creating community in an online course using asynchronous and synchronous video communication...

8/9/2019 Creating Community in an Online Course Using Asynchronous and Synchronous Video Communication (255019803)

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COMPARING VIDEO VS TEXT-BASED DISCUSSIONS 1

Comparing Asynchronous and Synchronous Video versus Text Based Discussions in an

Online Teacher Education Course

Cynthia Clark, Doctoral Candidate

eal Strudler, !hD

"aren #rove, !hD

$niversity o% evada, &as Vegas

A'stract

The purpose of this stud !"s to i#$esti%"te !hether "s#&hro#ous $ideo posts "#d s#&hro#ous$ideo&o#fere#&i#% !ou'd &re"te hi%her 'e$e's of te"&hi#% "#d so&i"' prese#&e !ithi# "# o#'i#e

&ourse !he# &o(p"red !ith the u#i$ersit)s &urre#t te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor(,

U#der%r"du"te stude#ts i# "# o#'i#e te"&her edu&"tio# &ourse !ere r"#do(' "ssi%#ed to eitherthe te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor( or the $ideo-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor(, A s!it&hed

rep'i&"tio#s desi%# !"s used "#d h"'f!" throu%h the se(ester stude#ts s!it&hed p'"tfor(s,A#"'sis of stude#t i#ter$ie!s "#d sur$es "d(i#istered "t the e#d of the se(ester i#di&"ted se'f-reported per&eptio#s of so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e !ere si%#ifi&"#t' hi%her !he# usi#% the

$ideo-e#"+'ed dis&ussio# site, I(p'i&"tio#s of the "dded $"'ue of $ideo +oth i# s#&hro#ous "#d

"s#&hro#ous &o#te*ts "re dis&ussed "#d re&o((e#d"tio#s for further stud "re pro$ided,

Keywords: online discussions, videoconferencing, video posts, social presence,

teaching presence, online learning

Tod" o#'i#e 'e"r#i#% is #o 'o#%er re'e%"ted to #o#-tr"ditio#"' stude#ts, E#ro''(e#t

'e$e's "t predo(i#"#t' o#'i#e s&hoo's su&h "s the U#i$ersit of Phoe#i* ."p'"# U#i$ersit "#d

/ester# Go$er#ors U#i$ersit "re i#f'ue#&i#% tr"ditio#"' i#stitutio#s to i#&re"se their #u(+er ofo#'i#e offeri#%s 0Bur#sed 2113, M"ssi$e' ope# o#'i#e &ourses or MOOCs "re "ddi#% to the

pressure to i#&re"se the #u(+er of o#'i#e &ourses "s st"tes su&h "s C"'ifor#i" see4 to redu&e the

&ost "#d ti(e re5uired + stude#ts to o+t"i# post-se&o#d"r de%rees there+ e*pe&ti#% to he'pi#&re"se %r"du"tio# r"tes 06"i# 2173,

U#fortu#"te' "ttritio# is si%#ifi&"#t' hi%her for o#'i#e stude#ts th"# for stude#ts

"tte#di#% tr"ditio#"' &'"ssroo(s 0P"tterso# 8 M&6"dde# 2293, Ti(e &o#str"i#ts "s !e'' "s

!or4 "#d f"(i' o+'i%"tio#s !ere &ited "s posi#% 'i(it"tio#s o# the "(ou#t of ti(e o#'i#estude#ts &ou'd de$ote to their &ourse!or4, O#'i#e stude#ts) fee'i#%s of iso'"tio# h"$e +ee#

ide#tified "s o#e f"&tor th"t &"# 'e"d to "ttritio# 0Ro$"i 2273, Stude#ts st"ted th"t th"t the fe't

"'o#e "#d the (issed "tte#di#% &'"ss !ith other stude#ts 0Di&4e 22:3, The odds of stude#ts

persisti#% i# " &ourse !ere positi$e' re'"ted to their fee'i#%s of so&i"' prese#&e 0;iu Go(e< 8=e# 2293

O#'i#e i#stru&tors &"# e(p'o (ethods th"t !i'' he'p redu&e stude#ts) fee'i#%s ofiso'"tio#, The purpose of this stud !"s to deter(i#e !hether the i#te%r"tio# of "s#&hro#ous

$ideo posts "#d s#&hro#ous $ideo&o#fere#&i#% "s p"rt of " dis&ussio# p'"tfor( pro$e (ore

effe&ti$e "t i#&re"si#% fee'i#%s of so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e !he# &o(p"red !ith the &urre#t'

used te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# too', The &urre#t &ourse p'"tfor( did #ot "''o! stude#ts to e"si'i#&orpor"te $ideo posts i# the te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# for("t, Therefore Goo%'e> !"s used to host



COMPARING VIDEO VS TEXT-BASED DISCUSSIONS

&'"ss dis&ussio#s, Goo%'e> '"u#&hed i# ?u#e 211 0."ste 2113 "s " free so&i"' #et!or4i#% site

"#d &"# +e "&&essed + "# o#'i#e i#stru&tor "#d stude#t, Goo%'e> i#&orpor"tes

$ideo&o#fere#&i#% referred to "s @"#%out) "#d h"s the "+i'it to &re"te $ideo posts dire&t'!ithi# the p'"tfor(, B &o(p"ri#% stude#t dis&ussio# e*perie#&es !ith te*t-+"sed $ersus $ideo-

+"sed p'"tfor(s this stud sou%ht to "#s!er the fo''o!i#% rese"r&h 5uestio#s

13 /h"t differe#&es i# so&i"' prese#&e if "# did stude#ts per&ei$e +et!ee# &o((u#i&"tio#s !ith $ideo $ersus te*t-+"sed &o((u#i&"tio#s3 /h"t differe#&es i# te"&hi#% prese#&e if "# did stude#ts per&ei$e

+et!ee# &o((u#i&"tio#s !ith $ideo $ersus te*t-+"sed &o((u#i&"tio#s

Theoretical !erspectives

The theoreti&"' fr"(e!or4 for so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e %uidi#% this stud !"s dr"!#fro( the Co((u#it of I#5uir 0CoI3 (ode' de$e'oped + G"rriso# A#derso# "#d Ar&her

