/video_acoustic_neuroma.htmvideo_acoustic_neuroma.htm
![Page 28: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Disinfect the Table or Disinfect the Table or Bucky!!Bucky!!
![Page 29: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CleanlinessCleanliness
Hair and skin of face are naturally Hair and skin of face are naturally oily; illness often increases oilinessoily; illness often increases oiliness
Cranial procedures require direct Cranial procedures require direct contact of patient’s face with VBScontact of patient’s face with VBS
CleanClean device after each patient device after each patient WashWash your hands!!! your hands!!!
![Page 30: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection
Collimate to anatomy of interestCollimate to anatomy of interest Shield gonads/abdomen of pediatric Shield gonads/abdomen of pediatric
patients and those of reproductive agepatients and those of reproductive age Shield thyroid and thymus of pediatric Shield thyroid and thymus of pediatric
patient when doing so will not interfere patient when doing so will not interfere with demonstration of anatomy of with demonstration of anatomy of interestinterest
Good communication and positioning Good communication and positioning skills reduce chance of need for repeat skills reduce chance of need for repeat radiographsradiographs
![Page 31: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
General Body PositionGeneral Body Position
Hyposthenic/asthenic patients Hyposthenic/asthenic patients usually need support at chest to usually need support at chest to elevate C-spineelevate C-spine Helps prevent downward tilt of MSPHelps prevent downward tilt of MSP
Hypersthenic patients require Hypersthenic patients require radiolucent support at headradiolucent support at head Helps prevent upward tilt of MSPHelps prevent upward tilt of MSP
![Page 32: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hyposthenic/Asthenic Hyposthenic/Asthenic PatientsPatients
![Page 33: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hypersthenic PatientsHypersthenic Patients
![Page 34: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Positioning: Lateral SkullPositioning: Lateral Skull
Seated upright or Seated upright or semi-pronesemi-prone
MSP is parallel to IRMSP is parallel to IR
Interpupillary line is Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IRperpendicular to IR
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
CR enters 2” superior CR enters 2” superior to EAMto EAM
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 35: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Positioning Trauma Lateral Positioning Trauma Lateral SkullSkull
Supine with sponge Supine with sponge under headunder head
MSP is parallel to IRMSP is parallel to IR
Interpupillary line is Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IRperpendicular to IR
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
CR enters 2” superior CR enters 2” superior to EAMto EAM
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 36: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Lateral SkullLateral Skull
![Page 37: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lateral Skull RadiographLateral Skull Radiograph Entire cranium without Entire cranium without
rotation/tiltrotation/tilt
SI orbital roofs, SI orbital roofs, greater wings of greater wings of sphenoid, and TMJ’ssphenoid, and TMJ’s
Sella turcica in profileSella turcica in profile
Penetration of parietal Penetration of parietal
No overlap c-spine by No overlap c-spine by mandiblemandible
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 38: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Common PA projectionsCommon PA projections
PA projections Skull
0 degrees
Frontal bone
15 degree caudal
Caldwell
25 – 30 caudal
Rotundum foramina, Superior orbital
fissures
![Page 39: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Positioning PA, PA Axial & Positioning PA, PA Axial & CaldwellCaldwell
Prone or seated uprightProne or seated upright
Forehead and nose Forehead and nose against bucky or tableagainst bucky or table
OML perpendicular to IROML perpendicular to IR
MSP perpendicular to IRMSP perpendicular to IR
Respiration: suspendRespiration: suspend
CR: 0, 15 caudal or 25-CR: 0, 15 caudal or 25-30 caudal, exiting 30 caudal, exiting nasionnasion Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 40: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Trauma PA and PA Axial Trauma PA and PA Axial SkullSkull
Semi supine: 1 side Semi supine: 1 side elevated to place head elevated to place head in true lateralin true lateral
Sponge under head Sponge under head
Nose and forehead Nose and forehead against vertical IRagainst vertical IR
OML perpendicular to OML perpendicular to IRIR
Direct horizontal CR Direct horizontal CR perpendicular or 15 perpendicular or 15 degrees caudad to degrees caudad to exit nasionexit nasion
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 41: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
PA and Caldwell PA and Caldwell RadiographsRadiographs
Entire skull with no Entire skull with no rotation or tiltrotation or tilt
Petrous ridges in lower 1/3 Petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits with 15 caudalof orbits with 15 caudal
Petrous ridges fill orbits Petrous ridges fill orbits with horizontal beamwith horizontal beam
Density and contrast are Density and contrast are sufficientsufficient
No motionNo motion
Nasion in center of film, Nasion in center of film, close collimationclose collimation
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 42: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences
Exit nasionExit nasion
Require close Require close collimationcollimation
OML is perpendicular to OML is perpendicular to plane of IRplane of IR
All axials have caudal All axials have caudal anglesangles
Respiration suspendedRespiration suspended
Position of petrous Position of petrous ridgesridges
Best seen Best seen
Body positionBody position
Where the CR entersWhere the CR enters
![Page 43: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Positioning: AP & AP Axial Positioning: AP & AP Axial SkullSkull
SupineSupine
OML perpendicular to OML perpendicular to IRIR
CR directed at nasion CR directed at nasion with a horizontal beam with a horizontal beam or 15 degrees cephalicor 15 degrees cephalic
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
![Page 44: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
AP Skull RadiographAP Skull Radiograph Entire skull with no Entire skull with no
rotation or tiltrotation or tilt
Petrous ridges in lower 1/3 Petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits with 15 cephaladof orbits with 15 cephalad
Petrous ridges fill orbits Petrous ridges fill orbits with horizontal beamwith horizontal beam
Density and contrast are Density and contrast are sufficientsufficient
No motionNo motion
Nasion in center of film, Nasion in center of film, close collimationclose collimation
Image is magnified Image is magnified compared to PAcompared to PA
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 45: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Positioning AP Axial (Towne)Positioning AP Axial (Towne)
Supine or seated uprightSupine or seated upright
MSP perpendicular to plane MSP perpendicular to plane of IRof IR
OML or IOML perpendicular OML or IOML perpendicular to IRto IR
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
CR 30 degrees caudal CR 30 degrees caudal (OML) or 37 caudal (IOML).(OML) or 37 caudal (IOML).
