Critical ApproachesKate Chopin’s

“The Awakening”

Historical Approach• Kate Chopin’s novel, The

Awakening greatly represents society in the late 1800’s due to the fact that its plot greatly relates to the women’s movement and Creole society in Louisiana. She cleverly uses specific plot events and characters to connect Edna’s life to events that were occurring at the end of this century.

• “The Awakening was written during a period when feminism was emerging as a vital force in American political life.”Women began to speak out against conservative ideas and demanded the rights that they thought they should rightly have. As women continued to protest and voice their opinions, they began earning greater achievements such as acceptance into colleges and getting hired as workers in professional occupations.”

-Baechler, Litz, and Showalter

• “Many of them dick tried to change the world in which they found themselves, either by seeking better work and trying to make a better life for themselves and their families, or by tackling social problems that had arisen in the young country as a result of its rapid growth. Many tried to make a better world for women, who made up more than half the population but did not have full rights as U.S. citizens.”

- Smith

• Edna’s wanting of independence suck relates to the ideas of the women’s movement, which she practiced in a solitary manner. She used self reflection and painting to find the strength she needed to break away from the restricted life she was living

• "She had resolved never again to belong to another than herself.“– representing the feelings of a majority

of women towards the end of the 19th century

• “Chopin's character, Edna Pontellier, illustrates the independent nature that women began recognizing in themselves” 

• The Awakening’s plot of Grand Isle, Louisiana directly relates to the Louisiana lifestyle of the late 1800's.This state’s residents felt strongly about the roles that women and men played in society

• Adele- depicts the women who were committed to religious practices and to their family during the late 19th century

• Edna Pontellier’s ideals and actions greatly represent the feelings and beliefs in which belonged to women activists of the women’s movement• Edna’s family and neighbors

signify the conservative views of most Americans in Louisiana

The most important point in husbands' lives was how to

look in front of other families and friends, and of course,

this was the main duty of the housekeeper, or in other

words, the wife.

Late 1800’sIt wasn't considered appropriate

for women to speak out and be rebellious enough to show that they don't have to be controlled

by men.

Society in that era offered Edna only two choices:

Marriage or Death

Biographical Criticism• Kate Chopin’s behavior-shocked people in the

small town in Louisiana were they lived after her husband closed his cotton shop

• After the death of her husband, she met a married man who was attracted to her and she gave him more than passing attention. Then she decided to leave him and go back to live with her mother in St. Louis.

• Chopin's father, Thomas O'Flaherty, was older than her mother, Eliza, by twenty-three years. This is also presented in Edna's marriage to Leonce who was older than she was by twelve years.

• There weren't a lot of male figures in her story most likely because she didn't have them around as she was growing up

• All the authority figures in her life were female made her want to believe that men didn't suppress women.

• Edna didn't believe that men and society could hold her back, much like Kate didn't believe that women weren't equal in society to men.

• Kate's grandmother could be compared to the character of Mademoiselle Reisz in the story.

Kate Chopin…• As Edna Pontellier–Kate’s husband, Oscar, was

from New Orleans and his cotton broker business was based there so she moved from St. Louis to be with him

Kate Chopin…• As Adele Ratignolle–Kate was a loving mother and wife

who stayed home to raise the family and never did anything mischievous–The happy marriage life of Kate

and Oscar

The entire Chopin family used to spend their spare time vacationing in Grand Isle, enjoying the sun and the friendly faces. This is the same location Kate

Chopin uses in her novel for the Pontellier family, as well as many other families from the Creole community in

which they were from.

Kate Chopin and Edna Pontellier

• Kate searched for self-identity for her desire to know who she really was.

• Edna goes through the process of trying to find herself and tries to become the person she wants to be, not what society says the ideal female should be.

Kate Chopin and Edna Pontellier

Although Chopin didn't literally commit suicide, she died away

from the literacy in her life, while the character of Edna

removed herself from the life that was making her so unhappy.

Psychoanalytic Approach

• Her relationship with Alcee and Robin ultimately represents a form of penis envy which, Freud would argue, stems from her repressed sexual desires that developed as her id was forming as an infant

• Repression

• Edna's jealousy of Robert's letters to Madame Lebrun can be interpreted as an example of the Electra Complex; Edna wishes to destroy the mother who is receiving attention from the male that she desires. This conscious desire for Robert and unconscious hatred of Madame Lebrun can be linked to the pleasure-seeking principle of the id

Regression• Edna's perception of Adele's newborn

baby as well as Edna's removal of her clothes before stepping into the ocean represent Edna's desire to return to the fetal stage and become re-birthed

• The water of the ocean represents the womb; the stripping of her clothes represents the nakedness of being born

RepressionLeonce loves Edna but he never

expresses these feelingsRobert flees to Mexico rather

than express his love for EdnaReturning to New Orleans, Robert

delays seeing her for the same reason

Mademoiselle Reisz possesses an insight into matters of the heart and soul, yet she never expresses what in her past has allowed her to develop this insight

Edna’s inability to continue to repress her newly-discovered feelings drives her to her suicide

DisplacementChapter 12“Beaudelet grumbled because Mariequita was

there, taking up so much room. But in reality, he was annoyed at having Monsieur Farival, who considered himself the better sailor of the two. But he would not quarrel with so

old a man as Monsieur Farival so he quarreled with Mariequita.”

Id, Ego, Superego

•Edna•Robert•Leonce

END