created by: beven livingston, becky huot, & wendy hasenkamp graduate students emory university...

Created by:Created by:

Beven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy Beven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy HasenkampHasenkamp

Graduate StudentsGraduate StudentsEmory University Graduate Program in Emory University Graduate Program in

NeuroscienceNeuroscience

Edited by:Edited by:

Jordan RoseJordan RoseOutreach CoordinatorOutreach CoordinatorCenter for Behavioral NeuroscienceCenter for Behavioral Neuroscience

Please send questions or comments to [email protected]

InstructionsInstructions On the Jeopardy selection screen, contestant chooses On the Jeopardy selection screen, contestant chooses

one of the dollar amounts in a category (cannot one of the dollar amounts in a category (cannot select those previously chosen - darker color)select those previously chosen - darker color)

An answer will be presented and contestants must An answer will be presented and contestants must formulate the correct question to the answer formulate the correct question to the answer presentedpresented

Once a contestant has formulated a question, click Once a contestant has formulated a question, click the ENTER key to move aheadthe ENTER key to move ahead

The correct question is presented in the next slide; The correct question is presented in the next slide; Click the ENTER key to move aheadClick the ENTER key to move ahead

More information on the topic is presented in slides More information on the topic is presented in slides following the slide with the correct questionfollowing the slide with the correct question

When the BACK key appears in the bottom right of the When the BACK key appears in the bottom right of the slide screen, click BACK to return to the Jeorpardy slide screen, click BACK to return to the Jeorpardy selection screen and continue the game.selection screen and continue the game.

Common Potpourri What’s that When it goes Bonds for? wrong

$200

$400 $400 $400 $400

$200 $200 $200

$600 $600 $600 $600

$800 $800 $800 $800

COMMON BONDS - 200COMMON BONDS - 200

Vincent van GoghVincent van Gogh Kurt CobainKurt Cobain Ted TurnerTed Turner Jim CarreyJim Carrey Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill Harrison FordHarrison Ford

Charles DickensCharles Dickens Robin WilliamsRobin Williams Monica SelesMonica Seles Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson StingSting RoseanneRoseanne

A disease affecting the following people:A disease affecting the following people:

What is Depression?What is Depression?

UNIPOLARUNIPOLAR– major depressionmajor depression– Affects 17.6 million Affects 17.6 million

Americans/yearAmericans/year– Affects 1/5 womenAffects 1/5 women– Affects 1/15 menAffects 1/15 men– Treatment cost $30 Treatment cost $30

billion in 1990billion in 1990

BIPOLARBIPOLAR– manic depressionmanic depression– Affects 2-3 million Affects 2-3 million

Americans/yearAmericans/year– men and women men and women

equally affectedequally affected– treated with Lithiumtreated with Lithium

There are two major types of depression:There are two major types of depression:

Symptoms of DepressionSymptoms of Depression

Unipolar (major)Unipolar (major)– persistent sadnesspersistent sadness– loss of interestloss of interest– loss of energyloss of energy– changes in appetitechanges in appetite– low self-esteemlow self-esteem– changes in sleepchanges in sleep– poor concentrationpoor concentration– school/work absencesschool/work absences

Bipolar (manic)Bipolar (manic)– Recurrent episodes of Recurrent episodes of

mania and depressionmania and depression– euphoric moodeuphoric mood– irritabilityirritability– racing thoughtsracing thoughts– excessive spendingexcessive spending– decreased sleepdecreased sleep

Causes of DepressionCauses of Depression

GENETICGENETIC– most important most important

predisposing factorpredisposing factor vulnerability to vulnerability to

depressiondepression vulnerability to vulnerability to

environmental environmental factorsfactors

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL– stress (major/chronic)stress (major/chronic)– serious lossserious loss– chronic illnesschronic illness– separationseparation– chemical dysfunctionchemical dysfunction

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Michael J. FoxMichael J. Fox Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali Pope John Paul Pope John Paul Janet RenoJanet Reno


What is Parkinson’s Disease?What is Parkinson’s Disease?

movement disordermovement disorder slowly progressiveslowly progressive tremor at resttremor at rest Akinesia: inability to Akinesia: inability to

movemove Bradykinesia: slow Bradykinesia: slow

movementsmovements postural reflex postural reflex

impairmentimpairment

affects over 1 million affects over 1 million AmericansAmericans

Avg. age of onset: 58Avg. age of onset: 58 40% of PD patients 40% of PD patients

are under age 60are under age 60 Decrease in Decrease in

neurotransmitter neurotransmitter dopaminedopamine

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disease of agingdisease of aging gradual memory lossgradual memory loss dementiadementia affects 1 million affects 1 million

AmericansAmericans Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY– Usually does not Usually does not

occur before age 45occur before age 45– rare before age 65rare before age 65– affects 11% of affects 11% of

people over 65people over 65– unknown causeunknown cause

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS– Memory lossMemory loss– Rule out other Rule out other

possible factorspossible factors Head injury, PD, Head injury, PD,

Huntington’s, Stroke, Huntington’s, Stroke, tumor, infection, metabolic tumor, infection, metabolic diseasesdiseases

– Post mortem histologyPost mortem histology

Alzheimer’s HistologyAlzheimer’s Histology

Loss of neuronsLoss of neurons Change in neuronal morphologyChange in neuronal morphology Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein

“plaques” (extracellular)“plaques” (extracellular) Cytoskeletal abnormalities (intracellular), Cytoskeletal abnormalities (intracellular),

“neurofibrillary tangles”“neurofibrillary tangles”

Normal Young Adult Brain Normal 88-yr old Brain

Compare ventricular volumesrelative to the whole brain mass

normal enlargedPeriventricular whitematter hyperintensity

Normal Aging - T1 axial

Alzheimer’s Disease - T1 coronal

Normal88 yr. old w/ moderately

advanced Alzheimer’s Disease

Hippocampal shrinkage

*

Ventricular enlargementCortical shrinkage (increased space around the brain)

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Drew BarrymoreDrew Barrymore Mickey MantleMickey Mantle Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway William FaulknerWilliam Faulkner John SteinbeckJohn Steinbeck


What is Alcoholism?What is Alcoholism?

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS– depressed mooddepressed mood– appetite disturbanceappetite disturbance– memory deficitsmemory deficits– psychomotor psychomotor

agitationagitation– self deprecationself deprecation

COMORBIDITYCOMORBIDITY– mood disordermood disorder– anxietyanxiety– antisocial antisocial

personality disorderpersonality disorder

Lifetime PrevalenceLifetime Prevalence

ALCOHOLALCOHOL– 10-20%10-20%– 5:1 male:female5:1 male:female– 1/10 drinkers 1/10 drinkers

develops problemdevelops problem

OTHER DRUGSOTHER DRUGS– Marijuana 4%Marijuana 4%– Stimulants 2%Stimulants 2%– Sedatives 1%Sedatives 1%– Heroin 0.7%Heroin 0.7%– Hallucinogens 0.4%Hallucinogens 0.4%– Cocaine 0.2%Cocaine 0.2%

Questions about Drug AbuseQuestions about Drug Abuse

Why certain drugs?Why certain drugs?– Reinforcing Reinforcing

propertiesproperties– Reward pathway in Reward pathway in

the brainthe brain

Why certain people?Why certain people?– GeneticsGenetics– PersonalityPersonality– Environment (stress)Environment (stress)– ComorbidityComorbidity

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POTPOURRI - 200POTPOURRI - 200

The major cell type of the nervous systemThe major cell type of the nervous system

What is the Neuron?What is the Neuron?

a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon (B), dendrites (D) a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon (B), dendrites (D) and a myelin sheath (A)and a myelin sheath (A)

message transmission between neurons occurs through message transmission between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)

learning occurs as connections between neurons are strengthened learning occurs as connections between neurons are strengthened

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The part of the body injured by The part of the body injured by actor Christopher Reeves.actor Christopher Reeves.

What is the Spinal Cord?What is the Spinal Cord?

When the spinal cord is damaged, When the spinal cord is damaged, information travelling along descending information travelling along descending motor tracts and ascending sensory tracts is motor tracts and ascending sensory tracts is blocked.blocked.

Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted from the level and location of the lesion in from the level and location of the lesion in the spinal cord.the spinal cord.

Spinal CordSpinal Cord

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI):Spinal Cord Injury (SCI):The Big PictureThe Big Picture

Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S.Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S. 11,000 new injuries reported annually11,000 new injuries reported annually Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55% of Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55% of

the SCI populationthe SCI population Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities) Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities)

affects 44% of the SCI populationaffects 44% of the SCI population

Causes of SCI in the U.S.Causes of SCI in the U.S.

Vehicular Accidents Vehicular Accidents 40%40% ViolenceViolence 25%25%

FallsFalls 21%21% Diving accidentsDiving accidents 10%10%

Work/Sports RelatedWork/Sports Related 4% 4%

Age Distribution of SCI PopulationAge Distribution of SCI Population

Approximately 60% of SCI population were Approximately 60% of SCI population were injured between 15-30 years of ageinjured between 15-30 years of age

Most frequently occurring age is 19 years.Most frequently occurring age is 19 years. Male 70%Male 70% Female 30%Female 30% Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal

lifespanlifespan

Costs Associated with SCICosts Associated with SCI

In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCI’s were In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCI’s were reported.reported.

Estimated lifetime costs associated with these Estimated lifetime costs associated with these SCI’s are $10 Billion.SCI’s are $10 Billion.

Individual suffering and loss to society are Individual suffering and loss to society are impossible to calculate.impossible to calculate.

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An immediate muscular response An immediate muscular response to a specific stimulus. Like when to a specific stimulus. Like when the doctor hits your kneecap with a the doctor hits your kneecap with a hammer.hammer.

What is aWhat is aReflex?Reflex?

Tapping a tendon to elicit a contraction of the muscle can determine the status of the nerve that supplies that muscle.

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The part of the retina that has no The part of the retina that has no photoreceptors. (optic _______ )photoreceptors. (optic _______ )

What is the Optic Disc?What is the Optic Disc?

Blind SpotBlind Spot

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WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 200WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 200

The largest structure of the brain, it The largest structure of the brain, it is divided into two hemispheres is divided into two hemispheres and each containing four lobes.and each containing four lobes.

What is the Cerebral Cortex?What is the Cerebral Cortex?

Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobe = MotorFrontal Lobe = MotorParietal Lobe = SensoryParietal Lobe = SensoryTemporal Lobe = Hearing, LanguageTemporal Lobe = Hearing, LanguageOccipital Lobe = VisionOccipital Lobe = Vision

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The part of the brain that is The part of the brain that is composed of the midbrain, the composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.pons, and the medulla.

What is the Brain Stem?What is the Brain Stem?

Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing). Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing). Contains the major ascending and descending Contains the major ascending and descending

pathways.pathways. It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the

cerebellum, and the spinal cord.cerebellum, and the spinal cord. Contain the cranial nerve nucleiContain the cranial nerve nuclei 12 12

C.N.C.N.

MedullaMedulla

PonsPons

MidbrainMidbrain

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A tennis ball-sized A tennis ball-sized structure at the base structure at the base of the brain that is of the brain that is important for important for coordination of coordination of movement and movement and balance.balance.

What is the Cerebellum?What is the Cerebellum?

2 main functions:2 main functions:– Coordinates skilled voluntary movements Coordinates skilled voluntary movements

by influencing muscle activityby influencing muscle activity

– Helps to control equilibrium and muscle Helps to control equilibrium and muscle tone through connections with the tone through connections with the vestibular systemvestibular system

CerebellumCerebellum

When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly from tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients from tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients exhibit:exhibit:– Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)– Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)– balancebalance– Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when

voluntary movements are attempted)voluntary movements are attempted)

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The part of the brain that controls The part of the brain that controls HOMEOSTASIS:HOMEOSTASIS:

ThermoregulationThermoregulation Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms Appetite controlAppetite control Stress ResponseStress Response ReproductionReproduction

What is the Hypothalamus?What is the Hypothalamus?

Fight or Flight Fight or Flight ResponseResponse

Blood pressure controlBlood pressure control Endocrine ControlEndocrine Control

– ReproductionReproduction– StressStress

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WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 200WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 200

The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin Hoffman as Raymond in Rain ManHoffman as Raymond in Rain Man

What is Autism?What is Autism?

Developmental DisorderDevelopmental Disorder– Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)– Impaired social interactions Impaired social interactions – Behavior - stereotyped, self injuryBehavior - stereotyped, self injury– Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)– Large variability in symptomsLarge variability in symptoms– Not a mental illnessNot a mental illness

AutismAutism

PREVALENCEPREVALENCE– 1/500 children1/500 children– 3-4 times more 3-4 times more

common in boyscommon in boys– >1/2 million people >1/2 million people

in US todayin US today– 3rd most common 3rd most common

developmental developmental disorderdisorder

CAUSECAUSE– Not knownNot known– Not psychologicalNot psychological– Genetic linkGenetic link– Major area of researchMajor area of research

Autistic SavantAutistic Savant 10% of autistics have spectacular abilities (like Rain Man’s 10% of autistics have spectacular abilities (like Rain Man’s

ability to count the number of toothpicks that fell on the ability to count the number of toothpicks that fell on the floor just by looking at the mess for a second). floor just by looking at the mess for a second).

Skills like math, music, memory, and art are extremely Skills like math, music, memory, and art are extremely advanced while social skills remain impaired.advanced while social skills remain impaired.

less than 1% of non-autistic population has these abilitiesless than 1% of non-autistic population has these abilities underlying changes in brain unknown; major area of underlying changes in brain unknown; major area of

researchresearch

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The neuromuscular disease named The neuromuscular disease named after an older baseball player for after an older baseball player for the New York Yankee’s. It is fatal the New York Yankee’s. It is fatal and has no known cause or cure.and has no known cause or cure.

What isWhat isAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

(Lou Gehrig’s disease)?(Lou Gehrig’s disease)?

EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY – uncommonuncommon– 4 to 6/100,000 4 to 6/100,000 – men and women men and women

equallyequally – age 40-70age 40-70

SIGNS & SYMPTOMSSIGNS & SYMPTOMS– degeneration of motor degeneration of motor

neurons in the brain and neurons in the brain and spinal cordspinal cord

– muscle weakness and muscle weakness and atrophyatrophy

– doesn’t affect intellect, doesn’t affect intellect, or sensoryor sensory

Neurons in ALSNeurons in ALS

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The mental disorder characterized by The mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotional reactions, disturbances in thinking, emotional reactions, and social behavior, as well as delusions and and social behavior, as well as delusions and hallucinations.hallucinations.

What is SCHIZOPHRENIA?What is SCHIZOPHRENIA?

Commonly misunderstood as “multiple personality Commonly misunderstood as “multiple personality disorder”disorder”

Devastating psychiatric disease that affects 1% of Devastating psychiatric disease that affects 1% of the populationthe population– 1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted

‘‘Positive’ symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, Positive’ symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech & thoughtsdisorganized speech & thoughts

‘‘Negative’ symptoms: flattened affect, apathy, Negative’ symptoms: flattened affect, apathy, social withdrawal, poverty of speechsocial withdrawal, poverty of speech

SCHIZOPHRENIASCHIZOPHRENIA

Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males tend to develop the disorder earlier than femalestend to develop the disorder earlier than females

Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within the brain is hypothesized to be the cause of the brain is hypothesized to be the cause of schizophreniaschizophrenia

As you might expect, the most common drugs As you might expect, the most common drugs used to treat schizophrenia are dopamine used to treat schizophrenia are dopamine antagonists (block dopamine neurotransmission)antagonists (block dopamine neurotransmission)

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The disease characterized by irrational fear The disease characterized by irrational fear of open spaces. Sigourney Weaver’s of open spaces. Sigourney Weaver’s character had this condition in Copycat.character had this condition in Copycat.

What is Agoraphobia?What is Agoraphobia?

Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of having an attack in an unsafe placehaving an attack in an unsafe place

PANIC DISORDER = sudden, unpredictable PANIC DISORDER = sudden, unpredictable onset of terror onset of terror – people believe they are having a heart attack or people believe they are having a heart attack or

dyingdying– average length of attack is 10 minutesaverage length of attack is 10 minutes

PhobiasPhobias

Specific Phobia (of particular object or situation) Specific Phobia (of particular object or situation) – affects 1 in 10 peopleaffects 1 in 10 people

Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social situations) situations) – runs in families, begins in early adolescenceruns in families, begins in early adolescence– associated with depression or alcoholismassociated with depression or alcoholism

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created by: beven livingston, becky huot, & wendy hasenkamp graduate students emory university...

Documents

f bradykinesia

f michael

f decrease

f movement disorder

instructions f

f epidemiology

depression f vulnerability

correct question f