02223, The +"si& e'e(e#ts of the (ode' "re 0"3 so&i"' prese#&e or the "+i'it of p"rti&ip"#ts i#

the Co((u#it of I#5uir to proe&t their perso#"' &h"r"&teristi&s i#to the &o((u#it there+

prese#ti#% the(se'$es to the other p"rti&ip"#ts "s re"' peop'eF 0G"rriso# et "', 222 p, H93 0+3te"&hi#% prese#&e !hi&h &o#sists of three "re"s i#stru&tio#"' desi%# f"&i'it"tio# of dis&ussio#

"#d dire&t i#stru&tio# "'o#% !ith disp'"s of perso#"'it 0No!"4 2213 "#d 0&3 &o%#iti$e prese#&e the e*te#t to !hi&h the p"rti&ip"#ts of " CoI "re "+'e to &o#stru&t (e"#i#%F

0G"rriso# et "', 222 p, H93, Te"&hi#% "#d so&i"' prese#&e support &o%#iti$e prese#&e +

&re"ti#% the e#$iro#(e#t #e&ess"r to sust"i# the &o((u#i&"tio# re5uired to &o#stru&t (e"#i#%,The e"r' des&riptio#s of the CoI fr"(e!or4 i(p' set &h"r"&teristi&s "#d re'"tio#ships,

More re&e#t i#$esti%"tio#s hi#t of " d#"(i& re'"tio#ship "#d th"t there &"# +e "# e++ "#d f'o!

of the prese#&es "s " &ourse pro%resses 0A4o' 21:3, This (" +e due to the %roup #"ture of

so&i"' prese#&e, It is #ot o#' i#di$idu"' prese#&e th"t is i(port"#t i# the de$e'op(e#t of " CoIthere (ust +e %roup &ohesio# "s !e'' 0Re(es"' 8 Co'o(i#" 2173, Stude#t o#-t"s4 +eh"$ior

!i'' $"r +"sed o# their i#terest o# $"rious t"s4s thus i#&re"si#% "#d de&re"si#% their

p"rti&ip"tio# i# the %roup,Dis&ussio# +o"rds "re the pri("r for( of &o((u#i&"tio# +et!ee# stude#ts "#d

i#stru&tors for o#'i#e &ourses ("4i#% the( the fo&us for &re"ti#% of so&i"' "#d te"&hi#%

prese#&es, /hi'e so&i"' sh"ri#% h"s +ee# sho!# to pro$ide " p"th!" to so&i"' prese#&e 0.rei#s.irs&h#er ?o&he(s "#d V"# Burre# 22:3 the sh"ri#% (ust h"$e " purpose "#d +e 'i#4ed to

%roup ide#tit 0Re(es"' 8 Co'o(i#" 2173, 6ee'i#%s of %roup "ffi'i"tio# "#d %roup &ohesio#

r"ther th"# per&eptio#s of @se'f) he'p +ui'd "#d sust"i# o#'i#e 'e"r#i#% &o((u#ities !here

effe&ti$e &o''"+or"tio#s &"# o&&ur 0Pi#s4 Curr"# Poirier 8 Cou'so# 21:3,

Online Discussion Boards and !resence

Te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor(s h"$e +ee# sho!# to 'e"d to te"&hi#% "#d so&i"' prese#&e

0Gu#"!"rde#" 8 Jitt'e 199K N"%e' 8 .ot<e 2123 thou%h this &"# +e ti(e &o#su(i#% "#d

&o(p'e* due to the '"&4 of #o#-$er+"' so&i"' &'ues 0Ro$"i 2213, Mis&o((u#i&"tio# &"# o&&ur"s "&tio#s (i%ht %o u#o+ser$ed for " period of ti(e "#d o#'i#e dis&ussio#s re5uire " 'o#%er ti(e

fr"(e to &o(p'ete 0/"#% 8 /oo 22K3, Due to i#here#t f"&i"' "#d phsi&"' &ues i# f"&e-to-f"&e

dis&ussio#s the "re per&ei$ed to +e (ore "uthe#ti& !he# &o(p"red !ith o#'i#e dis&ussio#s,

Video dis&ussio#s &"# he'p "ddress this issue, Video posts pro$ide #e&ess"r $isu"'s "''o!i#%




stude#ts to e*perie#&e e"&h other "s "&tu"' hu("#s r"ther th"# te*t o# " s&ree# there+

i#&re"si#% so&i"' prese#&e, S#&hro#ous $ideo&o#fere#&i#% &"# pro$ide i((edi"te so&i"'

i#ter"&tio# "#d &o-&o#stru&tio# of 4#o!'ed%e !hi'e "s#&hro#ous te*t &o((u#i&"tio# "''o!edfor ref'e&ti$e thi#4i#%, O#'i#e $ideo dis&ussio#s de$e'op %roup &ohesio# "#d "ffi'i"tio# he'pi#%

stude#ts to fee' @p"rt of the %roup) there+ i#&re"si#% e#%"%e(e#t "#d p"rti&ip"tio# 0Pi#s4 et "',

21:3, The e*te#t to !hi&h so&i"' sp"&e is &re"ted !ithi# " &o(puter supported &o''"+or"ti$e

'e"r#i#% 0CSC;3 e#$iro#(e#t is depe#de#t upo# the so&i"+i'it of the e#$iro#(e#t, So&i"+i'it

defi#es the &h"r"&teristi&s of the e#$iro#(e#t th"t 'e"d to the de$e'op(e#t of " so&i"' sp"&e "#di#&'udes stro#% %roup &ohesi$e#ess trust respe&t "#d +e'o#%i#% s"tisf"&tio# "#d " stro#% se#se

of &o((u#itF 0.rei#s et "', 22: p, 1LK3, So&i"+i'it pro$ides the stru&ture #eeded to he'p

de$e'op so&i"' prese#&e !hi'e so&i"' sp"&e pro$ides e$ide#&e th"t so&i"' prese#&e h"s

de$e'oped,Te"&hi#% prese#&e h"s "'so +ee# sho!# to i#&re"se throu%h the use of $ideo posts, Voi&e

