criterion 4 conservation of soil and water resources soils –kathy o’neill, mike amacher, ken...
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Criterion 4Conservation of Soil and Water Resources
• Soils
–Kathy O’Neill, Mike Amacher, Ken Stolte
• Water
–Dave Chojnacky, Ken Stolte
Conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources
18 Area and percent of forest land with significant soil erosion.
19 Area and percent of forest land managed primarily for protective functions. e.g. watersheds, flood protection, avalanche protection, riparian zones.
20 Percent of stream kilometers in forested catchments in which stream flow and timing has significantly deviated from the historic range of variation.
21 Area and percent of forest land with significantly diminished soil organic matter and/or changes in other soil chemical properties.
22 Area and percent of forest land with significant compaction or change in soil physical properties resulting from human activities.
23 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variance of biological diversity from the historic range of variability.
24 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variation from the historic range of variability in pH, dissolved oxygen, levels of chemicals (electrical conductivity), sedimentation or temperature change.
25 Area and percent of forest land experiencing an accumulation of persistent toxic substances.
18. Area and percent of forest land with significant soil erosion
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0.1 0.5 5 1 10 20 > 20
.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Frequency
Cumulative %
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0.1 0.5 5 1 10 20 > 20
.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Frequency
Cumulative %
Frequency
Cumulative %
Erosion (tons/acre)
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
MD
VA
PA
NJ
OR
VT
CO
WY
NH
SC
ID
DE
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
WV
CA
CT
WA
IL
MA
MD
WY
VA
ID
OR
CO
NJ
PA
VT
NH
DE
SC
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
WY
VT
CO
MD
PA
VA
NJ
NH
OR
SC
ID
DE
AL
GA
IN
ME
MI
MN
NC
RI
WI
0 1 2 3 4 5
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
MD
VA
PA
NJ
OR
VT
CO
WY
NH
SC
ID
DE
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
MD
VA
PA
NJ
OR
VT
CO
WY
NH
SC
ID
DE
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
MD
VA
PA
NJ
OR
VT
CO
WY
NH
SC
ID
DE
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
WV
CA
CT
WA
IL
MA
MD
WY
VA
ID
OR
CO
NJ
PA
VT
NH
DE
SC
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
WV
CA
CT
WA
IL
MA
MD
WY
VA
ID
OR
CO
NJ
PA
VT
NH
DE
SC
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
WV
CA
CT
WA
IL
MA
MD
WY
VA
ID
OR
CO
NJ
PA
VT
NH
DE
SC
WI
RI
NC
MN
MI
ME
IN
GA
AL
0 10 20 30 40
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
WY
VT
CO
MD
PA
VA
NJ
NH
OR
SC
ID
DE
AL
GA
IN
ME
MI
MN
NC
RI
WI
0 1 2 3 4 5
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
WY
VT
CO
MD
PA
VA
NJ
NH
OR
SC
ID
DE
AL
GA
IN
ME
MI
MN
NC
RI
WI
0 1 2 3 4 5
CT
IL
WA
WV
MA
CA
WY
VT
CO
MD
PA
VA
NJ
NH
OR
SC
ID
DE
AL
GA
IN
ME
MI
MN
NC
RI
WI
0 1 2 3 4 5
WEPP Predicted Erosion (tons acre-1) for Three Disturbance Regimes
Table 25.4: Soil adsorption and persistence characteristics for pesticides commonly applied in forest management.
Common Name 1 Pesticide Movement Rating Soil Half-lifeWater
SolubilitySorption
Coefficient Persistence
(days) (mg/L) (Koc)
2,4 D (acid) Moderate 10 890 20 Nonpersistent
Chlordane Extremely Low 350 0.06 20,000 Persistent
Chlorothalonil Low 30 0.6 1380 Nonpersistent
Chlorpyrifos Very Low 30 0.4 6070 Moderately persistent
Chlorsulfuron High 40 7000 40 Moderately persistent
Clopyralid Very High 40 300,000 6 Moderately persistent
Diazinon Low 40 60 1000 Moderately persistent
Dicamba Very High 14 400,000 2 Nonpersistent
Glyphosate Extremely Low 47 900,000 24,000 Moderately persistent
Hexazinone Very High 90 33,000 54 Moderately persistent
Imazapyr (acid) High 90 11,000 100 Moderately persistent
Methyl bromide Very High 55 13,400 22 Moderately persistent
Metsulfuron-methyl High 30 9500 35 Moderately persistent
Oxyfluorfen Extremely Low 35 0.1 100,000 Moderately persistent
Picloram Very High 90 200,000 16 Moderately persistent
Propiconazole Moderate 110 110 650 Moderately persistent
Sulfometuron-methyl Moderate 20 70 78 Nonpersistent
Tebuthiuron Very High 360 2500 80 Persistent
Triclopyr amine salt Very High 46 2,100,000 20 Moderately persistent
Source: P.A. Vogue, E.A. Kerle, and J.J. Jenkins. The Oregon State University Extension Pesticide Properties Database
http://ace.orst.edu/info/npic/ppdmove.htm
1 Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
pH Thresholds: South & East
pH: county-scale
7.88.1
7.3
Summer Temp (0C): county-scale
25
22
20
pH: HUC-6 scale
Plains/Midwest
WestSouth/East
Std. dev. below mean nonforest < 1 > 1 > 2
NAWQA Results for Forested Counties
S=sedimentT=tempE=elect condO=oxygenP=pHs=summerw=winter
s s s s s sww w www
Std. dev.> 1> 2
N
o. o
f C
ou
nti
es
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
South North West
S T E OOP T T T E P OOS T OT P SOE
C & I Worded Good Not Ideal Add/ Delete/ Change
Research Needs
C4 / 18 Area and percent forest with soil erosion Data collected by FIA on national scale
Estimates of soil erosion based on MUSLE and WEPP models
ADD: ..erosion levels that degrade aquatic systems or reduce productivity…
Add erosion stakes and digital photography to actually measure soil erosion, rather than estimate based on erosion factors
C4 / 19 Area and percent of forest land managed primarily for protective functions, e.g. watersheds, flood protection, avalanche protection, riparian zones-(a);
Protecting watershed integrity eliminates most of problems associated with aquatic systems—air pollution is exception, except in Class I areas
Wording makes it difficult to discern units where management objectives are focused on watershed integrity
Delete: “primarily for” Change: …management that leads to protection of watersheds…
Search of public records that gives enabling legislation for forested units. Identify what lands are protected in a manner that will protect watershed integrity
C4 / 20 Percent of stream kilometres in forested catchments in which stream flow and timing has significantly deviated from the historic range of variation-(b);
NAWQA measures flow and timing of most problem areas in US.
