criminology power point general

CriminologyCriminologyWilliam S. Laufer

Department of Legal Studies2207 SH DH

[email protected]

215.898.7693

William S. LauferDepartment of Legal Studies

2207 SH DH [email protected]

215.898.7693

Course RequirementsCourse Requirements

Text • Adler, Mueller, & Laufer, Criminology

and the Criminal Justice System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001)

• HandoutsGrades• Mid-term and Final Examination• Class Participation

Text • Adler, Mueller, & Laufer, Criminology

and the Criminal Justice System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001)

• HandoutsGrades• Mid-term and Final Examination• Class Participation

Criminology: Sutherland’s Definition--Modified

• Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime and criminality as a social, psychological, and biological phenomena.

• It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws.

• The objective of criminology is the development of a body of knowledge regarding crime, criminality, and its prevention.

Assignment for September 11, 2001The Forgotten Criminology of

Genocide

Assignment for September 11, 2001The Forgotten Criminology of

Genocide• Why has the field of criminology neglected

any consideration of the crime of genocide?• How could criminologists neglect an

estimated sixteen million deaths in crimes against humanity since World War II?

• What has the field of criminology lost by its neglect of the crime of genocide?

• Why has the field of criminology neglected any consideration of the crime of genocide?

• How could criminologists neglect an estimated sixteen million deaths in crimes against humanity since World War II?

• What has the field of criminology lost by its neglect of the crime of genocide?

Self-ReportSelf-Report

• Take out a piece of paper and write down the 10 most deviant and/or illegal acts that you have committed. Do not sign your name.

• Take out a piece of paper and write down the 10 most deviant and/or illegal acts that you have committed. Do not sign your name.

CriminologyCriminology

September 13, 2001September 13, 2001

Terrorism Terrorism

FBI Definition• The unlawful use of force

or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

FBI Definition• The unlawful use of force

or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Terrorism: Generating Publicity and

Fear

Terrorism: Generating Publicity and

FearClassifying Terrorism• Revolutionary Terrorism

Forcing governments to respond; to encourage a revolution, e.g., PLO

• State-Sponsored Terrorism Terrorist activities by

governments against their own citizens or other countries, e.g., Khmer Rouge

• Religious Terrorism Promoting a religious system or

protect a set of religious beliefs, e.g., use of Jihad or holy war by Islamic fundamentalists

Classifying Terrorism• Revolutionary Terrorism

Forcing governments to respond; to encourage a revolution, e.g., PLO

• State-Sponsored Terrorism Terrorist activities by

governments against their own citizens or other countries, e.g., Khmer Rouge

• Religious Terrorism Promoting a religious system or

protect a set of religious beliefs, e.g., use of Jihad or holy war by Islamic fundamentalists

TerrorismTerrorism

Punishment?• Symbolic• Retributive• Desert• Expressive• Restorative

Punishment?• Symbolic• Retributive• Desert• Expressive• Restorative

Criminology: Prof. Edwin H. Sutherland’s

Definition--Modified

• Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime and criminality as a social, psychological, and biological phenomena.

• It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of

breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws.

• The objective of criminology is the development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding crime, criminality, and its prevention.

Criminology is concerned with the construction of deviance, deviance, and the reaction to deviance

Criminology is an interdisciplinary field of study

Criminology is a social science

The Criminological Enterprise

• Criminal Statistics Gathering valid crime data; devising

new research methods; measuring crime patterns and trends

• Psychology/Sociology of Law

Exploring the intersection between the disciplines of psychology, sociology, and law

• Theory Construction, Development, and Verification

• Criminal Behavior Systems

Determining the nature and cause of specific crime patterns; the examination of specific offense, e.g., white collar crime.

• Penology The correction and control of

criminal behavior

• Victimology The nature and cause of

victimization

• Crime Prevention

Boundary

Criminal Statistics:The Death Penalty

• How many people have been executed since 1608?

• How many people have been executed this year?

• How many executions have taken place since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976?

• How many jurisdictions have death penalty statutes?

