crippled creativity
TRANSCRIPT
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CRIPPLEDCRIPPLED
CREATIVITYCREATIVITYAN INQUIERY INTOAN INQUIERY INTO
LANGUAGE, PSYCHE &LANGUAGE, PSYCHE &SOCIETYSOCIETY
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"suffering comes from threequarters: from our own body......
from the outer world, which can rage
against us with the most powerfuland pitiless forces of destruction;
and finally from our own relations
with other men."
--Freud (1!:#$%
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Two male-speaker-hearer as represented in Saussure
(1915)
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Chomskian InterpretationChomskian Interpretation
To ma!e speakin"#hearin" s$%e'ts areTo ma!e speakin"#hearin" s$%e'ts are'reatin"#'omprehen(in" in)nite sets o*'reatin"#'omprehen(in" in)nite sets o*
senten'es o$t o* )nite sets o* or(s+senten'es o$t o* )nite sets o* or(s+
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WHERE IS THE LOCUS OFWHERE IS THE LOCUS OFTHESE TWO SPEAKING-THESE TWO SPEAKING-
HEARING SUBJECTS?HEARING SUBJECTS?
here the- are stan(in"here the- are stan(in"rea!!-.rea!!-.
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&s there any relationship between my 'empty
linguistic organism and 'human
malleability)
*hat are the effects of linguistic e+ternalityto linguistic internality)Do we 'really hae human-obect in such a
raw state without being constrained or
manipulated by the outside sociality)
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Chomsk- $sti)a%!- ne"ate( an( re*$te(Chomsk- $sti)a%!- ne"ate( an( re*$te(/eha0iorisms %$t that (oes not entai!/eha0iorisms %$t that (oes not entai!
that in thethat in the realrealor!( there is no s$'hor!( there is no s$'h
%eha0iora! manip$!ation+ Then, the%eha0iora! manip$!ation+ Then, the
1$estion is i* %eha0iora! manip$!ation1$estion is i* %eha0iora! manip$!ation
'ontin$es, hat happens to the ph-si'a!'ontin$es, hat happens to the ph-si'a!
or"an !ike LA2 an( !in"$isti' 'reati0it- inor"an !ike LA2 an( !in"$isti' 'reati0it- in
"enera!."enera!.
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Skinner himself captivated in his Black Box
A (rain" %- A!an E+ Co%er+ C*+ Atkinson et a!+ 34567899:
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2ia"ram shos the 'reator o* Skinnerian2ia"ram shos the 'reator o* Skinnerian
%!a'k %o; is himse!* ithin the %!a'k %o;%!a'k %o; is himse!* ithin the %!a'k %o;
*$!! o* $neasiness an( (is'om*ort+ This is*$!! o* $neasiness an( (is'om*ort+ This isnot a response shos thein a spa'e o* stim$!$s>response shos the
(e*eat o* the ph-si1$e+ This (e!imitin" o*(e*eat o* the ph-si1$e+ This (e!imitin" o*
ph-si1$e %ars the s$%e't *romph-si1$e %ars the s$%e't *rom
parti'ipatin" in an inters$%e'ti0eparti'ipatin" in an inters$%e'ti0e
(is'o$rse, *ree *rom manip$!ation+(is'o$rse, *ree *rom manip$!ation+
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EXTERNALIZEDEXTERNALIZEDLANGUAGE-PROBLEM?LANGUAGE-PROBLEM?
INTERNALIZEDINTERNALIZED
LANGUAGE PROBLEM?LANGUAGE PROBLEM?