Thre"d " !e+-+"sed "pp'i&"tio# th"t "''o!s users to &re"te "s#&hro#ous $ideo posts !"s used

"s the &o((u#i&"tio# too' for te"&her prep"r"tio# &ourses &o#du&ted "t " '"r%e i#stitutio#

0Borup /est 8 Gr"h"( 213, Stude#ts i#di&"ted th"t !"t&hi#% i#stru&tors) $ideo posts he'pedthe( see their i#stru&tors "s re"' peop'e 'e"di#% to fee'i#%s the !ere t"'4i#% to their professors

e$e# thou%h the $ideo !"s "s#&hro#ous, Te"&hi#% prese#&e is distri+uted "(o#% %roup(e(+ers "#d is #ot stri&t' the pur$ie! of the i#stru&tor 0A4o' 21:3, I# the &"se of &o''e%e

&ourses stude#ts pri("ri' "ssist i# the de$e'op(e#t of te"&hi#% prese#&e + he'pi#% to f"&i'it"te

&ourse di"'o%ue,Te"&hi#% "#d so&i"' prese#&e &"# i(pro$e stude#t rete#tio# + redu&i#% fee'i#%s of

iso'"tio# th"t &"# &o(e !ith e#ro''(e#t i# o#'i#e &ourses 0;iu et "', 2293, Stude#t respo#ses

pert"i#i#% to " u#i$ersit !e+-+"sed te"&her edu&"tio# &ourse de(o#str"ted fee'i#%s of

'o#e'i#ess "#d iso'"tio#, Stude#t &o((e#ts i#&'uded (issi#% +ei#% i# " &'"ss !ith otherstude#tsF "s !e'' "s I 'i4ed the &o#$e#ie#&e of the &'"ss +ut I fe't 'i4e I !"s "'o#eF 0Di&4e

22: p, H13, Su&h fee'i#%s of iso'"tio# &"# resu't i# " '"&4 of persiste#&e for o#'i#e stude#ts

0Ro$"i 8 /i%hti#% 22L3, As stude#t fee'i#%s of so&i"' prese#&e i#&re"se fee'i#%s of iso'"tio#de&re"se there+ i#&re"si#% the odds th"t stude#ts !i'' &o(p'ete the &ourse 0;iu et "', 2293, B

f"&i'it"ti#% the de$e'op(e#t of " 'e"r#i#% &o((u#it throu%h (ode'i#% &o((u#i&"tio# "#d

e*pe&t"tio#s 0A4o' 21:3 i#stru&tors &"# de$e'op te"&hi#% prese#&e !ithi# the o#'i#e &'"ss "#dredu&e fee'i#%s of stude#t iso'"tio# 0?oo .i( 8 .i( 2113, I# the prese#t stud !e

i#$esti%"ted !hether stude#ts e*perie#&ed " differe#&e i# te"&hi#% "#d so&i"' prese#&e +"sed o#

the dis&ussio# p'"tfor( used duri#% the o#'i#e &ourse,

(ethod

A (i*ed-(ethods "&tio# rese"r&h "ppro"&h !"s used to e$"'u"te !hether u#der%r"du"tete"&hi#% stude#ts per&ei$ed differe#&es i# te"&hi#% "#d so&i"' prese#&e !he# usi#% " p'"tfor(

th"t pro$ided the "+i'it to p"rti&ip"te i# s#&hro#ous $ideo&o#fere#&i#% "#d "s#&hro#ous

$ideo dis&ussio#s 0$ideo-e#h"#&ed3 0VED3 "s &o(p"red to the u#i$ersit)s te*t-+"sed dis&ussio#0TBD3 p'"tfor(, 6or the purposes of this p"per the "&ro#( VED !i'' refer to the $ideo-

e#h"#&ed p'"tfor( "#d TBD !i'' refer to the u#i$ersit)s te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor(, No#-

p"r"(etri& st"tisti&s !ere used to 5u"#tif the differe#&es if "# +et!ee# the de$e'op(e#t of

so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&es +"sed o# stude#t per&eptio# (e"sured usi#% sur$e i#stru(e#ts



COMPARING VIDEO VS TEXT-BASED DISCUSSIONS :

r"ti#% the t!o dis&ussio# p'"tfor(s, I#ter$ie!s !ere &o#du&ted !ith stude#ts i# order to o+t"i# "

+etter u#derst"#di#% of stude#t e*perie#&es usi#% +oth dis&ussio# p'"tfor(s "#d to he'p ide#tif

re"so#s for "# differe#&es th"t (i%ht +e ide#tified +et!ee# the t!o p'"tfor(s,

!articipants

U#der%r"du"te preser$i&e te"&hers e#ro''ed i# "# o#'i#e te"&her te&h#o'o% &ourse "t "

'"r%e ur+"# u#i$ersit i# " south!ester# st"te !ere re&ruited to p"rti&ip"te i# this stud, The

&ourse i#trodu&es stude#ts to edu&"tio#"' uses of te&h#o'o% "#d is " re5uire(e#t for %r"du"tio#,6i$e of the stude#ts e'e&ted #ot to p"rti&ip"te i# the stud "#d "# "dditio#"' fi$e stude#ts did

#ot &o(p'ete the &ourse, This resu'ted i# " p"rti&ip"#t s"(p'e of 1 stude#ts,

(easuring !resence

Socia'ility Scale, Social !resence Scale, and Social Space Scale , So&i"+i'it he'ps i#

the de$e'op(e#t of so&i"' prese#&e "#d so&i"' sp"&e pro$ides e$ide#&e th"t so&i"' prese#&e h"s

o&&urred !ithi# the %roup stru&ture, A# i#stru(e#t th"t (e"sure "'' three &o#stru&ts !"s &hose#for this stud, A (odified &o(+i#ed $ersio# of .rei#s .irs&h#er ?o&he(s "#d Burre#)s 022:3