• Which states do not permit the death penalty?

• What percentage of defendants executed since 1976 were white?

• What percentage of defendants executed were convicted of killing a white victim?

• Which two states can claim credit for more than 40% of all executions since 1976?

• Do states still execute inmates either by hanging or with a firing squad?

• •

Criminal Statistics: Death Penalty

How many people have been executed since 1608? (19,500)How many people have been executed this year? (48)How many executions have taken place since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976? (731)How many states have death penalty statutes? (38)Which states do not permit the death penalty? Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia

What percentage of defendants executed since 1976 were white? (45%)What percentage of defendants executed were convicted of killing a white victim? (81%)Which two states can claim credit for more than 40% of all executions since 1976? (Texas and Virginia)Do states still execute inmates either by hanging or with a firing squad? Delaware, Montana, and New Hampshire (H); Idaho, Oklahoma, Utah (FS)



• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century?

• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted?

• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color?

• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children?

• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century?

• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted?

• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color?

• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children?

• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973?

• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___?

• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States?

• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded?

• How much evidence exists to prove or suggest that the death penalty deters murder?

• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973?

• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___?

• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States?

• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded?




• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century? (23)

• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted? (98)

• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color? (60%)

• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children? (6) Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and U.S.

• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century? (23)

• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted? (98)

• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color? (60%)

• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children? (6) Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and U.S.

• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973? (160)

• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___? (14)

• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States? (10)

• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded? (300)


• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973? (160)

• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___? (14)

• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States? (10)

• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded? (300)


Psychology/Sociology of Law

• Using psychology to explain objective expectations of privacy in Fourth Amendment cases

• Examining the reliance on formal versus informal social controls in Japan

Theory Construction, Development, and Validation

• Intuitive criminology

poverty biological causes? genetic predispositions? social learning? control – impulse, self and social? social structure? culture? subculture?

crimecrime

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

petty theft

alcohol

marijuana

speeding

vandalism

fake id

narcotics

assault

number of reports

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

petty theft

alcohol

marijuana

speeding

vandalism

fake id

narcotics

assault

number of reports

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

trespassing DUI/DWI drug sales solicitingprostitution

burglary publicdrunkeness

copyright incest

number of reports

Criminal Behavior Systems

• Classifications

• Typologies

• Specific Offenses

Penology

• What is punishment?

Goals of PunishmentGoals of Punishment

Retribution

Deterrence

Incapacitation

Rehabilitation

Proportional Penalty - Offense Determinative Deserved Penalty - Harm Determinative

Expressive Penalty - Message Determinative

Individualized SentencesOffender Culpability - OffenseOffender Change - Intervention

Crime Rates - Fear of ConsequencesPower of Deterrence - Swift, Certain***, Sufficiently Severe, Laws Known to Public

Types: General and Specific (or Special)

Collective IncapacitationSelective Incapacitation

Restorative JusticeRepairing the harm betweenOffender and victim

Traditional Justice

(retributive and rehabilitative)

Restorative Justice

Victims are peripheral to the process

Victims are central to the process

The focus is on punishing or on treating the offender

The focus is on repairing the harm between an offender and victim, and perhaps also an offender and a wider community

The community is represented by the state

Community members or organizations take a more active role

The process is characterized by adversarial relationships among the parties

The process is characterized by dialogue and negotiation among parties

Victimology

• Violence between intimates

• Child abuse

• Genocide?

The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide


• Defend criminology’s exclusion of genocide

• Defend criminology’s exclusion of genocide



• Genocide is a Political Act Reflecting the Will of Sovereignty

Genocide, it has been said, is a political rather than criminal act most often employed to enhance the solidarity and unification of nation-states. Decisions to liquidate, exterminate, and cleanse a minority population are matters of political policy reflecting the will and ideologies of sovereignty. Genocide results from a modern, developed, state bureaucratic apparatus that moves the conception of systematic torture and killing from the criminal to the political.