G G
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EXTERNALIZED LANGUAGEEXTERNALIZED LANGUAGE
INTERNALIZED LANGUAGEINTERNALIZED LANGUAGE
EXTERNALIZED LANGUAGEEXTERNALIZED LANGUAGE
____________________________________________ Sub!"#!$%&' "(b$!("()'Sub!"#!$%&' "(b$!("()'
*(+%$$+#",' $.!$#/'*(+%$$+#",' $.!$#/'&!&(+/&+u $/#&!&(+/&+u $/#
S+0$", ."0! b"&1 +#S+0$", ."0! b"&1 +#0+#%!$+#", *"0!0+#%!$+#", *"0!P"(!$0u,"(P"(!$0u,"($/#$2&(P&(.+(3"#0&$/#$2&(P&(.+(3"#0&P"(+,&P"(+,&
INTERNALIZED LANGUAGEINTERNALIZED LANGUAGE______________________________________________
Ru,&-/+%&(#&1 .+(3",Ru,&-/+%&(#&1 .+(3",)!&3 +. u3"# 0+/#$!$%&)!&3 +. u3"# 0+/#$!$%&1+3"$#1+3"$#
I##"!& 0"*"0$!) 4" $! $I##"!& 0"*"0$!) 4" $! $.+u#1 $# C"(!&$"#.+u#1 $# C"(!&$"#R"!$+#",$35'R"!$+#",$35'
P)0+-*)$+,+/$0", +(P)0+-*)$+,+/$0", +(#&u(+-b$+,+/$0", ."0!'#&u(+-b$+,+/$0", ."0!'/&!$0 +63!/&!$0 +63!
U#$%&(", .&"!u(& +6&1U#$%&(", .&"!u(& +6&1
6$! 1&2#$!& $#bu$,!6$! 1&2#$!& $#bu$,!",/+($!3' !"! 0+#!$!u!&",/+($!3' !"! 0+#!$!u!&!& #+!$+# +. U#$%&(",!& #+!$+# +. U#$%&(",G("33"( 4UG5G("33"( 4UG5
C+3*&!& L"#/u&C+3*&!& L"#/u&
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INTERNAL CRITI7UE OFINTERNAL CRITI7UE OF
CHOMSKYCHOMSKY
DWELLING WITHIN ENLIGHTENMENTDWELLING WITHIN ENLIGHTENMENT
??
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the accepted h!pothesis that the acceleration of a "od!
dropped in a vacuum is constant # (a"out $% feet per
second per second on earth)& impl!in# that the distance
(s) traveled after t seconds is #iven "! the formula s'1%
#t% *hen the formula is applied to various o"+ects
dropped from various hei#hts in the earth atmosphere& it
is found to hold& more or less& in usefull! man! "ut not
all cases,t can therefore "e stated under a wide ran#e of
circumstances& "odies that fall in the actual atmosphere
"ehave as if the! are fallin# in a vacuum ,n the lan#ua#e
so common in .conomics this would "e rapidl!translated into the formula assumes a vacuum /et it
clearl! does no such thin#0 the formula is accepted
"ecause it works& not "ecause we live in approximate
vacuumwhatever that means2 (3ou#et,195$14)
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Chomsk-?s 'reati0it- h-pothesis a!soChomsk-?s 'reati0it- h-pothesis a!so
pres$mes
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'quite contrary to follore, only a small
number of e+ecuties deelop peptic ulcers; in
fact blue-collar worers who are dissatisfiedwith their obs are more liely to deelop
ulcers than successful business e+ecuties
who are moing up on the occupational ladder.
/nd while blac people in our society show a
higher incidence of hypertension than white
people, this finding is confounded by different
dietary habits, including the e+cessie use ofsalt by many blac citi0ens. (arson et al
1$: #2!%.
