criteria and indicators for sustainable mangrove resources … · 2018-04-04 · policy, legal and...
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Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Mangrove Resources Management in Bohol,
Philippines: Implications to Community Development
Josefina T. Dizon, Leni D. Camacho, Margaret M. Calderon and Lucrecio L. Rebugio
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
INTRODUCTION
• AKECOP• Regional Research on Participatory
Assessment and Evaluation of Mangrove Forest Restoration Benefits
• July 2005 to June 2008• Component research: Development of C & I
for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves
INTRODUCTION
Objectives of the study:1) To review the existing C & I for
sustainable forest management; 1) To assess C & I for mangrove forests;
and 3) To validate the C & I on Banacon Island,
Getafe, Bohol.
INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forest – a type of forest occurring on tidal flats along the sea coast, extending along streams where the water is brackish (PD 705). It is a community of intertidal plants including all species of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs found therein. It is pre-dominated by species from the Rhizophoraceae family.
METHODOLOGY
The Study Site:
BANACON ISLAND, GETAFE, BOHOL
Map of Bohol Province, Philippines
Bohol – 10th largest island province
Area - 394,816 ha
Agricultural area -16,9678 ha
Mangrove area –15,320 ha
Main livelihoods:1) Farming2) Fishing
Pop’n - 1,230,110
Bohol – Tourist destination
LOBOC RIVER
CHOCOLATE HILLS
TARSIERBACLAYON CHURCH
MUNICIPALITY OF GETAFE
MUNICIPALITY OF GETAFE
Located in the northern tip of Bohol Province
92 km from Tagbilaran City
Boundaries:
South: Municipality of Buenavista
East: Municipality of Talibon
Income Classification : 3rd ClassTotal Land Area
Timberland : 4,036.95 haA & D : 13,880.05 ha
Political Subdivision & DemographyNo. of Barangays : 24
Upland : 5Coastal : 19 ( 9 islands)
Total Population : 28,135Ave. Growth Rate : 2.5%
BANACON ISLAND
Origin of name : Banak or mullet(Mugil cephalous)
Location : Approximately 5.8km from GetafeAccessibility : 30-minute pumpboat ride from the
town’s wharf Area : 1,775 haUse : Wilderness area (Presidential Proclamation
No. 2151, dated 2/21/81)Marine sanctuary (2004)
BANACON ISLAND
DemographyNo. of Households : 325
Main Source of Livelihood: FishingSecondary sources : Carpentry, tailoring/
dressmaking, furniture making, store keeping
Major problems : Illegal fishing, unemployment
Existing PO : Banacon Fisherfolks and Mangrove Planters Association (BAFMAPA)
BANACON ISLAND
METHODOLOGY
1. Review of Existing C & I for Sustainable Forest Management• Patterned after ITTO C & I• Formulated by FMB-DENR• 7 Criteria and 56 Indicators
ITTO CRITERIA AND INDICATORS
Criterion #1Enabling Conditions
For Sustainable ForestManagement
Sustainable Management
of Natural TropicalForests
Criterion #7Economic and
Cultural Aspects
Criterion #6Soil and Water
Criterion #2Forest Resource
Security
Criterion #3Forest Ecosystem
Health and Condition
Criterion #4Flow of Forest
Produce
Criterion #5BiologicalDiversity
PHILIPPINE SET OF CRITERIA AND INDICATORS
Criterion #1Enabling Conditions
For Sustainable ForestManagement
Sustainable Forest
Management
Criterion #7Economic, Social &
Cultural Aspects
Criterion #6Soil and Water
Criterion #2Extent and Condition
of Forests
Criterion #3Forest Ecosystems
Health and Condition
Criterion #4Forest Production
Criterion #5BiologicalDiversity
METHODOLOGY
2. Assessment of Existing C & I for applicability for mangrove forests
• Assessed 35 indicators under 7 criteria to be applicable to mangrove forests
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management
Policy, legal and governance framework
1.1 Existence and implementation of policies, laws and regulations to govern mangrove management
1.2 Forest tenure and ownership1.3 Amount of funding in forest management,
administration, research, and human resource development1.4 Existence and implementation of economic instruments and
other incentives to encourage sustainable mangrove management
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management
Policy, legal and governance framework1.5 Structure and staffing of institutions responsible for
sustainable mangrove management1.6 Number of professional and technical personnel to
perform and support mangrove management1.7 Existence of communication strategies and feedback
mechanism to increase awareness about sustainable mangrove management
1.8 Existence of and ability to apply appropriate technology to practice sustainable mangrove management and the efficient utilization and marketing of mangrove products
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management
Policy, legal and governance framework
1.9 Capacity and mechanism for planning sustainable mangrove forest management and for periodic monitoring, evaluation and feedback on progress
1.10 Public participation in mangrove forest management planning, decision making, data collection, monitoring and assessment
1.11 Existence of mangrove management plans
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 2. Extent and conditions of mangrove forests
2.1. Extent of mangrove forests committed to production and protection
2.2 Changes in mangrove forest area2.3 Forest condition