• Genocide is a Political Act Reflecting the Will of Sovereignty

Genocide, it has been said, is a political rather than criminal act most often employed to enhance the solidarity and unification of nation-states. Decisions to liquidate, exterminate, and cleanse a minority population are matters of political policy reflecting the will and ideologies of sovereignty. Genocide results from a modern, developed, state bureaucratic apparatus that moves the conception of systematic torture and killing from the criminal to the political.



• Genocide as a Breach of International Norms and International Law

To understand the law of genocide, one must appreciate its place in law as an international crime.

• Genocide as a Breach of International Norms and International Law

To understand the law of genocide, one must appreciate its place in law as an international crime.



• Genocide is Committed by the State Of all the many revelations over the last fifty

years, criminologists seem to have the most difficulty with the notion that an organization or entity, whether a corporation or nation state, may commit a crime. When crimes are imputed from an individual to an inanimate entity, the intellectual challenge becomes: Should an individual be blamed as well?

• Genocide is Committed by the State Of all the many revelations over the last fifty

years, criminologists seem to have the most difficulty with the notion that an organization or entity, whether a corporation or nation state, may commit a crime. When crimes are imputed from an individual to an inanimate entity, the intellectual challenge becomes: Should an individual be blamed as well?



• The Magnitude of Victimization in Genocide Defies Belief

Criminological research confirms intuitive ratings of crime seriousness from multiple murder to shoplifting. The differences in seriousness ratings for virtually all offenses are highly objective and quantifiable. The extent of victimization and harm in genocide, however, strains any assessment of seriousness. Who appreciates differences in seriousness where the offense is, for example, 100,000, 250,000, or 500,000 butchered Hutus or Tutsis?

• The Magnitude of Victimization in Genocide Defies Belief

Criminological research confirms intuitive ratings of crime seriousness from multiple murder to shoplifting. The differences in seriousness ratings for virtually all offenses are highly objective and quantifiable. The extent of victimization and harm in genocide, however, strains any assessment of seriousness. Who appreciates differences in seriousness where the offense is, for example, 100,000, 250,000, or 500,000 butchered Hutus or Tutsis?



• The Problems of Denying and Admitting Atrocity Two prominent themes that emerge from the

literature on genocide capture an ambivalence hard felt by some survivors and refugees of genocide. This ambivalence is captured in the titles of two recently published books on the Holocaust—Deborah Lipstadt’s Denying the Holocaust (1994) and Lawrence L. Langer’s Admitting the Holocaust (1995).

• The Problems of Denying and Admitting Atrocity Two prominent themes that emerge from the

literature on genocide capture an ambivalence hard felt by some survivors and refugees of genocide. This ambivalence is captured in the titles of two recently published books on the Holocaust—Deborah Lipstadt’s Denying the Holocaust (1994) and Lawrence L. Langer’s Admitting the Holocaust (1995).

The Science of Criminology

• Police Productivity and Crime Rates:Is violent crime increasing or decreasing?

• Childhood Maltreatment and Delinquency: Are mistreated children more likely to engage

in delinquency?• Specific Deterrence and White Collar

Offenders: Are white collar offenders specifically deterred

by prison?


Substantive Criminal LawSubstantive Criminal Law

The Concept of Crime A person is not criminally culpable

(blameworthy) unless she acted:voluntarily (or failed to act when required by law to do so)

with a “guilty mind”in such a way that her action and intention

coincided in time causing the harmin violation of the criminal lawso as to produced harm and injury

Simple Formula

ACT +

INTENT +

CONCURRENCE +CAUSATION +

INJURY +HARM +

PROHIBITED ACT = Crime

Criminal Act (actus reus) All crimes require an affirmative

or negative act. Affirmative acts (act of

commission) require conscious and volitional movement--a product of the determination of the actor.

Involuntary acts are insufficient. Negative acts (acts of omission)

are failures to act where there is a legal duty to act, and where it was possible for the actor to act.

