Creating A NationCreating A Nation

Unit TwoUnit Two

I. Causes of the I. Causes of the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

For 150 years, the English citizens in For 150 years, the English citizens in the 13 colonies “had it made”the 13 colonies “had it made”

Being 3,000 miles away, they Being 3,000 miles away, they enjoyed a lot of self-governing enjoyed a lot of self-governing freedomfreedom

They paid very little tax to EnglandThey paid very little tax to EnglandEngland offered protection from England offered protection from other nationsother nations

Two events played a key role in Two events played a key role in laying the foundation for the Am. laying the foundation for the Am. Revolution.Revolution. (They did not cause the (They did not cause the Revolution but did move the people in Revolution but did move the people in that direction):that direction):

1) 1) The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment: a time that : a time that featured new ideas in philosophy and featured new ideas in philosophy and political thought using science and political thought using science and reasonreason

John LockeJohn Locke believed that people believed that people were born with certain “natural were born with certain “natural rights” that no gov’t could take rights” that no gov’t could take away (“life, liberty, and property”)away (“life, liberty, and property”)

Locke believed that if the gov’t Locke believed that if the gov’t failed to protect these rights it was failed to protect these rights it was the duty of the citizens to the duty of the citizens to overthrow the gov’toverthrow the gov’t

His views were used later to justify His views were used later to justify the Am. Revolutionthe Am. Revolution

2) 2) The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening: a religious : a religious movement beginning in the 1740smovement beginning in the 1740s

Ministers like Ministers like Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards and and George WhitfieldGeorge Whitfield taught that taught that people could/should have a personal people could/should have a personal relationship with God rather than relationship with God rather than obeying religious traditions/rulesobeying religious traditions/rules

Many colonists began believing that Many colonists began believing that if they could decide how to worship if they could decide how to worship God, they could also decide how to God, they could also decide how to govern themselvesgovern themselves

Both the Enlightenment and the Both the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening influenced the Am. Great Awakening influenced the Am. RevolutionRevolution..The Enlightenment led to new ideas The Enlightenment led to new ideas

about the role of gov’tabout the role of gov’tThe Great Awakening inspired the The Great Awakening inspired the

common peoplecommon people

So, what changed? What turned this So, what changed? What turned this peaceful relationship upside down? peaceful relationship upside down? What caused the American Revolution?What caused the American Revolution?

1) 1) French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War (1754-1763) (1754-1763) British and Colonists vs. French and British and Colonists vs. French and

IndiansIndians The final struggle for control of The final struggle for control of

eastern North Am.eastern North Am. British won the war with the capture British won the war with the capture

of Quebecof Quebec ProblemProblem: the war doubled Eng.’s : the war doubled Eng.’s

debt and Parliament wanted the debt and Parliament wanted the colonies to pay new taxes to help colonies to pay new taxes to help the empirethe empire

2) 2) Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763 Eng. prohibited the colonists from Eng. prohibited the colonists from

settling the lands west of the settling the lands west of the Appalachian Mts.Appalachian Mts.

This angered many of the This angered many of the colonists.colonists.

3) 3) New Taxes Imposed by the BritishNew Taxes Imposed by the BritishSugar ActSugar Act (1764): a tax on (1764): a tax on imported sugar and other goods imported sugar and other goods from Eng.from Eng.

Stamp ActStamp Act (1765): taxed all legal (1765): taxed all legal documents in the colonies – colonists documents in the colonies – colonists formed the formed the Sons of LibertySons of Liberty and the and the Daughters of LibertyDaughters of Liberty to organize to organize protest – act eventually repealedprotest – act eventually repealed

Townshend ActsTownshend Acts (1767): taxed a (1767): taxed a number of imported items, including number of imported items, including tea – colonists boycotted (refused to tea – colonists boycotted (refused to buy) those goods and others – buy) those goods and others – repealed after five colonists were repealed after five colonists were killed in the killed in the Boston MassacreBoston Massacre in in 17701770

However, Parliament did not repeal the However, Parliament did not repeal the tax on tea – resulted in the tax on tea – resulted in the Boston Tea Boston Tea PartyParty in 1773 in 1773

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts (1774): passed in (1774): passed in response to the Tea Party to punish the response to the Tea Party to punish the colonists – closed the Boston Harbor and colonists – closed the Boston Harbor and placed a military governor over Mass.placed a military governor over Mass.

II. The American II. The American RevolutionRevolution

1774: In response to the Intolerable 1774: In response to the Intolerable Acts, representatives from every colony Acts, representatives from every colony except Georgia gathered for the except Georgia gathered for the First First Continental CongressContinental Congress

1. Wrote to the King stating the 1. Wrote to the King stating the colonies colonies had a right to be had a right to be represented in their represented in their gov’t gov’t

2. Also, called for the people to 2. Also, called for the people to arm arm themselves and form themselves and form militiasmilitias (civilian (civilian armies) armies)

Eng. responded by sending even more Eng. responded by sending even more troops (esp. to Boston)troops (esp. to Boston)

April 1775April 1775: 700 British troops : 700 British troops marched toward Concord, MA (20 miles marched toward Concord, MA (20 miles from Boston) to seize a stockpile of from Boston) to seize a stockpile of weaponsweapons

In Lexington (5 miles from In Lexington (5 miles from Concord), they met 60 protesting Concord), they met 60 protesting and armed colonists and ordered and armed colonists and ordered them to give up their guns (many them to give up their guns (many refused)refused)

No one knows who fired the first shot No one knows who fired the first shot (“the shot heard around the world”) – 8 (“the shot heard around the world”) – 8 Americans died and 9 others injuredAmericans died and 9 others injured

The British moved on to Concord to The British moved on to Concord to seize the weapons, but they had been seize the weapons, but they had been movedmoved

As the British were returning back to As the British were returning back to Boston, 4,000 Patriots had gathered Boston, 4,000 Patriots had gathered along the road and ambushed the British along the road and ambushed the British troopstroops

This event is known as the This event is known as the Battles of Battles of Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

The Revolution had begun!The Revolution had begun!

Delegates met again less than a month Delegates met again less than a month later for the later for the Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress to discuss what to do next to discuss what to do next

Some called for a war for Some called for a war for independence – independence – PatriotsPatriots

Others wanted to compromise with Others wanted to compromise with the British to prevent war – the British to prevent war – LoyalistsLoyalists

The Congress decided to do 2 things…The Congress decided to do 2 things…

1) Create a Continental Army – led 1) Create a Continental Army – led by by George Washington George Washington

2) Offer an “2) Offer an “Olive BranchOlive Branch” ” Petition to Petition to King George III to King George III to convince him to convince him to compromise compromise

King George refused to compromise!King George refused to compromise!

Jan. 1776Jan. 1776: : Thomas PaineThomas Paine: published : published Common Sense Common Sense in an effort to convince in an effort to convince people to support independencepeople to support independence

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence (July 4, (July 4, 1776) – drafted by Thomas Jefferson1776) – drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Listed all the wrongs committed by Listed all the wrongs committed by Eng. and King George IIIEng. and King George III

Remember, this was an act of Remember, this was an act of treason against the “Crown”treason against the “Crown”

Jefferson was influenced by John Locke Jefferson was influenced by John Locke in stating that all men are created in stating that all men are created equal and have certain “equal and have certain “inalienable inalienable rightsrights” (natural rights that gov’t can’t ” (natural rights that gov’t can’t take away)take away)

““life, liberty, and the pursuit of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happinesshappiness” were among those rights” were among those rights

Over time, this document served as a Over time, this document served as a model for other nations seeking model for other nations seeking independenceindependence

King George III and Eng. did not expect King George III and Eng. did not expect a long wara long war

British troops were better trained British troops were better trained and better equippedand better equipped

However, the colonists had some However, the colonists had some advantages the British did not haveadvantages the British did not have

The war would be fought on their The war would be fought on their turfturf

They were fighting for their They were fighting for their independence, which made them independence, which made them fight with determinationfight with determination

The British made several military The British made several military mistakes during the course of the war mistakes during the course of the war because they underestimated the because they underestimated the Patriots Patriots

17771777: The colonists won a major : The colonists won a major victory at victory at Saratoga, NYSaratoga, NY

This victory convinced the French This victory convinced the French to ally themselves with the to ally themselves with the colonistscolonists

After years fighting, victories and After years fighting, victories and defeats for the colonists, the war came defeats for the colonists, the war came to an end at to an end at Yorktown, VAYorktown, VA

British General Lord Cornwallis had British General Lord Cornwallis had retreated to the coastline to wait retreated to the coastline to wait for British supply shipsfor British supply ships

Yorktown is on a peninsulaYorktown is on a peninsulaFrench ships blocked off the British French ships blocked off the British supply shipssupply ships