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 3. Mangrove ecosystem health
3.1 Extent and nature of mangrove encroachment, degradation, and disturbance caused by humans and the control procedures applied
3.2 Extent and nature of mangrove degradation and disturbance due to natural causes and the control procedures applied
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 4. Forest production
4.1 Actual and sustainable harvest of wood and non-wood forest products
4.2 Composition of harvest4.3 Existence and implementation of
harvesting/operational plans and other harvesting permits
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 4. Forest production
4.4 Existence of control mechanisms4.5 Long-term projections, strategies and
plans for mangrove production4.6 Availability of historical records on the
extent, nature and management of mangroves
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 5. Biological diversity
5.1 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify and protect endangered, rare and threatened species of mangrove flora and fauna
5.2 Number of endangered, rare and threatened mangrove dependent species
5.3 Extent and percentage of mangrove forest which has been set aside for biodiversity conservation
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 6. Coastal resources protection
6.1 Extent and percentage of total mangrove forest area managed exclusively for the protection of habitat of fishes and other beneficial aquatic flora and fauna
6.2 Procedure for conservation of buffer strips along coastal areas
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural
7.1 Existence and implementation of mechanism for the equitable sharing of costs and benefits
7.2 Existence and implementation of conflict resolution mechanisms for resolving disputes among/between stakeholders
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural
7.3 Number of people depending on the mangroves for their livelihoods
7.4 Training, capacity building and manpower development programs
7.5 Area of mangroves which people are dependent for subsistence uses and traditional and customary life styles
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS
Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural
7.6 Extent to which tenure and other rights of communities over publicly-owned mangrove forests are recognized and practices
7.7 Extent to which indigenous knowledge is used on mangrove management planning and implementation
7.8 Extent of involvement of local communities in mangrove capacity building, consultation process, decision making and implementation
CRITERIAPhilippine C & I for Sustainable Forest
Management
C & I for Sustainable Mangrove Resources
Management
1. Enabling conditions forsustainable forest/ mangrove management
11 11
2. Forest resource security/Extent and conditions of mangrove forest
6 3
3. Forest/Mangrove ecosystem health and condition
2 2
4. Flow of forest produce/ Forest production
12 6
5. Biological diversity 7 36. Soil and water/Coastalresources protection
5 2
7. Economic and cultural 14 8Total 56 35
• Focus Group Discussion
METHODOLOGY
• Interview with key personnel at the local DENR office
METHODOLOGY
• Validation of the C&I at the community level
METHODOLOGY
PO’s Perspective• All indicators were considered important or
very important by the group, and none was recommended for deletion.
• Of the 35 indicators, 25 were considered very important while 10 were considered important.
RESULTS
DENR’s Perspective• OIC-CENRO, three foresters (I – III), Protected Area
Superintendent (PASU), and the Community Development Assistant (CDA).
• The respondents rated 12 of the 35 indicators as VI and the rest (23 indicators) were IM.
• Six indicators got one point each for not being a suitable indicator as far as the PASU is concerned.
RESULTS
Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management
Policy, legal and governance framework- Governed by national laws (PD 705)- BAFMAPA has its own set of policies
RESULTS
Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management
Economic framework- No regular funds for mangrove forest
management- Relies on voluntary work of members- Economic benefits from marine
products
RESULTS
SEAWEED
SEA CUCUMBER
CLAMS
BLUE CRABS
FISH, SQUID, EEL
FUEL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management
Institutional framework- Organized PO (BOD, committees)- CBFMA as tenure instrument
RESULTS
Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management
Planning framework- No Community Resource Management
Framework (CRMF)
RESULTS
Criterion 2. Extent and Condition of Mangrove Forests
RESULTS
Land Use Area (ha)
Wildlife refuge 50.0
Recreational zone 63.33
Strict protection zone 10.66
Sustainable use zone 25.00
Multiple use zone•Plantation•Residential•Gleaning ground•Vacant
484.8411.01
1,149.0016.40
Criterion 3. Mangrove Ecosystem Health - 40 ha (5%) has been destroyed due to illegal cutting
- Incidences reported to CENRO- PO has difficulty in apprehending offenders- 40 trees were scorched by lightning
RESULTS
Criterion 4. Mangrove Forest Production
- Most common mangrove species Bakawang Bato (Rhizophora stylosa)Bakawang Lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata)Bakawang Babae (Rhizophora mucronata), Malatangal (Ceriops spp.)