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Y AERICAN UNCLEY AERICAN UNCLEALAIN RESNAISB349:ALAIN RESNAISB349:
Let $s hear the '!ippin"s o* !e't$re B*rom theLet $s hear the '!ippin"s o* !e't$re B*rom the
mo0ie: "i0en %- Henri La%orit, an e0o!$tionar-mo0ie: "i0en %- Henri La%orit, an e0o!$tionar-
ps-'ho!o"ist+ps-'ho!o"ist+
He is ta!kin" a%o$t7He is ta!kin" a%o$t7h$man %o(-
re!ationship ithin the am%it o*
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P!ease note the s$perimposition o* ratsP!ease note the s$perimposition o* rats
an( 'ompetin" h$man %ein"s in this )!m+an( 'ompetin" h$man %ein"s in this )!m+
This )!m %- A!ain Resnais 'riti'iFesThis )!m %- A!ain Resnais 'riti'iFes%eha0iorism as e!! as 'o"niti0e%eha0iorism as e!! as 'o"niti0e
ps-'ho!o"- *rom the perspe'ti0e o*ps-'ho!o"- *rom the perspe'ti0e o*
e0o!$tionar- ps-'ho!o"-+e0o!$tionar- ps-'ho!o"-+
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l6in#uistics "ecomes a social science when we face
the fact that speaker S of a lan#ua#e 7 has in S8s "rain-
constructed-as-a-mind not onl! ,& an internal
representation of 7 that ena"les S to use 7& "ut also
somethin# amountin# to .& an external representation
which em"odies S8s awareness of the communit!8s
+oint possession of 7 as represented in , ! 1944
paper proposes that for formal reasons S cannotconstruct or store a via"le :societ! function8 capa"le of
mappin# , onto an ima#ined set of parallel ,-
representations& and that instead S allows a non-formal
ima#e of 7& an external representation of discourseem"od!in# 7& to serve . Thus . is the site where a
ps!cho-sociall! real ima#e of 7 is posited and
ima#ined2 (Das#upta& 199$51)
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;ro"lems of learnin# Theor! (7T)
for the or#anism < in the =o#nitive domain (D)
is 7T(?14)
This theor! can "e re#arded as function that
has certain output (a co#nitive structure of some
sort) (i"id1@)
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But 7T shows certain discrepancies as there is
no place for outside socialit! in 7T
Therefore we need to reformulate 7T "! puttin#
Social =onstraints S within this theor!
Thus& natural2 or#anism A is to "e
reinterpreted as SA& which is a A "ound "!
social constraints
This reformulation& thus& is now represented as
7T (SA&7)
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=A
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,t is reasona"le to suppose that +ust as intrinsic
structures of mind underlie the development of
co#nitive structures& so a species character2
provides the framework for the #rowth of moralconsciousness& cultural achievement& and even
participation in a free and +ust communit! human
needs and capacities will find their fullest
expression in a societ! of free and creativeproducers2 (=homsk! l9>?1$$-$@)
S.D =
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Suppose that the social and material
conditions that prevent free intellectualdevelopment were relieved2
(=homsk! l9>? 1%@)
S.D =
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there must "e continual stru##le
a#ainst authoritarian social forms that
impose restrictions "e!ond those set "!
:the laws of nature82 (=homsk!
19>?1$$)
S.D =
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CHOSY ANSERE2CHOSY ANSERE2THESE QUESTIONSTHESE QUESTIONS
B Re"ar(in"
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Chomsk- a''epte( m-Chomsk- a''epte( m-h-pothesish-pothesis
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D+& C+38)D+& C+38)
0+#$1&(0+#$1&(BODY AS ABODY AS A
MACHINE???MACHINE???
3+3+ COPUTATIONCOPUTATION
8+8+ LEICONLEICON
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,)HI must provide means to present an arra! of
items from the lexicon in a form accessi"le tothe computational s!stem (=homsk!& 199%4)
%) it ma! "e possi"le to move toward the
minimalist desi#n a theor! of lan#ua#e thattakes a lin#uistic expression to "e nothin# other
than formal o"+ect that satisfies the interface
conditions in the optimal wa! (=homsk!&
199%>)
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Technocratic metaphors used "! =homsk! ma!
exemplif! how he is perceivin# human "od! as a
machine The terms like =omputation8& arra!2interface2 etc (e#& =homsk! and 7asnik&1991@ used
a term like parser2 in a statement like one
component of mind"rain is a parser2) or in the
operations like =5) lan#ua#e-
free representation (;3
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homsy: onte+t free ideal creatie
speaing subect with 0ero 3istory
4ed contra: onte+t-sensitiecreatie speaing corporeal with
3istory
CONCLUSION???CONCLUSION???