Washington moved in on Yorktown Washington moved in on Yorktown and trapped the British Armyand trapped the British Army

Cornwallis was forced to surrender Cornwallis was forced to surrender and the war basically came to an and the war basically came to an end end

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris (1783): officially ended (1783): officially ended the American Revolutionthe American Revolution

The US became an independent The US became an independent nationnation

The border between the US and The border between the US and Canada was outlinedCanada was outlined

III. Establishing a III. Establishing a GovernmentGovernment

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation (adopted (adopted in 1781): the first federal (national) in 1781): the first federal (national) constitutionconstitution

Failed because it did not give Failed because it did not give enough power to the federal enough power to the federal governmentgovernment

Weaknesses of the Articles…Weaknesses of the Articles…

1)1) No President or national leaderNo President or national leader

2)2) Congress had no power to taxCongress had no power to tax

3)3) Congress had no power to control Congress had no power to control trade among the statestrade among the states

4)4) No national armyNo national army

5)5) No uniform currencyNo uniform currency

6)6) Congress had little power to pass lawsCongress had little power to pass laws

7)7) No national court systemNo national court system

8)8) No national law enforcement officialsNo national law enforcement officials

Shays’ RebellionShays’ Rebellion (1786): Daniel Shays (1786): Daniel Shays led a number of farmers in rebellion led a number of farmers in rebellion against taxes imposed by the state of against taxes imposed by the state of Mass.Mass.

Mass. was forced to deal with the Mass. was forced to deal with the situation on their own because the situation on their own because the national gov’t had no power to do national gov’t had no power to do anythinganything

Rebellion was crushed but showed Rebellion was crushed but showed the weaknesses of the Articlesthe weaknesses of the Articles

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention (1787): (1787): delegates met in Philadelphia to delegates met in Philadelphia to reviserevise the the ArticlesArticles

George Washington chosen as George Washington chosen as President of the ConventionPresident of the Convention

Delegates decided to throw out the Delegates decided to throw out the Articles altogether and write a new set Articles altogether and write a new set of lawsof laws

The result was the The result was the United States United States ConstitutionConstitution

James Madison referred to as the James Madison referred to as the “Father of the Constitution” because of “Father of the Constitution” because of the role he played in writing the final the role he played in writing the final documentdocument

How the national government should be How the national government should be reorganized caused a lot of debatereorganized caused a lot of debate

This led to a number of compromises This led to a number of compromises between the states…”Bundle of between the states…”Bundle of Compromises”Compromises”

1)1) The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise: solved the : solved the issue of representation in Congressissue of representation in Congress

Large states wanted the number Large states wanted the number of representatives to be only of representatives to be only based on population (based on population (Virginia Virginia PlanPlan))

Small states wanted an equal Small states wanted an equal number of representatives (number of representatives (New New Jersey PlanJersey Plan))

Delegates compromised by creating two Delegates compromised by creating two

houses (bicameral legislature): one houses (bicameral legislature): one house house based on population, one house would based on population, one house would havehave equal representation equal representation

2)2) The Three-Fifths CompromiseThe Three-Fifths Compromise: : solved the issue of counting slaves or solved the issue of counting slaves or not for representation purposesnot for representation purposes

Northerners argued that slaves Northerners argued that slaves should not be counted as part of should not be counted as part of the pop. since they were not the pop. since they were not voting citizensvoting citizens

Southerners had far more slaves and Southerners had far more slaves and wanted to count them (would equal wanted to count them (would equal more representatives)more representatives)

Delegates agreed that all whites plus Delegates agreed that all whites plus three-fifths of the slave pop. would three-fifths of the slave pop. would be counted for rep.be counted for rep.

FederalistsFederalists: those who favored a : those who favored a strong federal gov’t and the strong federal gov’t and the ConstitutionConstitution

Alexander Hamilton, James Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John JayMadison, John Jay

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists: those who opposed : those who opposed ratifying (approving) the Constitutionratifying (approving) the Constitution

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Federalists PapersFederalists Papers: a series of : a series of essays written to rally support for the essays written to rally support for the passage of the Constitutionpassage of the Constitution

signed by “Publius”…Hamilton, signed by “Publius”…Hamilton, Madison, JayMadison, Jay

A number of states refused to ratify A number of states refused to ratify the Constitution until a the Constitution until a Bill of Bill of RightsRights was added to the document was added to the document

Enough delegates agreed to ratify Enough delegates agreed to ratify the document in exchange for a the document in exchange for a guarantee that the Bill of Rights guarantee that the Bill of Rights would be added later onwould be added later on

When Congress met in 1789, one of its When Congress met in 1789, one of its first orders of business was to pass the first orders of business was to pass the Bill of RightsBill of Rights

The first 10 Amendments The first 10 Amendments (additions) to the Constitution – (additions) to the Constitution – heavily influenced by the heavily influenced by the Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Principles of the ConstitutionPrinciples of the Constitution

1)1) Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty: People are the : People are the main source of the govt’s authority main source of the govt’s authority (“the people rule”)(“the people rule”)

2)2) Limited GovernmentLimited Government: The gov’t has : The gov’t has only the powers that the Constitution only the powers that the Constitution gives it gives it

3)3) FederalismFederalism: The federal gov’t and the : The federal gov’t and the state gov’ts share powerstate gov’ts share power

4)4) Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers: Power is : Power is divided among three branches…divided among three branches…legislative, executive, judiciallegislative, executive, judicial

5)5) Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances: Each branch has : Each branch has the power to limit the actions of the the power to limit the actions of the other twoother two

6)6) Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government: Citizens : Citizens elect representatives to gov’t to make elect representatives to gov’t to make lawslaws

7)7) Individual RightsIndividual Rights: The Constitution : The Constitution protects citizens’ individual rights, such protects citizens’ individual rights, such as freedom of speech and religionas freedom of speech and religion

IV. The New RepublicIV. The New Republic President Washington appointed Alexander President Washington appointed Alexander

Hamilton as the Secretary of the TreasuryHamilton as the Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton came up with an economic Hamilton came up with an economic

plan to deal with the nation’s debt plan to deal with the nation’s debt (many opposed it, including Thomas (many opposed it, including Thomas Jefferson)Jefferson)

1)1) A tax on whiskeyA tax on whiskey

2)2) Taxes on imports (tariffs)Taxes on imports (tariffs)

3)3) A national bankA national bank

Southerners opposed the plan because Southerners opposed the plan because they believed other countries would they believed other countries would tax our goods if we taxed theirs (would tax our goods if we taxed theirs (would hurt the South’s economy)hurt the South’s economy)

The whiskey tax was very unpopular The whiskey tax was very unpopular among farmers who grew the wheat among farmers who grew the wheat that was sold to make whiskeythat was sold to make whiskey

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion (1794): PA (1794): PA farmers refused to pay the tax and farmers refused to pay the tax and resorted to violenceresorted to violenceWashington sent military forces to Washington sent military forces to

put down the revoltput down the revoltThis showed the strength of the new This showed the strength of the new

ConstitutionConstitution

When Washington gave his farewell When Washington gave his farewell address before leaving office, he address before leaving office, he emphasized 3 key points:emphasized 3 key points:

1)1) The US should stay neutral and The US should stay neutral and avoid alliances with other nations avoid alliances with other nations (would pull us into war)(would pull us into war)

2)2) Good gov’t is based on religion and Good gov’t is based on religion and moralitymorality

3)3) Warned that political parties were Warned that political parties were dangerous dangerous (people would work for their (people would work for their own interests rather than for the public own interests rather than for the public good)good)

Despite Washington’s warnings, Despite Washington’s warnings, opposing political parties did form – opposing political parties did form – First two parties in the US:First two parties in the US:

1)1) Federalist PartyFederalist Party: (Hamilton): (Hamilton)

a. believed in a strong national a. believed in a strong national gov’tgov’t

b. power should be in the hands of b. power should be in the hands of the educated upper- the educated upper-classclass

c. supported business over c. supported business over agricultureagriculture

2. 2. Democratic-Republican PartyDemocratic-Republican Party: : (Jefferson)(Jefferson)

a. favored stronger state gov’ts a. favored stronger state gov’ts and and a weaker national gov’t, a weaker national gov’t,

b. supported farmers over businessb. supported farmers over business

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803): (1803): established the power of established the power of judicial judicial reviewreview – gives the US Supreme Court – gives the US Supreme Court the power to declare a law the power to declare a law unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Territorial ExpansionTerritorial Expansion (late 1700s- (late 1700s-early 1800s)early 1800s)

1)1) Mississippi TerritoryMississippi Territory Included southern lands west of GA Included southern lands west of GA

all the way to the Miss. Riverall the way to the Miss. River Both the US and Spain claimed Both the US and Spain claimed

ownershipownership Spain gave up its claim in 1798Spain gave up its claim in 1798 A large portion of this territory A large portion of this territory

became the states of AL and Miss.became the states of AL and Miss.