RESULTS
Criterion 5. Biological Diversity Criterion 6. Coastal Resources Protection
- Among the mangrove species that can be found in the area, none is considered an endangered, rare or threatened species.
RESULTS
Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic- 325 households are dependent on the mangrove
resources- Fishing is the major occupation- Timber for house construction, fence posts,
firewood
RESULTS
Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic- Average annual revenue (pesos) per HH :
• crabs – 58,000• shrimps – 31,000• mollusks – 24,000• fish – 12,000
RESULTS
Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic- Ecotourism (boat ride including 1 lunch and 1
snack); charge = PhP300/person- About 30-40 members are involved in the
ecotourism activity
RESULTS
Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Social and Cultural - Man-made mangroves of Banacon Island
declared as an ecotourism site- Plantations have multi-layered canopy with ages
ranging from 2 to 45 years composed of 18 mangrove and associated species
RESULTS
Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Social and Cultural - People are proud of their accomplishments in
establishing the largest man-made mangrove forest in Asia
- “Likas Yaman Award” for Mr. Eugenio Paden (1980)- Philippine Wetland Conservation Award (2004) - Model PO in Wetland Conservation and Mgt
(2005)
RESULTS
AWARDS RECEIVED
Community development - a “process in which a community is strengthened in order to creatively help meet its own needs: physical, spiritual, mental, psychological, social, economic and political” (Palmer 2004).
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community development -“process of developing and enhancing the ability to act collectively for community improvement in any or all realms; physical, environmental, cultural, social, political, economic, etc” (Phillips and Pittman, 2009).
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Three Fields of CD (Luna 1997)1. Community organizing
- BAFMAPA- Organized in 1996 under the Coastal Environment Program
- Member of the PAMB and MFARMC
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Three Fields of CD 2. Community Resource Management
- CBFMA -Manages 484 ha of mangrove forests
-But no CRMF yet
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Three Fields of CD 3. Community Education
- Community value formation, skills development for collective action, and conscientization
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Addressing Poverty - Diversity and productivity of marine
ecosystem will redound to increased income.
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Addressing Food Security - Diversity and productivity of marine
ecosystem will provide abundant food for the residents of Banacon.
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Policy Implication - RA No. 7161 amending some
sections of PD 705- Bans cutting of mangroves- Quite ironical: people plant
mangroves but cannot harvest
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Policy Implication - Need to amend existing policies - Pending bill on sustainable forest
management which allows mangrove harvesting in production forest
- Great contribution to CD and to the future generation.
IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
1. The FGD participants and the CENRO representatives perceived that the identified C & I were generally very important and applicable for the mangrove forest management in the Banacon Island. To institutionalize the C & I for mangroves, the CENRO and the LGU may issue a joint administrative order adopting the C & I for mangroves on the Island.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2. The BAFMAPA has its CBFMA which grants it the power and responsibility to manage the mangrove resources within its area of coverage. However, it has yet to formulate its CRMF, which will serve as guide for its Sustainable management of the resource. Hence, the CENRO should initiate the formulation of the CRMF with maximum participation from the PO.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3. The economic benefits from mangroves are tremendous and offer a great opportunity for increasing the income of the local people, thereby addressing the problems of poverty and unemployment in the community. The policies on resource utilization should be spelled out in the CRMF.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4. The mangrove project has contributed to the community development of the barangay on the aspects of community organizing, resource management, and community education. There is a need for sustainability mechanisms to enable the PO continue managing the resource for its productive and protective functions which will redound to thesustainability of the community.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for providing Dr. Josefina T. Dizon, the senior author, a travel grant to enable her participate and present this paper during the 2011 ECHO Asia Agriculture and Community Development Conference in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH!