creative commons in higher education
DESCRIPTION
This presentation is based on talks given to the University of Otago and Lincoln University libraries.TRANSCRIPT
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The Situation Today
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Most publically funded research cannot be accessed and reused by the public (including me)
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Most publically funded research cannot be accessed and reused by the public (including me)
Libraries are spending an exorbitant amount on journal subscriptions
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Most publically funded research cannot be accessed and reused by the public (including me)
Libraries are spending an exorbitant amount on journal subscriptions
Many younger educators are building their teaching resources from scratch (with no training)
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Most publically funded research cannot be accessed and reused by the public (including me)
Libraries are spending an exorbitant amount on journal subscriptions
Many younger educators are building their teaching resources from scratch (with no training)
Higher education is struggling to make the case for more public funding, especially for non-commercial research
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Most publically funded research cannot be accessed and reused by the public (including me)
Libraries are spending an exorbitant amount on journal subscriptions
Many younger educators are building their teaching resources from scratch (with no training)
Higher education is struggling to make the case for more public funding, especially for non-commercial research
Our publically housed cultural heritage is becoming more accessible, though is still difficult to reuse
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On the other hand:
The potential of the Internet
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Potential to:find and build on global
research
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Potential to:find and build on global
teaching resources
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Potential to:distribute work to a (much)
wider audience
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Potential to:stop reinventing the wheel
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Potential to:actively remake our
common culture
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So, what's the problem?
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What is Copyright?What is Copyright?
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Copyright is:
Bundle of rightsAutomatic
Copy, distribute, perform, adapt*applies online*
Lasts for 50 years after death
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What Is the Purpose of Copyright?
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To Expand the Commons
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Statute of Anne, 1710: “For the encouragement of
learning”
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USA Constitution:“To promote the progress of
science and useful arts.”
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Copyright was intended to be a pragmatic solution,
balancing the interests of authors, publishing AND the
public
Authors
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IT’S MEANT TO WORK LIKE THIS:
The commons is a public good
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IT’S MEANT TO WORK LIKE THIS:
The commons is a public good+
People need an incentive to create
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IT’S MEANT TO WORK LIKE THIS:
The commons is a public good+
People need an incentive to create=
Limited monopoly, i.e. copyright
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IT’S MEANT TO WORK LIKE THIS:
The commons is a public good+
People need an incentive to create=
Limited monopoly, i.e. copyright=
A vibrant culture
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However...
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1710
Statute of Anne
14 years
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1994
New Zealand Copyright Act
Life + 50 years
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So what?
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Nearly all of our (publicly funded) intellectual work cannot
be easily accessed or legally reused
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Your (publicly funded) work may not enter the commons for over
100 years (...)
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‘All Rights Reserved’ copyright restricts the potential of digital technologies and the Internet
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Open Access is not enough
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What to do?
“Grayson, Westley, Stanislaus County, Western San Joaquin Valley, California. Seventh and eighth grade class in Westley school after lesson in Geography” 1940, US National Archives 83-G-41445, via Flickr. No known copyright.
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Pragmatic solution Creators retain copyright
Permission in advance
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Public DomainFew Restrictions
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Public DomainFew Restrictions
All Rights ReservedFew Freedoms
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Public DomainFew Restrictions
All Rights ReservedFew Freedoms
Some Rights ReservedRange of Licence Options
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Four Licence Elements
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Attribution
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Non Commercial
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No Derivatives
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Share Alike
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Six Licences
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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More free More restrictive
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Go to creativecommons.org/choose
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Layers
Licence symboll
Human readable
Lawyer readable
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More than 700 million works
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General: search.creativecommons.org
New Zealand: digitalnz.org
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CCANZ argues that CC should be used to share all publically funded works,
including culture, research, data and educational resources.
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CCANZ argues that CC should be used to share all publically funded works,
including culture, research, data and educational resources
(Unless there is a good reason not to, such as privacy)
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How will this work in higher education?
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1. Open Access and Open Licensing to Research
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All research outputs should be CC licensed, for four
reasons
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First, the public should not have to pay twice
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Second, the current structure of academic publishing is
economically unsustainable
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Third, all cultural and intellectual work builds on
other work
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Fourth, the opportunities of the Internet & digital
technologies for higher ed. are massive
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But what does OA even mean?
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Basic distinctions:
Access: Gold & Green
Copyright:Libre & Gratis
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CC licensing will reduce transaction costs of
publishing, decentralise distribution & enable new
research
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Different models have been adopted by research funders in the US, UK, EU the World
Bank.
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What form will NZ take?