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EXTERNAL CRITI7UEEXTERNAL CRITI7UEOF CHOMSKY9OF CHOMSKY9
FROM CARTESIANFROM CARTESIAN
MIND TO PSYCHEMIND TO PSYCHE
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all instincts that do not dischargethemselves outwardly turn inward- this is
what I call internali0ation of man first
developed what was later called his
:soul82 (CietKsche& 195?%%L& emphasis
added)
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*hen , m!self was a pu"lic sMuare& a sooN Throu#h
me passed words& tin! s!nta#ms& "its of formulae& and
no sentence formed& as thou#h at were the law of sucha lan#ua#e This lan#ua#e at once ver! cultural and
ver! sava#e& was a"ove all lexical& sporadicN This
non-sentence was in no wa! somethin# that could not
have acceded to the sentence& that mi#ht have "een"efore the sentenceN it wasN what is eternall!&
splendidl! outside the sentence Then potentiall! all
lin#uistics fell& lin#uistics which "elieves onl! in the
sentence and alwa!s attri"uted an exor"itant di#nit! to
predicative s!ntax (as the for of lo#ic& of a rationalit!)N ,
recalled this scientific scandal2
contd0
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Theor! (=homsk!) sa!s that the sentence ispotentiall! infinite (infinitel! catal!Ka"le)& "ut
practice alwa!s o"li#es the sentence to end
Theor! did not consider like science& su"+ects
"od! as a historical su"+ectN for it is at end of aver! complex process com"inin# "io#raphical&
historical& sociolo#ical and neurotic elements
(education& social class& childhood
confi#uration& etc) (Barthes&19>5 @9-5L)
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Ell the official institutions of lan#ua#e arerecapturin# mechanism school& sports&
advertisin#& pulp novels pop son#s& news&
alwa!s repeat the same structure& the same
sense& often the same words Stereot!pes area political fact& the principal aspects of
ideolo#!2 (Barthes&19>5 @L)
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La'anLa'an
S)3b+,$0S)3b+,$0O(1&(L"0"#:O(1&(L"0"#:P)0+"#",)$P)0+"#",)$
____________________________________
S$%e't?s %o(- asS$%e't?s %o(- asree'te( in the mirror+ree'te( in the mirror+The ree'tion !ea(s toThe ree'tion !ea(s tos-m%o!iFation+ Thiss-m%o!iFation+ This
pres$ppose( or(er ispres$ppose( or(er is"i0en %- the other to"i0en %- the other tothe s$%e't+ S$%e't?sthe s$%e't+ S$%e't?s
EL is *orme( %- thisEL is *orme( %- thisprimar- repression+primar- repression+
R&", O(1&( L"0"#:R&", O(1&( L"0"#:P)0+"#",)$P)0+"#",)$
______________________________________
H$man s$%e't 'annotH$man s$%e't 'annot
e;perien'e the
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LACANLACAN
I3"/$#"() +(1&(I3"/$#"() +(1&(L"0"#:L"0"#:
P)0+"#",)$P)0+"#",)$
____________________________________________
I(entit- o* si"ni)er
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riste0a?s semio!o"-riste0a?s semio!o"-
S)3b+,$0 O(1&(S)3b+,$0 O(1&(
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
La $n(er hi'h Lan"$a"eLa $n(er hi'h Lan"$a"eBL: operates, L o%e-s theBL: operates, L o%e-s ther$!e, "rammar, so'ia!r$!e, "rammar, so'ia!'o(es, str$'t$re,'o(es, str$'t$re,meanin"*$!ness,meanin"*$!ness,a''epta%i!it-, si"ni)'an'ea''epta%i!it-, si"ni)'an'eet'+et'+
R&", O(1&(R&", O(1&(
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
Rea! 'annot %e *e!t itho$tRea! 'annot %e *e!t itho$t%ein" s-m%o!iFe(+%ein" s-m%o!iFe(+
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
P+!&>!P+!&>!is the part o*is the part o*
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riste0a?s semio!o"-riste0a?s semio!o"-
I3"/$#"() +(1&(I3"/$#"() +(1&(Disruptive elementsDisruptive elementspresent within thepresent within thesignifying process.signifying process.Repressed non-linguisticRepressed non-linguistic
sounds, moments ofsounds, moments ofmeaninglessness, silencemeaninglessness, silenceetc.etc.
G+!&>!G+!&>!7 (e0iations,7 (e0iations,hi'h *orm a re!ati0e an(hi'h *orm a re!ati0e an(shi*tin" trae'tor- notshi*tin" trae'tor- notrestri'te( to to po!es o*restri'te( to to po!es o*inters$%e'ti0it- o* S#HS+inters$%e'ti0it- o* S#HS+
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*ithin this process one mi#ht see the
release and su"seMuent articulation of
the drives as constrained "! the social
code !et not reduci"le to the lan#ua#e
s!stem as a genote+t and as the
si#nif!in# s!stem as it presents itself tophenomenolo#ical intuition as a
phenote+tN descri"a"le in terms of
structure& or of competence
performanceThe presence of genote+twithin the phenote+t is indicated "!0 a
semiotic disposition risteva
(19>$1%5L)
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Genotext is within
phenotext and vise versainside is outside andoutside in. It is a paradoxan aporia. Psi-properties are operatinghere. Unconscious is(un)structured likelanguage.
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;S,-;3
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The ,nternaliKed 7an#ua#e (,) in speakin# su"+ect (S) is& as Barthes
pointed out& thus devoid of hisher histor!& childhood confi#urationand neurotic element But if an!one tries to find the locus standiof
such ideal speaker-hearer in the "ehavioral manipulative world&
she ma! find that the su"+ectification and su"+ection of S8s "od!
is under the control of dispotif , or 7ED& a ph!sical or#an cannot
"e ima#ined without accommodatin# a social interpretation of
ps!che& and that is missin# in the formaliKation of waterti#ht
essence of , as such Eccordin# to this proposed interpretation , of
S& "ein# contaminated "! the outside socialit! or unweilt& is not
somethin# transcendental or somethin# outside social .xternaliKed
7an#ua#e and it is eMuall! via"le to ps!cho-social properties&
which , a""reviated as (psi)-; These -; reasserts that the "ein#is alwa!s in the "ein#-in-the-(social) world as well as "ein#-for-
others
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INTER-PRETING-RUPTINGINTER-PRETING-RUPTING
FACTS AND FICTIONSFACTS AND FICTIONS
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Then ho 'o$!( e (istin"$ishThen ho 'o$!( e (istin"$ish
%eteen%eteen
FactsFacts
&&FictionFiction..
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F"0!-I9F"0!-I9 In one a(0ertisement, I *o$n(In one a(0ertisement, I *o$n(
that the prota"onist oers athat the prota"onist oers a
pres'ription to a(0ertisement is in Hin(i, the s$%e't>
0er%> "en(er a"reement 'an %e0er%> "en(er a"reement 'an %e
noti'e(7noti'e(7
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ap"hi istemal k
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F"0!-II9F"0!-II9 In one /an"!a a"it>prop son" %-In one /an"!a a"it>prop son" %-
S$man Chattopa(h-a- shoe( theS$man Chattopa(h-a- shoe( the
'omin" o* the !ea(er in he!i'opter ith'omin" o* the !ea(er in he!i'opter ithti"ht se'$rit-+ At the mi(st o* that son"s,ti"ht se'$rit-+ At the mi(st o* that son"s,
there are three (i't$ms, hi'h ma- %ethere are three (i't$ms, hi'h ma- %e
ser0e( as 'orp$s *or o$r p$rpose7ser0e( as 'orp$s *or o$r p$rpose7
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% a)(tu!) "hoT diechis
vote #ive
Aave !ou cast !our voteF%")(tumi) "hoT diecho
vote #ive
Aave !ou cast !our voteF
%c) (apni)"hoT diechen
vote #iveAave !ou cast !our voteF
The %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son" %$tThe %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son" %$t
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The %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son", %$tThe %ra'kete( e!ements are not in the son", %$tthe- are easi!- re'o0era%!e *rom the nomina!the- are easi!- re'o0era%!e *rom the nomina!person> 0er% a"reement+ The point is that the son"person> 0er% a"reement+ The point is that the son"
(epi'ts the
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F"0!-III9F"0!-III9 In one sit$ation o* pop$!ar /an"!a mono>In one sit$ation o* pop$!ar /an"!a mono>
(rama Ba!so p!a-e( in Hin(i:,
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F"0!-IV9F"0!-IV9 In one sit$ation o* TarashankarIn one sit$ation o* Tarashankar/an(-opa(h-a-?s *amo$s no0e!/an(-opa(h-a-?s *amo$s no0e! #anadevata$#anadevata$
B"o(@, the no0e! (epi'ts the sit$ation o*B"o(@, the no0e! (epi'ts the sit$ation o*or(inar- peop!e in the 'onte;t o* 'han"in" s'enarioor(inar- peop!e in the 'onte;t o* 'han"in" s'enarioin the !ate 'o!onia! perio( $n(er the /ritish Ra:,in the !ate 'o!onia! perio( $n(er the /ritish Ra:,2e%$ Ghosh, a !iterate *armer, ho is o*ten re*erre(2e%$ Ghosh, a !iterate *armer, ho is o*ten re*erre(to as #pon2it# a((ress, a!so $se( #t$-# to re*erret$rn>a((ress, a!so $se( #t$-# to re*eran$n"o+The 0i!!a"ers as e!! as 2e%$ ere notan$n"o+The 0i!!a"ers as e!! as 2e%$ ere not
happ- ith the !an(>s$r0e- an( 2e%$ e;presse(happ- ith the !an(>s$r0e- an( 2e%$ e;presse(his (is'ontent at the time o* the s$r0e-+ in"!in"his (is'ontent at the time o* the s$r0e-+ in"!in"ith this *a't an( the in'i(en'e o* re*errin"ith this *a't an( the in'i(en'e o* re*errin"an$n"o as #t$-# !ea( to the arrest o* 2e%$+an$n"o as #t$-# !ea( to the arrest o* 2e%$+
The incidence of imprisonment due to referring back inThe incidence of imprisonment due to referring back in
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The incidence of imprisonment due to referring back inThe incidence of imprisonment due to referring back in-honorific and to resist survey make us remember the-honorific and to resist survey make us remember thepower over life-hypothesis of oucault! "s oucaultpower over life-hypothesis of oucault! "s oucault
showed that# in the $%th &!# the proliferation ofshowed that# in the $%th &!# the proliferation ofdemographic techni'ues# taking cue from the classicaldemographic techni'ues# taking cue from the classicalperiod# to know the body lead to the administration andperiod# to know the body lead to the administration andsub(ection of the docile body! The procedures of powersub(ection of the docile body! The procedures of powerhere get a chance to know and penetrate the bodyhere get a chance to know and penetrate the body
through# what oucault called as anatomo-politics! )nthrough# what oucault called as anatomo-politics! )nthe other hand# the procedures of power also penetratethe other hand# the procedures of power also penetratethe human species by deploying universal mechanicsthe human species by deploying universal mechanics*$+,%+./$0+-1.2! These attempts to intervene with*$+,%+./$0+-1.2! These attempts to intervene with
regulatory control over the species# according to oucault#regulatory control over the species# according to oucault#are the bio-politics! In case of 3ebu 4hosh# theare the bio-politics! In case of 3ebu 4hosh# theanatomo-political intervention in the domain of land leadsanatomo-political intervention in the domain of land leadsthe imprisonment of 3ebu5s docile body!the imprisonment of 3ebu5s docile body!
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I (o notI (o notkno e;a't!- hether these *a'tskno e;a't!- hether these *a'ts
taken *rom /an"!a )'tions an( Hin(itaken *rom /an"!a )'tions an( Hin(i
a(0ertisement are to %e 'onsi(ere( as ELa(0ertisement are to %e 'onsi(ere( as ELe0i(en'es or not+ I think, these e;amp!es o*e0i(en'es or not+ I think, these e;amp!es o*
*>*eat$res are not e;terna! e0i(en'es+ The*>*eat$res are not e;terna! e0i(en'es+ The
pronomina!>0er% a"reement in /an"!a an(pronomina!>0er% a"reement in /an"!a an(
"en(er>0er% a"reement in Hin(i shos a"en(er>0er% a"reement in Hin(i shos a'r$'ia! *a't o* poer*$! so'ia! 'o(e that'r$'ia! *a't o* poer*$! so'ia! 'o(e that
'ontro!s interna!iFe( !in"$isti' 'o(e an('ontro!s interna!iFe( !in"$isti' 'o(e an(
those are Psi>Properties, a Properties, a
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No e ma- anser o$r initia!No e ma- anser o$r initia!1$estion71$estion7
hat, then, is the re!ationshiphat, then, is the re!ationship
%eteen so'ia! ma!!ea%i!it- an( empt-%eteen so'ia! ma!!ea%i!it- an( empt-
!in"$isti' or"anism.!in"$isti' or"anism.