Involuntary Acts

SomnambulismUnconsciousnessSeizureInvoluntary Neurological Response

Acts of Omission

Legal Relationship, e.g., parent-childContractual Obligation, e.g., lifeguard to

swimmerStatutory Obligation, e.g., taxesCreation of PerilVoluntary Assumption of care

Criminal Intent (mens rea)

Purposely - with conscious desire to cause a certain result

Knowingly - with awareness that something will occur

Recklessly - with a conscious disregard of a substantial risk or injury

Negligently - actions that the actor should have known would cause harm

Degrees of Mental FaultDegrees of Mental Fault

Purposely

Knowingly

Recklessly

Negligently

Crime-TortBarrier

Gradations of Intention

• Purposely: A desires to kill B by blowing up a building in which he knows B is sleeping. He has acted purposely with regard to the death of B.

• Knowingly: A intends to blow up a building in which he knows B is asleep on the top floor. Even though does not desire B’s death, if B dies, A has killed B knowingly because it is practically certain the B will die.


• Recklessly: A intends to blow up a building in which he knows B is asleep. He calls C and asks him to go to the building and wake up B. B knows that C is not very responsible. If C fails to do wake B, and B dies, A has killed B recklessly because he consciously disregarded a significant risk of injury to B.


• Negligently: A desires to blow up a building. Although it would be apparent to the average person that B is in the building and will be killed, A is totally unaware of that possibility. If B dies, A has acted with criminal negligence with regard to B’s death.

Strict Liability Crimes

• Certain public welfare (e.g., hand gun possession) and sexual offenses (e.g., statutory rape, bigamy, and adultery) do not require proof of mens rea. The act alone will suffice.

Two Tests for CausationFactual Causation

But for A’s act, the result would not have occurred when and as it did.

“But for Bill’s act, Harry would not have been injured in the way in which he was.”

Proximate Causation B’s injuries must have

been the natural and probable consequences of A’s act.

B’s injuries must have been foreseeable, without any intervening factors sufficient to break the causal chain that would relieve A of liability.

Defenses:Excuses and Justifications

EXCUSES Defenses in which the law

recognizes the absence of mens rea or actus reus, and concludes that no crime has been committed

Insanity Infancy Intoxication

JUSTIFICATIONS Defenses in which the

law authorizes the violation of another law where there is a justificationSelf DefenseDefense of OthersDuressNecessity

The Issue of Mental Disease is Raised

Throughout the Criminal Process The Issue of Mental Disease is Raised

Throughout the Criminal Process

Criminal Responsibility

Crime Trial

Competenceto be tried(fitness to proceed)

Competenceto be executed

Executionof Sentence

Understand the proceedings

Be able to assist in their defense

FBI Guidelines on Deadly Force FBI Guidelines on Deadly Force Public’s Safety

Officer’s Safety

MAY (NOT MUST) USEDEADLY FORCE WHEN:

1. Imminent Danger a. Armed & intent to use, or b. Armed & moving to cover, or c. Ability to incapacitate & intent to use AND 2. No safe alternative & verbal warning, if feasible

Exception:Escape from sceneof violent confrontation

May not fire to disable vehicleMay not fire warning shotShould not fire to wound

The Law of Deadly ForceThe Law of Deadly Force

• Constitutional Law– Tennessee v. Gardner

• Police may not use deadly force against a fleeing unarmed felony suspect. Such force is an unconstitutional seizure of the person and violates the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.

• State Statute– Justification by law enforcement

• Departmental Policies– Examples: FBI Guidelines, PPD Directive 10

• Constitutional Law– Tennessee v. Gardner

• Police may not use deadly force against a fleeing unarmed felony suspect. Such force is an unconstitutional seizure of the person and violates the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.