So&i"+i'it S&"'e So&i"' Prese#&e S&"'e "#d So&i"' Sp"&e S&"'e !"s used to (e"sure so&i"' prese#&e, Cro#+"&h)s "'ph" (e"sures reported i# this "rti&'e for the So&i"+i'it S&"'e the So&i"'

Prese#&e S&"'e "#d the So&i"' Sp"&e S&"'e respe&ti$e' !ere 2,9 2,H1 "#d 2,91, I# this stud

t!o sur$es !ere &re"ted "#d the 5uestio#s &o#t"i#ed i# the three s&"'es !ere "d"pted for use!ith the prese#t o#'i#e &ourse, Most of the "d"pt"tio# i#$o'$ed &h"#%i#% ter(i#o'o% for

Goo%'e>, 6or e*"(p'e Goo%'e> "''o!s spo#t"#eous i#for("' &o#$ers"tio#sF "#d Goo%'e>

e#"+'es (e to ide#tif (se'f !ith ( %roup,F

Teaching !resence Scale, The i#stru(e#t used to (e"sure te"&hi#% prese#&e !"s theTe"&hi#% Prese#&e S&"'e first de$e'oped + Ro$"i 0223 "s p"rt of the C'"ssroo( Co((u#it

I#de*, She" ;i "#d Pi&4ett 0223 used the i#stru(e#t to i#$esti%"te per&ei$ed differe#&es i#

&o((u#it !he# &o(p"ri#% f"&e-to-f"&e &'"sses "#d o#'i#e &ourses !ith respe&t to te"&hi#% prese#&e, Cro#+"&h)s "'ph" $"'ues !ere &"'&u'"ted for the 'e"r#i#% &o((u#it s&"'e

&o##e&ted#ess "#d 'e"r#i#% su+s&"'es "#d fou#d to +e 2,97 2,91 "#d 2,92 respe&ti$e', I# this

stud the Te"&hi#% Prese#&e 5uestio#s !ere "dded "t the e#d of the So&i"' Prese#&e sur$e ite(sfor e"&h p'"tfor( "#d i#&'uded ite(s su&h "s O$er"'' the i#stru&tor for this &ourse he'ped to

4eep stude#ts e#%"%ed "#d p"rti&ip"ti#% i# produ&ti$e di"'o%,F

These i#stru(e#ts !ere &hose# "s the +"sis for this stud "s the fo&us pri("ri' o#

so&i"' prese#&e "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e, As st"ted e"r'ier &o%#iti$e prese#&e !"s #ot e*p'ored i#this stud, Therefore it !"s de&ided th"t " (ore re&e#t i#stru(e#t de$e'oped + Ar+"u%h et "',

022H3 !ou'd #ot +e used, M"# of the ite(s o# th"t i#stru(e#t i#&orpor"ted &o%#iti$e

prese#&e "#d "uthors of th"t p"per #oted th"t so(e of the sur$e ite(s !ere (ore hi%h'&orre'"ted !ith &o%#iti$e prese#&e th"# !ith te"&hi#% prese#&e,

Student )ntervie*s

A st"#d"rdi<ed ope#-e#ded i#ter$ie! (ethod !"s used to o+t"i# " (ore i#-depth "#"'sis

of stude#t per&eptio#s of so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&es "sso&i"ted !ith the t!o p'"tfor(s, This

te&h#i5ue used stru&tured 5uestio#s !here e"&h p"rti&ip"#t !"s "s4ed the s"(e 5uestio# +ut



COMPARING VIDEO VS TEXT-BASED DISCUSSIONS

6i%ure 1, I#iti"' Video Post

Figure 1. I#iti"' stude#t $ideo post !ith "&&o(p"#i#% fo''o!-up te*t posts,

A dis&ussio# ru+ri& !"s used to %r"de stude#t p"rti&ip"tio# i# order to i#&re"se the

(oti$"tio# to p"rti&ip"te 0." 223, The ru+ri& !"s +"sed o# the dis&ussio# stru&ture#e&ess"r to %e#er"te ref'e&tio# "#d so&i"' i#ter"&tio# th"t &"# 'e"d to i(pro$ed 'e"r#i#%

out&o(es 0Ro+'er 8 /ie#&4e 2273, 6u'' p"rti&ip"tio# &o#sisted of o#e i#iti"' $ideote*t post

"#d three fo''o!-up posts for e"&h dis&ussio# "#d represe#ted ,L of the &ourse %r"de, The

TBD dis&ussio# +o"rd h"d " si(i'"r desi%#, The TBD dis&ussio# +o"rd stru&ture "#d thre"dstru&ture &"# +e see# i# 6i%ures "#d 7 +e'o!,

6i%ure , Te*t-B"sed Dis&ussio# 0TBD3 Bo"rd Me#u

Figure 2, The stru&ture "#d (e#u for the te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# +o"rd



COMPARING VIDEO VS TEXT-BASED DISCUSSIONS K

6i%ure 7, Te*t-B"sed Dis&ussio# Thre"d

Figure 3, De(o#str"tio# of ho! %roups !ere &re"ted for the te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor(,

TeacherStudent )nteractions and Teaching !resence, S&ree#&"sts !ere &re"ted + the

i#stru&tor for e"&h step re5uired to &o((u#i&"te !ithi# the VED, Video posts !ere (ode'ed +the &ourse i#stru&tor, 6i%ure L sho!s "# ope#i#% s&e#e fro( "# i#stru&tor &re"ted $ideo post, At

the +e%i##i#% of e"&h !ee4 the i#stru&tor &re"ted " $ideo post dis&ussi#% the up&o(i#% !ee4)s

&o#te#t "#d e*pe&t"tio#s, The $ideo posts "'so i#&'uded off topi& &o#$ers"tio#s o# h"ppe#i#%s i#the &o((u#it or issues preser$i&e te"&hers (i%ht fi#d i#teresti#%, Si(i'"r &o#te#t !"s pro$ided

o# the TBD to e#sure e5u"' p"rti&ip"tio# + the i#stru&tor o# the t!o p'"tfor(s, The %o"' of

these "&ti$ities !ere he'p f"&i'it"te dis&ussio# o#e of the pri("r &o(po#e#ts of te"&hi#% prese#&e 0G"rriso# et "', 2223,