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2. Open Educational Resources
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Reinventing the wheel is particular frustrating for
young academics
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Major commitment to towards OERs in nearly every nation
US: $2 billion on open textbooks Latin America: Project LATIN
Mongolia: OER portalUNESCO Paris Declaration on
OER
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Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
Oct 2011: 127 million visits to OCW content
1,018 courses translated and 290 mirror sites globally
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Source: Brandenburg, U., Carr, D., Donauer, S., Berthold, C. (2008) Analysing the Future Market – Target Countries for German HEIs, Working paper No. 107, CHE Centre for Higher Education Development, Gütersloh, Germany, p. 13.
“Accommodating the additional 98 million students would require more than four major universities (30,000 students) to open every week for the next fifteen years.”
Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić of UNESCO
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Also major potential in the compulsory education sector
(53,000+ teachers; 2500+ schools)
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3. Open GLAM
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Heritage institutions have digitised a great deal of
content
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Heritage institutions have digitised a great deal of
content
But there are some tensions between kaitiaki and OA
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Regardless, most people have no idea what the GLAM
sector has
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“Start from the other direction”
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However, not everything is suitable for licensing
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The infamous 'low hanging fruit.'
1. Public domain works→ clear usage rights statements
2. Materials with easy permissions→ CC friendly donors
3. Institution's own copyright→ release under CC-BY
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So, I've referred to 'public funding.'
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What is the government doing?
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NZGOAL (2010)Government guidance, approved by
Cabinet
Declaration on Open and Transparent Government (2011)
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Framework for release using CC BYAdvocates release using CC BY
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Many public agencies are now using CC
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Open Government GIS Data (LINZ)
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Open (Local) Government GIS Data (WCC)
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Open Scientific Data
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Open Heritage (Upper Hutt CL)
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Open Culture (Te Papa)
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Open Government
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What about students?
Banks College students playing leap frog. Wellesley College :Photographs relating to Wellesley College, Banks College and Croydon School. Ref: 1/2-147264-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22901144
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Creative Commons is a great way to teach students about copyright
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Creative Commons shifts the conversation from what students can’t
do, to what they can.
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Too often, young people are labelled ‘pirates’
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And teachers become ‘copyright police’
‘
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But remix should be encouraged
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Mix & Mash 2013: The New Storytellingmixandmash.org.nz
August 9 and November 10Prizes of $50, $500 and $2000
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THANKS CREATORS‘THE PIRATE KING. The Kaiser hoists the "Jolly Roger" and announces his intention of sinking every merchant ship on the seas!’
“Wanganui Chronicle, Issue 20354, 14 May 1915, Page 3, via Papers Past. No known copyright.
“2500 Creative Commons Licences” by qthomasbower, via Flickr. Made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 licence.
YOUNG FEMALE FOX NEAR GALBRAITH LAKE CAMP, 08/1973.” ARC Identifier 550432 / Local Identifier 412-DA-7947. Item from Record Group 412: Records of the Environmental Protection Agency, 1944 – 2006. No known copyright.
“Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His Printing to King Edward IV at the Almonry, Westminster,” by Daniel Maclise, 1851. Out of copyright.
‘The worker K. G. Persson in Gottfridsberg, Linköping. Born in 1860.’ By Einar Erici, 1932. Via Flickr. No known copyright.
“Grayson, Westley, Stanislaus County, Western San Joaquin Valley, California. Seventh and eighth grade class in Westley school after lesson in Geography” 1940, US National Archives 83-G-41445, via Flickr. No known copyright.
Photograph of Card Catalog in Central Search Room, 1942, US National Archives, via Flickr. No known copyright.
Wikihouse NZ at the Makertorium at Te Papa, 27 April 2013, via WikihouseNZ/SpaceCraft. Used with permission.
Teacher, outside with a blackboard, taking a geography class. Northwood brothers :Photographs of Northland. Ref: PA1-o-394-05. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22829561 Out of copyright.
Beehive, Wellington, NZ. Creative Commons Attribution Non Commerical No Derivatives by stewartbaird via Flickr.
Traffic squad police’ by Bain News Service, July 20, 1911. Library of Congresss, LC-B2- 2298-16. via Flickr. No known copyright.
Screenshot of “Manny’s Story” by Casey Carsel, via Youtube. Made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence
Screenshot of Wellington City Harbour, Wellington City Aerial photography, by Wellington City Council, via Koordinates. CC-BY
“Keene Grammar School Class, Keene, New Hampshire” by French, J.A., Keene NH, via Flickr. 1896 Keene Public Library and the Historical Society of Cheshire County. HS259-P819. No know copyright restrictions.
“Teacher, Lorraine Lapthorne conducts her class in the Grade Two room at the Drouin State School, Drouin, Victoria,” by Fitzpatrick, Jim. 1944. National Library of Australia, via Flickr. nla.pic-an24229822. No known copyright restrictions.
Screenshot of Nelson and surrounds, “NZ Mainland Topo50 Maps” by LINZ, via LINZ Data Service. CC-BY
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