• State Statute– Justification by law enforcement

• Departmental Policies– Examples: FBI Guidelines, PPD Directive 10

No force Officer uses typical verbal commands

Slight force Officer uses strong directive language and/or minimal physical force to encourage compliance

Forcibly subdued suspects with hands Officer uses an arm/wrist lock, takedown, block, punch, or kick

Forcibly subdued suspect using methods other than hands, e.g., gun or baton

New York Central & Hudson River Railroad v. U.S. (1909)

• Corporations conduct the great majority of business transactions

• Interstate commerce is almost entirely in their hands

• The notion that corporations are incapable of committing crimes would “virtually take away the only means of effectively controlling” business transactions in interstate commerce

• Corporations can commit crimes

Corporate Criminal Liability: The Federal Law

• A corporation may be held criminally liable for acts committed by its employees if they were acting within the scope of their authority, and for the benefit of the corporation even if such acts were against corporate policy or express instructions.

• This rule extends corporate criminal liability to acts committed by:

officers and directors managers and supervisors subordinate employees independent contractors

Vicarious Liability

Agent’s Criminal IntentAgent’s Criminal Act

The Corporate Compliance Movement

• The likelihood of a criminal investigation, indictment, aggressive prosecution, conviction, and significant fine may be reduced significantly by evidence of corporate compliance.

• Vicarious liability might be defeated by active corporate compliance efforts.

Liability

Corporate Compliance


September 20, 2001September 20, 2001

What are the ingredients (elements) of all crimes?

ACT +

INTENT +

CONCURRENCE +CAUSATION +

INJURY +

HARM +PROHIBITED ACT = Crime

Biological Persons

Corporate Persons

How can a corporation commit a crime?

How can a corporation commit a crime?

• Who acts

• Who intends?

• Who causes injury?

• Who is punished?

• Who acts

• Who intends?

• Who causes injury?

• Who is punished?

New York Central & Hudson River Railroad v. U.S. (1909)

• Corporations conduct the great majority of business transactions

• Interstate commerce is almost entirely in their hands

• The notion that corporations are incapable of committing crimes would “virtually take away the only means of effectively controlling” business transactions in interstate commerce

• Corporations can commit crimes

Corporate Criminal Liability: The Federal Law

• A corporation may be held criminally liable for acts committed by its employees if they were acting within the scope of their authority, and for the benefit of the corporation even if such acts were against corporate policy or express instructions.

• This rule extends corporate criminal liability to acts committed by:

officers and directors managers and supervisors subordinate employees independent contractors

Vicarious Liability

Agent’s Criminal IntentAgent’s Criminal Act

The Corporate Compliance Movement

• The likelihood of a criminal investigation, indictment, aggressive prosecution, conviction, and significant fine may be reduced significantly by evidence of corporate compliance.

• Vicarious liability might be defeated by active corporate compliance efforts.

Liability

Corporate Compliance

Minimum Requirements for an Effective Compliance Program Standards and

Procedures reasonably capable of preventing criminal conduct

Oversight of standards by high level personnel

Care in the delegation of substantial managerial authority to individuals

Effective communication of standards and procedures to employees

Reasonable steps taken to achieve compliance

Enforcement of disciplinary mechanisms

Appropriate response after detection of an offense

Key to Compliance

Proactive Compliance

Reactive Compliance


Chapter TwoChapter Two

You be the criminologist!You be the criminologist!

• What do we know?

• Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York

• Propose a study using international crime data

• Explain the drop in crime

• What do we know?

• Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York

• Propose a study using international crime data

• Explain the drop in crime

What do we know? What do we know?• Crime rates are declining (p. 36-38)• Most crimes are committed in large urban areas (p.40)• The safest place to be is in one’s home (p. 40)• Most crimes are committed at night (p. 40)• Personal and household crimes are more likely to be committed

during the warmer months of the year (p. 40)• Crime decreases with age (p. 44)• A small group of offenders commit a large percentage of all

crime (p. 45-46)• Males commit more crimes than females (p. 47-48)• Social class may (or may not) be associated with crime (p. 49)• People of color are represented disproportionately in the

criminal justice system (p. 49-50)

• Crime rates are declining (p. 36-38)• Most crimes are committed in large urban areas (p.40)• The safest place to be is in one’s home (p. 40)• Most crimes are committed at night (p. 40)• Personal and household crimes are more likely to be committed

during the warmer months of the year (p. 40)• Crime decreases with age (p. 44)• A small group of offenders commit a large percentage of all

crime (p. 45-46)• Males commit more crimes than females (p. 47-48)• Social class may (or may not) be associated with crime (p. 49)• People of color are represented disproportionately in the

criminal justice system (p. 49-50)

What is your hypothesis?What is your hypothesis?• Why are crime rates declining? • Why are most crimes committed in large urban

areas? • Why are most crimes committed at night?• Why is it that personal and household crimes are

more likely to be committed during the warmer months of the year?