)nitiation to the VED, A'' stude#ts !ere re5uired to "&&ess the VED tutori"' ("teri"'s

"#d to &o(p'ete the VED 5ui< duri#% the first !ee4, The VED 5ui< !"s desi%#ed to e#surestude#ts "&5u"i#ted the(se'$es !ith the VED)s fe"tures, The i#stru&tor fe't this step !"s

#e&ess"r "s fe! of the stude#ts h"d prior e*perie#&e !ith the VED,Stude#ts !ere re5uired to &re"te $ideo posts e"&h !ee4 i# !hi&h the dis&ussed their

u#derst"#di#%s "#d $ie!poi#ts o# the "ssi%#ed !ee4' topi&s, The !ere re5uired to respo#d to"t 'e"st three &'"ss("tes) posts, Duri#% the dis&ussio#s stude#ts !ere e*pe&ted to re'"te the

topi&s to their future positio#s "s te"&hers "#d des&ri+e ho! the fe't the te&h#o'o%ies u#der

dis&ussio# (" or (" #ot "id i# stude#t 'e"r#i#%, The i#stru&tor respo#ded to stude#t posts i#order to (ode' &riti&"' dis&ussio# "#d to de(o#str"te to stude#ts th"t this "&ti$it !"s &o#sidered

"# i(port"#t p"rt of the &ourse 0."!"&hi 2173,

6o''o!-up respo#ses for e"&h i#iti"' $ideo post !ere te*t-+"sed, Respo#ses &ou'd #ot +ere&orded dire&t' o# the VED site "#d it !"s de&ided #ot to further +urde# stude#ts + re5uiri#%

the( to &re"te " $ideo respo#se outside of the p'"tfor( stru&ture, Gi$e# th"t so(e stude#ts

e*perie#&ed dis&o(fort &re"ti#% $ideo posts or fe't th"t $ideo posts &o(pro(ised their pri$"&the !ere %i$e# the optio# to &re"te i#iti"' posts $i" te*t, O#' t!o stude#ts &hose this optio# forthe dur"tio# of the &ourse "#d +oth h"d e'e&ted #ot to p"rti&ip"te i# the stud,



COMPARING VIDEO VS TEXT-BASED DISCUSSIONS H

6i%ure :, Video-B"sed Posti#% S&ree# 6i%ure L, I#stru&tor Video Post

Figure 4. Posti#% s&ree# for $ideo dis&ussio#

posts

Figure 5. /ee4' $ideo post &re"ted + &ourse

i#stru&tor

"#%outs the $ideo&o#fere#&i#% fe"ture of the VED !ere s&hedu'ed usi#% the E$e#t

C"'e#d"r 06i%ure 3, The i#stru&tor used the $ideo&o#fere#&e fe"ture i# &o#u#&tio# !ith the

s&ree# sh"re optio# to %i$e " tour of the VED there+ i#&re"si#% the f"(i'i"rit of the VED p'"tfor( for the stude#ts, Stude#ts !ere i#stru&ted th"t the E$e#t C"'e#d"r &ou'd +e used to

s&hedu'e $ideo&o#fere#&e-+"sed offi&e hours 06i%ure K3, Stude#ts "'so h"d the optio# to s&hedu'e

i(pro(ptu $ideo&o#fere#&es !ith fe''o! stude#ts for &o''"+or"ti$e or so&i"' purposes,

6i%ure , Goo%'e> E$e#t P"%e 6i%ure K, Goo%'e> E$e#t

Figure 6. S&ree# used to &re"te "# E$e#t i#

Goo%'e>

Figure , S&hedu'ed offi&e hours usi#% the

Goo%'e> E$e#ts fe"ture

Administering the !resence Surveys and Student )ntervie*s, The so&i"' prese#&e "#dte"&hi#% prese#&e sur$es !ere "d(i#istered o#'i#e, The sur$es !ere "d(i#istered to!"rds the

e#d of !ee4 1: to e#sure th"t +oth %roups of stude#ts the VED %roup "#d the TBD %roup h"d

e5u"' ti(e usi#% the t!o differe#t p'"tfor(s, Stude#t i#ter$ie!s !ere &o#du&ted to!"rds the e#d




Three of the i#ter$ie! p"rti&ip"#ts re'"ted ho! $ideo&o#fere#&es duri#% the se(ester

!ere effe&ti$e "t he'pi#% to &re"te " so&i"' &'i("te i# the &ourse, Bi'' spo4e of #oti&i#%

so(ethi#% i# the +"&4%rou#d of so(e+od I &h"tted !ithF "#d ho! it pro$ided &o#te*t to st"rt "&o#$ers"tio# th"t "''o!ed the( to %et to 4#o! o#e "#other o# " (ore perso#"' 'e$e', A## fe't she

est"+'ished " frie#dship !ith Bi'' duri#% their $ideo&o#fere#&es "s the dis&ussed their %roup

proe&t "#d she +e%"# to 'e"r# "+out his perso#"' 'ife so(ethi#% th"t h"d #e$er h"ppe#ed i# herf"&e-to-f"&e &'"sses,

Social !resence, 6ee'i#%s of so&i"' prese#&e !ere (e#tio#ed i# "'' si* of the p"rti&ip"#ts)

i#ter$ie!s, To( dis&ussed ho! he preferred usi#% the VED to the TBD +e&"use ou &"# he"rso(e+od)s $oi&e "#d see the( t"'4i#%,F A## re'"ed " p"rti&u'"r' effe&ti$e e*"(p'e "+out the

differe#&e +et!ee# te*t-+"sed &o((u#i&"tio# "#d $ideo &o((u#i&"tio#, Duri#% her i#ter$ie!

