Crisis of the Papacy

I. Height of the Papacy

A. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)1 Influences selection of German emperors2. Forces Philip II of France to keep his queen3. Forces John of England and King of Aragon to

become,papal vassals

I. Height of the Papacy

B. 4th Lateran Council (1215) –Culmination of reform1. Establishes doctrine of transubstantiation2. Confession required once a year3. Clergy required to be celibate, sober, simple4. Only one benefice at a time5. Priests forbidden to participate in ordeal trials

C. B. Legates and canon law1. Popes more likely to be trained in law and

have lawyer’s mind

II. Popes Engulfed by Law and Politics

A. Pope Innocent’s crusade against Frederick II

B. Pope Martin IV and the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-85)

C. Boniface VIII vs. Philip IV of France1. Tax controversy begins (1296)2. Case of French bishop (1301)3. Unam Sanctam (1302)4. Pope captured by French (1303)

III. Babylonian Captivity

A. Popes move to Avignon1. Need for money2. Most spend on wars to regain Papal lands

B. John XXII (1316-1334)1. Sale of indulgences begins2. Denounces “Spiritual”

Franciscans”

III. Babylonian Captivity

C. Catherine of Siena (1347-80)1. Female St. Francis2. Convinces Pope to return to

Rome (1377)

D. Great Schism begins1. Two Popes2. Three Popes