• Why does crime decrease with age? • Why is it that a small group of offenders commit a

large percentage of all crime? • Why do males commit more crimes than females?

• Why is the crime-social class association less

than convincing?• Why is it that people of color are represented

disproportionately in the criminal justice system?

• Why are crime rates declining? • Why are most crimes committed in large urban

areas? • Why are most crimes committed at night?• Why is it that personal and household crimes are

more likely to be committed during the warmer months of the year?

• Why does crime decrease with age? • Why is it that a small group of offenders commit a

large percentage of all crime? • Why do males commit more crimes than females?

• Why is the crime-social class association less

than convincing?• Why is it that people of color are represented

disproportionately in the criminal justice system?

Why?

What is your hypothesis?What is your hypothesis?

• Crime rates are declining because of changing demographics, better and more sophisticated policing strategies, e.g., community-based policing and quality of life arrests (“broken windows”), and an increased commitment to crime prevention strategies, e.g., target hardening.

• Criminal behavior decreases with age for reasons of social maturation.

• People of color are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system because there remains an institutionalized racism that touches each and every stage of the system from arrest decisions to parole eligibility determinations.

• Crime rates are declining because of changing demographics, better and more sophisticated policing strategies, e.g., community-based policing and quality of life arrests (“broken windows”), and an increased commitment to crime prevention strategies, e.g., target hardening.

• Criminal behavior decreases with age for reasons of social maturation.

• People of color are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system because there remains an institutionalized racism that touches each and every stage of the system from arrest decisions to parole eligibility determinations.

Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York

Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York

Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (2001)• Cities are cauldrons of murder.• The underlying social forces of mass society cause

deviance.• Crowding leads to deviance and violence• Poverty explains murder.• A corrupt criminal justice system loosens morals and

leads to violence.• We know what causes violence: young men coming

home from war, trained to kill.• Riots unleash violence.

Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (2001)• Cities are cauldrons of murder.• The underlying social forces of mass society cause

deviance.• Crowding leads to deviance and violence• Poverty explains murder.• A corrupt criminal justice system loosens morals and

leads to violence.• We know what causes violence: young men coming

home from war, trained to kill.• Riots unleash violence.

Propose a study using international crime data:

From Synnomie to Anomie

Propose a study using international crime data:

From Synnomie to Anomie

Social Development/Social ChangeSocial Development/Social Change

Crim

e R

ate

Crim

e R

ate

Nepal

Costa Rica

Russia

Saudi Arabia

Switzerland

Japan

Germany

Great Brita

in

Italy

United States

SynnomieSynnomie(Norm Cohesion)

StrainStrain(disconnect between

means and goals)

Failure in Social ControlFailure in Social Control(Social institutions break down;

movement away from family, schoolreligious commitment, etc.)

Cultural DevianceCultural Deviance(Social disorganization and value conflict;

social controls absent in transitional neighborhoods)

Formation of SubculturesFormation of Subcultures(Lower class are in conflict with dominant culture)

AnomieAnomie(Normlessness)

Explain the drop in crimeExplain the drop in crime

• The decay of crack markets

• New police tactics

• Growing deterrence due to violence

• Rejection of crack by a new generation

• Strength of the economy

• Increased gun control, and

• Increased incarceration

• The decay of crack markets

• New police tactics

• Growing deterrence due to violence

• Rejection of crack by a new generation

• Strength of the economy

• Increased gun control, and

• Increased incarceration

Explain the drop in crime last week in New York CityExplain the drop in crime

last week in New York City• ???????????????????????• ???????????????????????

criminology power point general

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