Not all forested watersheds are monitored by NAWQA
ADD: …historic or reference range of variation or means…
Continue to sieve NAWQA databases for info. about historic levels. Bring in EPA and State databases.
C4 / 21 Area and percent of forest land with significantly diminished soil organic matter and/or changes in other soil chemical properties-(b)
Data collected by FIA on national scale
Analysis not available at stand scale—only larger ecoregion scales.“Significantly diminished” is in eye of beholder….
ADD: …sig. diminished or ecologically meaningful…
Comb EFR, ISM, and other eco-process datasets to try to set biological meaning to SOM levels.
C4 / 22 Area and percent of forest land with significant compaction or change in soil physical properties resulting from human activities-(b)
Data collected by FIA on national scale
Again, “Significant”?? ADD: …sig. diminished or ecologically meaningful
Comb EFR, LTSP, ISM, and other databases to put ecological meaning to compaction levels for different soil types
C4 / 23 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometres, lake hectares) with significant variance of biological diversity from the historic range of variability-(b)
Conceptual model enables estimation of percent of water bodies with changes in biology
Biological diversity not measured in all forested catchments
ADD: …historic or reference range of variation or means…..
Continue to sieve NAWQA databases for info. about historic levels. Bring in EPA and State databases.
C4 / 24 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometres, lake hectares) with significant variation from the historic range of variability in pH, dissolved oxygen, levels of chemicals (electrical conductivity), sedimentation or temperature change-(b)
NAWQA measures chemistry of most problem areas in US. Can estimate condition using EPA models of pollution deposition and water quality, and Criteria frag. data
Not all forested catchments are monitored.
ADD: …sig. variation or ecologically meaningful variation……
Continue to sieve NAWQA databases for info. about historic levels. Bring in EPA and State databases.
C4 / 25 Area and percent of forest land experiencing an accumulation of persistent toxic substances-(b)
FIA collects soil data in all forests
Current analysis might not screen for toxics, and there are a lot of them
ADD: …toxic substances that are ecologically meaningful….
Explore feasibility of adding ICP screen or other method to FIA soils
18 Area and percent of forest land with significant soil erosion.
19 Area and percent of forest land managed primarily for protective functions. e.g. watersheds, flood protection, avalanche protection, riparian zones.
20 Percent of stream kilometers in forested catchments in which stream flow and timing has significantly deviated from the historic range of variation.
21 Area and percent of forest land with significantly diminished soil organic matter and/or changes in other soil chemical properties.
22 Area and percent of forest land with significant compaction or change in soil physical properties resulting from human activities.
23 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variance of biological diversity from the historic range of variability.
24 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variation from the historic range of variability in pH, dissolved oxygen, levels of chemicals (electrical conductivity), sedimentation or temperature change.
25 Area and percent of forest land experiencing an accumulation of persistent toxic substances.
Conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources-Suggested Modifications--
Ind Current Wording Suggested Changes
18 Area and percent of forest land with significant soil erosion. Area and percent of forest land with significant soil erosion.
19 Area and percent of forest land managed primarily for protective functions. e.g. watersheds, flood protection, avalanche protection, riparian zones.
Area and percent of forest land managed for protective functions. e.g. watersheds, flood protection, avalanche protection, riparian zones. Report as primary or secondeary management use.
20 Percent of stream kilometers in forested catchments in which stream flow and timing has significantly deviated from the historic range of variation.
Percent of stream kilometers in forested catchments in which stream flow and timing has significantly deviated from the historic range of variation.
21 Area and percent of forest land with significantly diminished soil organic matter and/or changes in other soil chemical properties.
Area and percent of forest land with significantly diminished soil organic matter and/or changes in other soil chemical properties.
22 Area and percent of forest land with significant compaction or change in soil physical properties resulting from human activities.
Area and percent of forest land with significant compaction or change in soil physical properties resulting from human activities.
23 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variance of biological diversity from the historic range of variability.
Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variance of biological diversity from the historic range of variability.
24 Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variation from the historic range of variability in pH, dissolved oxygen, levels of chemicals (electrical conductivity), sedimentation or temperature change.
Percent of water bodies in forest areas (e.g. stream kilometers, lake hectares) with significant variation from the historic range of variability in pH, dissolved oxygen, levels of chemicals (electrical conductivity), sedimentation or temperature change.
25 Area and percent of forest land experiencing an accumulation of persistent toxic substances.
Area and percent of forest land experiencing an accumulation of persistent toxic substances.