she des&ri+ed ho! her opi#io# &h"#%ed "+out " &'"ss("te she "t first thou%ht to +e re"''

upti%htF +"sed o# his s&ho'"r'-tpe dis&ussio# posts i# the TBD, As she $ie!ed his $ideo "#d p"rti&ip"ted i# $ideo&o#fere#&e sessio#s !ith Bi'' she fou#d hi( to +e perso#"+'e "#d ust "

fu## %u,F She poi#ted out "t th"t ou &"# %et " (is&o#&eptio# !he# ou ust re"d,F Gre%)s

st"te(e#t su(("ri<es the o$er"'' fee'i#%s "+out the differe#&e +et!ee# the VED "#d the TBD

I preferred it VED +e&"use ou &"# he"r so(e+od)s $oi&eAfter ou do " fe! "#%outsou %et " 'ot +etter fee' for the(,,,=ou 4#o! the( " 'ot +etter th"# ou do ust + re"di#% so(e

te*t, There)s #o e(otio# i# te*t,F

Social Space, A'' of the p"rti&ip"#ts i#ter$ie!ed e*pressed th"t the fe't the !ere p"rt

of " &o((u#it, Three stude#ts &o((e#ted o# ho! the fe't p"rt of " &'"ssF si(i'"r to the

fee'i#%s of "tte#di#% " f"&e-to-f"&e &ourse, A## st"ted I)$e t"4e# ("# o#'i#e &'"sses +utthisis the first ti(e I)$e "&tu"'' fe't th"t I !"s i# " &'"ssF "#d ?oh# #oted I fee' 'i4e it %ets (ore

i#to th"t tr"ditio#"' &'"ssroo( tpe fee'this is #ot " tpi&"' o#'i#e &'"ss,F The ter(

&o##e&ted#essF !"s (e#tio#ed + "'' +ut o#e of the p"rti&ip"#ts "#d it !"s (e#tio#ed (ore

th"# o#&e + four of the p"rti&ip"#ts,This fee'i#% of so&i"' sp"&e &o#tri+uted to " !i''i#%#ess to p"rti&ip"te i# &ourse

"ssi%#(e#ts p"rti&u'"r' the dis&ussio# posts, Bi'' re("r4ed th"t he 'oo4ed for!"rd to the

dis&ussio# posts e"&h !ee4 =ou 4i#d of !"#ted to do our posts "#d ou 4i#d of !"#ted to!"t&h the other posts "s !e'', I re"'' e#oed it,F ?"#e fe't th"t the VED "''o!ed her %roup to %et

to 4#o! o#e "#other !e'' e#ou%h to u#derst"#d i#di$idu"' stre#%ths "#d !e"4#esses !he# it

&"(e to "ssi%#i#% respo#si+i'ities for the %roup proe&t, Bi'' fe't +ei#% "+'e to dis&ussrespo#si+i'ities s#&hro#ous' usi#% $ideo&o#fere#&i#% f"&i'it"ted &o''"+or"tio# + %roup

(e(+ers o# $"rious "ssi%#(e#ts "#d pre$e#ted &o#fusio# "s to respo#si+i'ities '"ter, e #oted

there !"s#)t " de+"te of oh I did#)t %et th"t e("i' !h did#)t so(e+od te'' (eF

Teaching !resence

A'' p"rti&ip"#ts i#ter$ie!ed fe't th"t the VED pro$ided " +etter p'"tfor( to &o((u#i&"te!ith the i#stru&tor, To( st"ted th"t it !"s $er si(p'e to t"'4 to her,F A## re'"ed ho! she

e#oed the !ee4' &o(i#% upF posts, It)s #i&e to h"$e our te"&her phsi&"'' te''i#% ou

@o4" hi e$er+od) $ersus ust re"di#% it,F

Connectedness. The p"rti&ip"#ts fe't the $ideo fe"tures he'ped to &re"te " se#se of

&o##e&tio# !ith the i#stru&tor, ?"#e #oted she %ot " 'ot +etter fee' for herF "s &o#&epts i# the

&'"ss !ere e*p'"i#ed "#d dis&ussed duri#% i#stru&tor $ideo posts, Gre% st"ted he fe't e*tre(e'

&o##e&ted to ( professorF, /he# &o(p"ri#% this &ourse to other o#'i#e &ourses he s"id th"t




other professors !ou'd se#d e("i's "#d re(i#ders this is due hereit !"s prett i(perso#"',F

This !"s e&hoed + ?oh# !he# ("4i#% " &o(p"riso# +et!ee# this &ourse "#d other o#'i#e

&ourses he h"d t"4e# i# the p"st +efore !he# I ust h"d /e+C"(pus "#d ou ust 4i#d of 4#o!our te"&hers the)re ust 4i#d of "#o#(ous +ei#%s,F /he# "s4ed if other i#stru&tors shou'd

&o#sider usi#% " VED ?"#e "d$o&"ted its use "s " (e"#s to %et th"t (ore i# depth re'"tio#ship

!ith our stude#ts,F+acilitating and Directing Cognitive !rocesses, The pri("r re"so#s for the &re"tio# of

so&i"' prese#&e "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e is to support &o%#iti$e prese#&e "#d i#&re"se persiste#&e

i# o#'i#e &ourses 0G"rriso# A#derso# 8 Ar&her 222 She" ;i 8 Pi&4ett 223, A'thou%h thisstud did #ot set out to (e"sure &o%#iti$e prese#&e e*"(p'es of f"&i'it"ti#% &o%#iti$e pro&esses

i# the &ourse !ere e$ide#t duri#% the i#ter$ie!s, O#e p"rti&ip"#t pro$ided "# e*"(p'e of ho!

te"&hi#% prese#&e !"s &re"ted th"t &ou'd 'e"d to the (oti$"tio# to 'e"r# /here"s Professor

C'"r4 she)s 'i4e !o! th"t is so(e &r"< !e"ther !e h"d '"st !ee4, ;i4e this !"s re"' ti(e this!"s @I "( &o((itted to our edu&"tio#), I thi#4 it ("4es ou fee' 'i4e she t"4es ou (ore

serious' she)s i#$estedF, T!o other stude#ts spo4e dire&t' "+out ho! the fe't the VED

e#h"#&ed their 'e"r#i#% e*perie#&e, O#e p"rti&ip"#t st"ted I fee' 'i4e I 'e"r#ed (ore !ith the

Goo%'e> i#ter"&tio#ou !ere "+'e to see the( "#d re"&t to thi#%s,F A#other s"id it !"s e"sierto ret"i# i#for("tio# !he# I)( "&tu"'' !"t&hi#% so(ethi#%"s opposed to re"di#% itF,

Discussion

I# "#s!er to the first t!o rese"r&h 5uestio#s so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e sur$esi#di&"ted th"t $ideo-e#"+'ed dis&ussio#s !ere (ore effe&ti$e "t he'pi#% &re"te so&i"' "#d

te"&hi#% prese#&e !he# &o(p"red !ith te*t-+"sed dis&ussio# p'"tfor(s, The VED !"s r"ted

si%#ifi&"#t' hi%her th"# the TBD for "'' three so&i"' s&"'e (e"sures so&i"+i'it so&i"' prese#&e

"#d so&i"' sp"&e, The VED !"s "'so r"ted si%#ifi&"#t' hi%her for te"&hi#% prese#&e,The p"rti&ip"#t i#ter$ie!s he'ped pro$ide "# u#derst"#di#% of ho! stude#ts e*perie#&ed

the &ourse their &'"ss("tes "#d their te"&her due to the #"ture of the t!o sep"r"te p'"tfor(s,

I#ter$ie!ees t"'4ed "+out fee'i#%s of &o##e&ted#essF !ith their &'"ss("tes "s the VED pro$idedthe "+i'it to see their f"&esF i#di&"ti#% the e*perie#&ed 'o!er fee'i#%s of iso'"tio# !he#

&o(p"red !ith other o#'i#e &ourses, These resu'ts !ere &o#siste#t !ith the fi#di#%s

de(o#str"ted + Di&4e 022:3 th"t te&h#o'o% &"# +e used to he'p redu&e fee'i#%s of iso'"tio#"(o#% o#'i#e stude#ts, 6ee'i#%s of %roup &ohesio# "#d "ffi'i"tio# i(port"#t &o(po#e#ts of

so&i"' prese#&e 0A4o' 21: Re(es"' 8 Co'o(i#" 2173 !ere "&4#o!'ed%ed i# the

i#ter$ie!s "s !e'',

Stude#ts "'so i#di&"ted the VED $ideo&o#fere#&i#% too' ("de &o''"+or"tio# (u&h e"sier"#d (ore produ&ti$e "s it !"s possi+'e to 4#o!F our %roup ("tes) stre#%ths "#d !e"4#esses,

The $ideo fe"tures of the VED pro$ided the "+i'it to see +oth $er+"' "#d #o#-$er+"' so&i"' &ues

he'pi#% de$e'op fee'i#%s of trust "#d +e'o#%i#% de(o#str"ted + .rei#s et "', 02273 to +e&ru&i"' for %roup &ohesio#, So(e of the p"rti&ip"#ts h"d used the $ideo&o#fere#&i#% too' to

+r"i#stor( ide"s "#d "ssi%# duties "#d respo#si+i'ities duri#% the &o''"+or"ti$e proe&t, It !"s

+e'ie$ed th"t "ddressi#% these issues s#&hro#ous' i# "# e#$iro#(e#t th"t pro$ided so&i"' &uessu&h "s f"&i"' e*pressio#s !ou'd he'p e'i(i#"te "# (isu#derst"#di#%s 'e"di#% to fee'i#%s of

trust !ithi# the %roups,

The VED !"s sho!# to i#f'ue#&e the &re"tio# of te"&hi#% prese#&e to " %re"ter e*te#t

th"# the TBD, As !ith so&i"' prese#&e i#ter$ie!ees t"'4ed "+out fee'i#%s of &o##e&ted#essF




!ith the i#stru&tor, O#e p"rti&ip"#t spo4e of ho! the i#stru&tor)s $ideo posts he'ped her

u#derst"#d the i#stru&tor + ho! she !ou'd e*p'"i# thi#%s "#d t"'4 "+out the(,F E"se of

&o((u#i&"tio# !"s " se&o#d the(e duri#% the i#ter$ie!s p"rti&u'"r' %i$e# +oth thes#&hro#ous "#d "s#&hro#ous #"ture of the VED,

The topi& of &re"ti#% $ideo posts !"s dis&ussed duri#% the i#ter$ie!s, M"# of the

stude#ts spo4e "+out their dis&o(fort 'e$e' "t the +e%i##i#% or the diffi&u't i# up'o"di#% the posts, E$e# thou%h the !ere u#&o(fort"+'e "t first stude#ts !ere !i''i#% to o$er&o(e their

i#iti"' reser$"tio#s i# order to &re"te " (ore i#&'usi$e &'"ssroo( e*perie#&e, O#&e stude#ts h"d

&re"ted " fe! $ideos (ost des&ri+ed the pro&ess "s e"sF, Not "'' of the respo#ses to the VED p'"tfor( "#d dis&ussio# su+%roupi#%s !ere positi$e,

T!o stude#ts #either of !ho( p"rti&ip"ted i# the i#ter$ie!s &re"ted te*t-o#' posts throu%hout

(ost of the &ourse, O#e stude#t &re"ted t!o $ideo posts "t the +e%i##i#% of the se(ester "#d

p"rti&ip"ted i# t!o $ideo&o#fere#&es +ut de&ided the e*perie#&e !"s too u#&o(fort"+'e to&o#ti#ue posti#% usi#% the $ideo fe"ture, The se&o#d stude#t !"s u#&o(fort"+'e !ith so&i"'

#et!or4i#% sites "#d #e$er &re"ted " $ideo post "#d did #ot p"rti&ip"te i# $ideo&o#fere#&es !ith

either the i#stru&tor or fe''o! stude#ts, Of the si* dis&ussio# %roups &re"ted o#e %roup h"d t!o