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PLURIMETHODPLURIMETHOD
4T& 3&!+1 I "%&4T& 3&!+1 I "%&1&*,+)&1 $# !$ 6+(851&*,+)&1 $# !$ 6+(85
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=ompare different theories with other theories
rather than with :experience8& :data8& :fact8 and , will
tr! to improve rather than discard the views thatappear to lose into competition2 (Ge!era"end& 194>
$$)
=homskian Theor! T8 successfull! descri"es the
situations inside domain D8 T8 a#rees with a finitenum"ers of o"servations (let their class "e G) and it
a#rees with these o"servations inside a mar#in of
error En! alternative that contradicts T8 outside G
and inside is supported "! exactl! the same
o"servations and is therefore accepta"le if T8 wasaccepta"le2 (Ge!era"end& 1944 %5)
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,n =homskian Theor! T8& the is the omission of social
constraints The class G confines itself to well or#aniKedset of sentences i#norin# the social-context or
=homskian Theor! TP successfull! descri"es the
situations inside domain DP TP a#rees with a finite
num"ers of o"servations (let their class "e G ) and ita#rees with these o"servations inside a mar#in of
error En! alternative that contradicts TP outside G and
inside is supported "! exactl! the same o"servations
and is therefore accepta"le if TP was accepta"le
(Ge!era"end&1944%5) ,n the =homskian Theor! TP& the
is the omission of social constraints The class G
confines itself to well-or#aniKed set of sentences
i#norin# the actual performance of the sentences
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TP also i#nores the failure of ,7 or competence whichleads to performance error as competence andperformance are two distinct and discrete phenomena inTP Therefore& the proposed 7T(SA& 7) not onl! contradictsT8 (' 7T (A& 7) , inside & "ut also inside G as G (lin#uisticdata or sentences in this case) is (a) selected "! partialo"servation led "! predetermined architecture or S!ntaxN(") constructed as natural Aow do we know what isnatural and what is cultural phenomenaF The essentialconstruction of nature2 cannot escape the pro"lems of
essentialism Thus T8 creates a metanarratlve oftranscendental speakin# su"+ect "! o"servin# thesu"+ect #lo"all!& not locall!
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END OF DIALOGUE?END OF DIALOGUE?
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%ocrates was murdered%ocrates was murdered
'hen %ocrates was murdered, the power of'hen %ocrates was murdered, the power ofdialogue revealed. (he forced death ofdialogue revealed. (he forced death of%ocrates does not entail the forced death of%ocrates does not entail the forced death ofdialogue ut proves the celeration ofdialogue ut proves the celeration of
dialogue. From the perspective of authority,dialogue. From the perspective of authority,dialogue is something poisonous and thedialogue is something poisonous and theinitiator of dialogue can e terminated y theinitiator of dialogue can e terminated y theremedy of poison only. )ere comesremedy of poison only. )ere comespharmacon*poison as well as nectar+..pharmacon*poison as well as nectar+..
(here is creation of innite sets of sentences(here is creation of innite sets of sentencesas well as there is no creation of innite setsas well as there is no creation of innite setsof sentences. ou !now, this statementof sentences. ou !now, this statementviolates law of excluded middle.violates law of excluded middle.
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,n an inter-su"+ective position& if the dialo#ueis controlled "! the Dominant other& the
dialo#ue ends
,f the inter-su"+ectivit! is controlled "! thedominant& repressive or coercive or
ideolo#ical institutions& (the another PotherP)
the dialo#ue ends
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OR#AN2OR#AN2
E AY /YPASS THE ETERNALE AY /YPASS THE ETERNAL
COERCIONCOERCION
/Y+/Y+
THIS IS A SILENT ONE+ EEP UTHIS IS A SILENT ONE+ EEP U
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LET US SEE THE OIE