CR enters 2 ½” above CR enters 2 ½” above glabella through the level glabella through the level of EAMof EAM
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 46: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
AP Axial (Towne) AP Axial (Towne) RadiographRadiograph
Equal distance from Equal distance from lateral border of skull lateral border of skull to foramen magnumto foramen magnum
Symmetric petrous Symmetric petrous ridgesridges
Dorsum sellae and Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid posterior clinoid processes visible processes visible through foramen through foramen magnummagnum
Penetration of occipital Penetration of occipital bone without excessive bone without excessive densitydensity
![Page 47: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Sella TurcicaSella Turcica
![Page 48: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Townes ComparisonTownes Comparison
![Page 49: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Positioning PA Axial (Haas)Positioning PA Axial (Haas)
Prone or seated uprightProne or seated upright
Forehead and nose on table Forehead and nose on table or grid deviceor grid device
MSP perpendicular to the MSP perpendicular to the gridgrid
OML perpendicular to IROML perpendicular to IR
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
CR 25 degrees cephalad CR 25 degrees cephalad entering 1 1/2 “ below entering 1 1/2 “ below occipital protuberance.occipital protuberance.
R exits 1 ½” superior to R exits 1 ½” superior to nasionnasion
![Page 50: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
PA Axial (Haas) RadiographPA Axial (Haas) Radiograph Prone or seated Prone or seated
uprightupright
MSP & OML MSP & OML perpendicularperpendicular
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
Directed cephalic 25 Directed cephalic 25 degrees to enter 1 ½” degrees to enter 1 ½” below the inion.below the inion.
Exit 1 ½” superior to Exit 1 ½” superior to nasion. nasion.
Copyright © 2003, Mosby, Inc.
![Page 51: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Haas Haas PA AxialPA Axial
![Page 52: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Positioning SMV (Schüller)Positioning SMV (Schüller) Supine or seated Supine or seated
uprightupright
IOML parallel to IRIOML parallel to IR
MSP perpendicular to MSP perpendicular to IRIR
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
CR enters the MSP of CR enters the MSP of the throat between the throat between angles of mandible and angles of mandible and passes through a point passes through a point ¾”anterior to EAMS.¾”anterior to EAMS.
![Page 53: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SMV (Schüller) RadiographSMV (Schüller) Radiograph Adequate penetration Adequate penetration
of cranial baseof cranial base
Equal distance from Equal distance from lateral border of skull lateral border of skull to condylesto condyles
SI of mental SI of mental protuberance over protuberance over anterior frontal boneanterior frontal bone
Condlyes anterior to Condlyes anterior to petrous ridgespetrous ridges
Symmetric petrosaeSymmetric petrosae
![Page 54: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Positioning VSM (Schüller)Positioning VSM (Schüller)
ProneProne
Chin resting on tableChin resting on table
MSP perpendicular to MSP perpendicular to IRIR
Suspend respirationSuspend respiration
CR directed CR directed perpendicular to IOML.perpendicular to IOML.
CR passes through ¾” CR passes through ¾” anterior to level of anterior to level of EAMSEAMS
![Page 55: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
VSM (Schüller) RadiographVSM (Schüller) Radiograph
Adequate penetration Adequate penetration of cranial baseof cranial base
Equal distance from Equal distance from lateral border of skull lateral border of skull to condylesto condyles
SI of mental SI of mental protuberance over protuberance over anterior frontal boneanterior frontal bone
Condlyes anterior to Condlyes anterior to petrous ridgespetrous ridges
Symmetric petrosaeSymmetric petrosae
![Page 56: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
SMV SMV
![Page 57: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What is wrong with this What is wrong with this Caldwell?Caldwell?
![Page 58: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What is wrong with this What is wrong with this lateral skull?lateral skull?
![Page 59: Cranium RTEC 233 Fall 2008 Fall 2008 Week 1 & 2. Cranial Anatomy Calvaria Calvaria Frontal Frontal Occipital Occipital Left Parietal Left Parietal Right](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f165503460f94c2b843/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
What is wrong with this What is wrong with this Towne’s?Towne’s?