(e(+ers !ho !ere i#"&ti$e, The t!o "&ti$e (e(+ers !ere "+'e to &"rr o# i#-depth dis&ussio#so# the !ee4' topi&s +ut fou#d it diffi&u't to &oordi#"te effort o# the &o''"+or"ti$e proe&t "s

the "tte(pted to i#&'ude the #o#-"&ti$e %roup (e(+ers, A#other %roup &o#t"i#ed " (e(+er!ho h"d diffi&u't u#derst"#di#% +oth the te&h#o'o% "#d the &ourse i#stru&tio#s !hi&h 'ed to

'"te dis&ussio# p"rti&ip"tio# throu%hout the ter(, o!e$er +"sed o# the d"t" des&ri+ed "+o$e

"#d the &ourse posti#%s +oth the VED "#d dis&ussio# %roupi#% desi%# 'ed to s"tisf"&tor&o''"+or"tio#s "#d &ourse e*perie#&es,

O$er"'' the d"t" i#di&"ted th"t the s#&hro#ous "#d "s#&hro#ous $ideo "pp'i&"tio#s

pro$ided the $isu"' so&i"' &ues esse#ti"' to de$e'op trust he'pi#% p"rti&ip"#ts p'"&e $"'ue o#

i#di$idu"' &o#tri+utio#s 0R("# "rdh"( Ri&h"rdso# 8 Ross 2293, The p"rti&ip"#ts didreport th"t the VED pro$ided ide#tifi&"tio# !ith their dis&ussio# %roup their &'"ss("tes "#d

their te"&her, The so&i"' prese#&e &re"ted !ithi# the VED "ided %roup ide#tit for("tio#

pro$idi#% the so&i"'-&ohesio# #e&ess"r for &o''"+or"ti$e 'e"r#i#% 0A4o' 21: Br"#do# 8o''i#%she"d 1999 Re(es"' 8 Co'o(i#"3,

)mplications and &imitations

The e*perie#&es sh"red + the stude#ts &oup'ed !ith the sur$e resu'ts i#di&"ted th"t the

$ideo "fford"#&es of the VED !ere (ore effe&ti$e th"# the TBD "t &re"ti#% " &'"ssroo(

e#$iro#(e#t !here stude#ts "#d the i#stru&tor &o##e&ted, This is #ot surprisi#% "s rese"r&h h"sde(o#str"ted the effe&ti$e#ess of "s#&hro#ous $ideo i# pro(oti#% so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&e

0Borup /est 8 Gr"h"( 21 S4'"r 2293, o!e$er "s #oted + ;"!so# Co(+er G"%e

"#d Cu''u(-"#sh"! 02123 $ideo&o#fere#&i#% ope#s up #e! (ethods for &o(puter supported&o''"+or"ti$e 'e"r#i#% "#d &urre#t rese"r&h is '"&4i#% "s to ped"%o%i&"' &o#&er#s th"t shou'd

dri$e this tpe of 'e"r#i#%, This stud de(o#str"ted " !" to "ddress t!o ped"%o%i&"' &o#&er#s

stude#t "&&ess "#d use, The VED !"s "$"i'"+'e to "# stude#t !ith "# i#ter#et &o##e&tio# thus"''o!i#% e"s "&&ess to the $ideo "fford"#&es !hi&h he'ped de$e'op so&i"' "#d te"&hi#%

prese#&e, There !ere ("# i#st"#&es i# !hi&h stude#ts i#ter"&ted !ith o#e "#other $i"

$ideo&o#fere#&e !ithout i#&'udi#% the i#stru&tor i#di&"ti#% th"t stude#t "uto#o( (" h"$e 'ed




to %re"ter use 0;"4h"' .he&hi#e 8 P"s&ot 2173, It is i(port"#t th"t the de%ree of "&&ess

re5uired for fu'' p"rti&ip"tio# +e studied further,

O#e u#"#ti&ip"ted resu't of this stud !"s th"t the i#stru&tor for this &ourse #oti&ed "differe#&e i# fee'i#%s of &o##e&tio# +et!ee# stude#ts she i#ter"&ted !ith o# the TBD "#d those

she i#ter"&ted !ith o# the VED, It is suspe&ted th"t o#'i#e i#stru&tors &ou'd +e su+e&t to fee'i#%s

of iso'"tio# "s !e'' 0Reed A5ui 8 Put#e 2293,There "re 'i(it"tio#s to this stud, The &odi#% s&he(e !"s "pp'ied + the

rese"r&heri#stru&tor thus +i"si#% the i#terpret"tio# of the tr"#s&ripts, The s"(p'e si<e of 1

stude#ts !"s $er s("'', The p"rti&ip"#ts !ere e#ro''ed i# " te"&her te&h#o'o% &ourse "#d ("h"$e +ee# (ore (oti$"ted to 'e"r# ho! to use te&h#o'o% th"# tpi&"' o#'i#e post-se&o#d"r

stude#ts, The i#stru&tor !"s $er f"(i'i"r !ith the fe"tures of the VED "#d h"d pre&o#&ei$ed

#otio#s "s to its "+i'it to &o#tri+ute to so&i"' "#d te"&hi#% prese#&es, Therefore the resu'ts

&"##ot +e %e#er"'i<ed to other stude#t popu'"tio#s,

-e%erences

A4o' J, 021:3, The de$e'op(e#t of " &o((u#it of i#5uir o$er ti(e i# "# o#'i#e &ourse

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A#derso# T, 022:3, (heory and practice of online learning , Ed(o#to# AU Press Ath"+"s&"

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http://www.usnews.com/education/onlineeducation/articles/2011/04/20/online-education-may-transform-higher-ed


http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/16/california-looks-moocs-online-push

http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/16/california-looks-moocs-online-push





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http://d1l1ifh5i7l9sd.cloudfront.net/wp-content/blogs.dir/36/files/2009/10/Nowak1.pdf




http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer122/patterson112.html



http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer122/patterson112.html




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http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ858506

http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ858506

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