2)2) The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance 1794: US defeated a group of 1794: US defeated a group of

Native Am.’s at the Native Am.’s at the Battle of Battle of Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers

Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville: allowed : allowed the US to claim most of the Indian the US to claim most of the Indian land in the Northwest Territoryland in the Northwest Territory

The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance divided divided the Northwest Territory into smaller the Northwest Territory into smaller territoriesterritories

Also provided guidelines under Also provided guidelines under which new states could be admitted which new states could be admitted to the Union (based on population)to the Union (based on population)

Eventually resulted in the formation Eventually resulted in the formation of 5 states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, of 5 states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, WisconsinMichigan, Wisconsin

3)3) The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase (1803) (1803) President Thomas Jefferson sent President Thomas Jefferson sent

James Monroe to Paris to buy the James Monroe to Paris to buy the city of New Orleanscity of New Orleans

He could pay up to $10 million for He could pay up to $10 million for the citythe city

Napoleon offered to sell all of the Napoleon offered to sell all of the French land (known as Louisiana) French land (known as Louisiana) to the USto the US

Monroe offered $15 million for it Monroe offered $15 million for it all and Napoleon took itall and Napoleon took it

Doubled the size of the USDoubled the size of the US Jefferson sent Jefferson sent Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark to to

explore the land and look for a water explore the land and look for a water route to the Pacific (1804-1806)route to the Pacific (1804-1806)

Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike explored the Rocky Mts. explored the Rocky Mts. and southward into Spanish held and southward into Spanish held territories (1806-1807)territories (1806-1807)

The War of 1812The War of 1812: US vs. England: US vs. EnglandCaused by England’s interference with US Caused by England’s interference with US

trade ships and encouragement of Native trade ships and encouragement of Native Am’s to resist settlement of the WestAm’s to resist settlement of the West

August 1814: British invaded and burned August 1814: British invaded and burned Washington DC (including the White Washington DC (including the White House)House)

Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key wrote the wrote the Star-Star-Spangled BannerSpangled Banner after a victory at Fort after a victory at Fort McHenryMcHenry

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson became an American became an American hero following the Battle of New Orleanshero following the Battle of New Orleans

The war ended with the The war ended with the Treaty of Treaty of GhentGhent in which all old boundaries were in which all old boundaries were restoredrestored

Four results of the war:Four results of the war:1) Showed the world the young US could 1) Showed the world the young US could

defend itselfdefend itself

2) Led to a rise in 2) Led to a rise in nationalismnationalism (pride in (pride in one’s nation) in the USone’s nation) in the US

3) US manufacturing increased3) US manufacturing increased

4) The Federalists Party disappeared (had 4) The Federalists Party disappeared (had opposed and protested the war) opposed and protested the war)

18191819: The : The Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty allowed the US to acquire Florida from allowed the US to acquire Florida from SpainSpain

18231823: President James Monroe issued : President James Monroe issued the the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

This was a warning to European nationsThis was a warning to European nationsDeclared the Americas “off-limits” to Declared the Americas “off-limits” to

European colonizationEuropean colonizationThis was a bold statement for such a This was a bold statement for such a

young nation and an example of the young nation and an example of the growing spirit of nationalismgrowing spirit of nationalism

18281828: War hero : War hero Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson became President of the USbecame President of the US

The “The “Age of JacksonAge of Jackson” was ” was characterized by conflict with Native characterized by conflict with Native AmericansAmericans

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act (1830)(1830)Called for the relocation of the “Five Called for the relocation of the “Five

Civilized Tribes” (Cherokee, Creek, Civilized Tribes” (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) from Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) from the SE to the SE to Indian TerritoryIndian Territory (present-day (present-day Oklahoma)Oklahoma)

Many Natives were forced to march hundreds Many Natives were forced to march hundreds of miles - conditions were terrible (starvation, of miles - conditions were terrible (starvation, disease)disease)

So many Cherokee died that their journey So many Cherokee died that their journey became known as the became known as the Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

Some Seminole in FL decided to stay and Some Seminole in FL decided to stay and fight and were never completely defeated fight and were never completely defeated (some of their descendants still live in FL (some of their descendants still live in FL today)today)