Critical Intro:

Name and briefly define the ideology behind the U.S. policy during the Cold War.

The Cold War

U.S. President – John F. KennedySoviet Premier – Nikita Khrushchev

Warm Up: Write a description/caption for each of the pictures.

Cold War Characteristics A political, strategic and ideological struggle

between the US and the USSR that spread throughout the world.

Yalta Conference Feb 1945 Before the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill

and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:

- The establishment of the United Nations.- Germany to be divided into four zones.- Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe.- Russia promised to join the war against Japan.

1. Although they could not agree about what should happen to Poland, relations between the leaders were good, and the Conference was a success.

Yalta Conference Feb 1945

The “Big Three”:Churchill, FDR, and Stalin

Iron Curtain SpeechFrom Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

- Soviet “Satellite States”Countries formally independent; but fall under heavy Soviet pol., econ., & milt. Influence/control.

The “Iron Curtain”

Truman Doctrine [March 12, 1947]1. Civil War in Greece.

2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.

3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]1. “European Recovery

Program.”

2. Secretary of State, George Marshall

3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but they rejected the funds].

Post-War Germany

Berlin Blockade

Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, 1948

Road, rail and canal links with West Berlin were cut, hoping to starve them into submission.

Berlin Airlift

In 11 months, U.S. and British planes airlifted 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin.

On its biggest day, the "Easter parade" of April 16, 1949, the airlift sent 1,398 flights into Berlin -- one every minute.

After 200,000 flights, in May 1949, the Soviet Union admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy

Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal 1952: Greece & Turkey 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)

U. S. S. R.

Albania

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia

East Germany

Hungary

Poland

Romania

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”The Soviet Union exploded its

first A-bomb in 1949.

Now there were two nuclear superpowers!- MAD Theory of deterrence = Mutually Assured Destruction

1949: Fall of China In June, Chiang Kai-shek defeated

by Mao Zedong – Kai-shek flees to island of Taiwan

Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow– negotiates the Sino-Soviet

Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

- “Two Chinas” – Communist mainland; Nationalist Taiwan

Korean War, 1950-1953 On June 25, North Korean

communist forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea.

On June 27, Truman orders U.S. forces to assist the South Koreans because of “Domino Theory” fear.

The U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion.

Chinese troops enter the conflict by year's end.

Cease fire eventually brings war to close by 1953.

1953: Stalin dies, Khrushchev takes over

1956: Khrushchev's secret speech

In a speech, February 14, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounces the policies of Stalin.

He rejects the Leninist idea of the inevitability of war and calls for a doctrine of "peaceful coexistence" between capitalist and communist systems.

Sputnik On October 4, the Soviet

Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.

In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear.

Laika“Pilot” of Sputnik II

1959: Castro takes power in Cuba

January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista

Castro nationalizes the sugar

industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union.

The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.

1961: Bay of Pigs U.S.-organized invasion force of 1,400 Cuban

exiles is defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs.

Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting.

Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster.

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union

installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval

blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles.

On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, defusing oneof the most dangerous confrontations of the Cold War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the

Russians, and the other man blinked!

1960 - The U-2 Affair

On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union.

After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, the United States recants earlier assertions that the plane was on a weather research mission.

The U-2 Affair

Powers was sentenced to ten years in prison,including seven years of hard labor, following an infamous show-trial.

He served less than two years, however, and was released in 1962 in exchange for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.

Suffering major embarrassment, Eisenhower was forced to admit the truth behind the mission and the U-2 program.

1961 - Berlin Wall On August 15,

communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

Wall comes down – 1989 Germany Unified - 1990

Ich bin ein Berliner!

(1963)

President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them.

1968: Prague SpringOn January 5, reformer Alexander

Dubcek came to power as general secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging reforms and democratization

The Prague Spring movement swept across the country.

Soviet and Warsaw Pact leaders sent 650,000 troops in August. Dubcek was arrested and hard-liners were restored to power.

1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution North Vietnamese

patrol boats fired on the USS Mattox in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2.

On August 7, the U.S. Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Johnson authority to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

Vietnam War: 1965-1973

Vietnam War After a long siege, Vietnamese communists under

Ho Chi Minh defeat French colonial forces at Dien Bien Phu on May 7.

In July 1954, the Geneva Accords divide the country at the 17th parallel, creating a North and South Vietnam.

The United States assumes the chief responsibility of providing anti-communist aid to South Vietnam.

1968: Tet Offensive Viet Cong guerrillas and North

Vietnamese Army troops launched attacks across South Vietnam on January 30, the start of the lunar new year Tet.

In Saigon, guerrillas battle Marines at the U.S. Embassy.

In March, Johnson orders a halt to the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam and offers peace talks.

1969 - Vietnamization

1968, Richard Nixon elected President, defeating Hubert Humphrey

On June 8, 1969 U.S. President Nixon announced his "Vietnamization" plan, designed to withdraw U.S ground forces from Vietnam and turn control of the war over to South Vietnamese forces.

1973: Vietnam War agreement (Paris Accords) January 27, 1973, the United States, South

Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong sign the Paris Peace Treaty, establishing a cease-fire.

The United States is allowed to continue providing aid to South Vietnam.

Saigon falls in April 1975.

1969: SALT On November 17, the 1st phase of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, Finland.

The finished agreement, signed in Moscow onMay 26, 1972, placed limits on both

submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear

missiles.

Détente – 1969-79 Détente = a thawing

of the on-going Cold War.

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan would end Détente.

6 countries surrounding Turkey: Greece, Bulgaria, Soviet Union, Iran, Iraq, Syria