Created by: Mrs. Herman 2012

Changes Over Time

Fossils are remains or evidence of once-living organisms.

FOSSIL FORMATION

BrainPop Video: Textbook, Chapter 6, lesson 1 resources. http://connected.mcgraw-hill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/50000016/12/60/Fossils/00076703.htm?stateCode=FL

The Fossil Record is made up of all the

fossils ever discovered on Earth.

What is the estimate age of the trilobite fossils (bottom layer of fossils)?

Which layer is approximately 460 million years old?

I n d e x f o s s i l sIndex fossils are fossils that

can be used to date the rock in which they are

found. The best examples are fossils of animals or

plants that lived for a very short period of time and

were found in a lot of places. Ammonites,

shelled relatives of today’s octopus, make ideal index

fossils.

Charles Darwin’s

Born in England, 1809 Studied Medicine at

Edinburgh University Transferred to Cambridge

University Studied to be a Minister

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ61-104].

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/quicktime/e_s_2.html

Darwin’s Expedition1831

Hired as Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle Sailed on Five Year Scientific Expedition

Down East Coast of South AmericaUp Pacific Coast to Galapagos IslandsMade Stops on Mainland and IslandsObserved Variety of Life and Habitats

The Galapagos Island

The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation

The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich vegetation .

The Galapagos Island Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.

Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another.

The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited.

Wrote: Origin of Species

Proposed Evolution Resulting from Natural Selection:

Organisms Produce Many OffspringCompetition for Food, Territory, Mates,

etc.Those With Best Traits Survive Organisms Change Over Many Generations

Time Frame: Millions of Years

Evolution by Natural Selection

Competition exists among individuals

Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Variations exists among individuals within a species.

The organisms whose variations best fit them to the environment are the ones who are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass these desired variations on to the next generation. (survival of the fittest)

From: Evolution and the Fossil Record By John Pojota Jr. and Dale A. Springer

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/recipe/

Natural Selection

Over time, natural selection results in

changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species fitness in its

environment

Adapted from: Ms. Weinberg

toad

Animal Adaptations

Have you ever wondered how animals are able to survive in the wild?

Animals have certain adaptations that help them to survive.

Think about the way you dress in the winter.

You don’t wear your shorts and bathing suit when it’s snowing outside!

You wear warm clothes, and maybe

even a hat and mittens to protect yourself from the weather.

And what if you are having a snowball fight?

You probably run away from the person throwing at you,

and maybe even try to sneak up on that person and

throw some snowballs!

The way you dress in the winter, as well as the way that you run and hide from

someone throwing snow at you are kinds of …

Adaptations

An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s change of surviving and reproducing in its environment.

We can separate adaptations into two

categories: Physical

(structural and functional)

AND

Behavioral

A

D

A

P

T

A

T

I

O

N

S

Physical adaptations

are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself,

and to reproduce its species.

Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment.

Hey! I’m a walking stick. I look just like a stick you’d find on the ground.

© A. Weinberg

Physical adaptationCamouflage (use of color in a

surrounding)

The chameleon can change its color to match its surroundings.

Mimicry (looking or sounding like another living

organism)The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the

Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart?

Poisonous

Not poisonous

Physical adaptation

I’m the Monarch!

I’m the Viceroy!

Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays)

Physical adaptation

Body coverings & parts (claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth)

Physical adaptations

The elephant’s trunk is a physical adaptation that helps it to clean itself, eat, drink, and to pick things up.

Now let’s learn about

Behavioral Adaptations…

Behavioral Adaptations allow animals to respond to

life needs.

Each organism has unique methods of adapting to its environment by means of

different actions.

Behavioral Adaptations

are animals’ actions.

Remember that Physical Adaptations are body

structures.

We can divide Behavioral Adaptations into two groups:

Instinctive Learned

These behaviors happen naturally & don’t have to

be learned.

These behaviors must be taught.

Instinctive behaviors

happen naturally &

don’t need to be learned

=

Finding shelter

Methods of gathering & storing food

Defending oneself

Raising young

Hibernating

Migrating

Learned behaviors

Obtained by interacting with the environment and cannot be

passed on to the next generation

except by teaching.

=

Changes…..Environments are complex. Species must adapt to an

environment’s living parts as well as it’s nonliving parts. Nonliving parts include temperature, water, nutrients in soil

and climate. Deciduous trees shed their leaves due to changes in climate. Camouflage, mimicry and mouth shape are

adaptations mostly to an environments living parts.

Living and nonliving factors are always changing. Even slight environmental changes affect how species adapt. If a species is unable to adapt, it becomes extinct. The fossil record contains

many fossils of species that were unable to adapt to change.

From text page 222

Evolution or Extinction

Biological Evolution - the change over time in populations of related organisms.

Extinction – occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies.

Evidence of Evolution

The Fossil Record

Geographic Distribution of Living Things

Homologous Body Structures

Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution

The Fossil Record

Geographic Distribution of Living Things

Homologous Body Structures

Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record

Geographic Distribution of Living Things

Homologous Body Structures - structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue

Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution

The Fossil Record

Geographic Distribution of Living Things

Homologous Body Structures

Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of EvolutionThe Fossil Record

Geographic Distribution of Living Things

Homologous Body Structures

Similarities in Early Development

Vestigial organs - organs that serve no useful function in an organism, i.e. appendix, tail bone.

Rib cage of a Python