critical thinking- chap 3, final slide

8/9/2019 Critical Thinking- Chap 3, Final Slide

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CRITICAL THINKING

INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY


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Group3:

1. Trn Th Tuyt Hoa

2. Nguyn Th Hng !"

3. #a! $h%&ng Thy'. L( )u*+ Th,o

-. Nguyn )uang $ht


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CHA$T/R 3

0AIC LGICAL CNC/$T

1 45u+t!on an5 In5u+t!on

2 Ho6 Can 74 T488 7h4th4r an Argu"4nt !9

45u+t!4 or In5u+t!4;

3 Co""on $att4rn9 o< 45u+t!4

R4a9onn!ng


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Deduction and Induction


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Deductive argumentsDeductiv

e arguments ar4 argu"4nt9 !n 6h!+h th4+on+8u9!on !9 +8a!"45 or !nt4n545 to


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Argument 1:

A88 G4r"any +ar9 ar4 h!gh !n "a!nt4nan+4 +o9t #4r+4549 !9 a G4r"any +ar Th4r4 #4r+4549 ar4 h!gh !n "a!nt4nan+4 +o9tAnswer: Deductive arguent

Arguments belowdeductive or inductive?


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Argument 2:

t44n 6a9 Gr44@. #o9t Gr44@9 4at

Answer: Inductive arguent


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Argument 3:

04rg4n !9 4!th4r !n Nor6ay or 6454n.

I< 04rg4n !9 !n Nor6ay> th4n 04rg4n !9 !n+an5!na!a. I< 04rg4n !9 !n 6454n> th4n 04rg4n !9 !n

+an5!na!a. Th4r4 04rg4n !9 !n +an5!na!a.

Answer: Deductive arguent


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Argument 4:

Th4 "4"?4r9 o< th4 7!88!a"9


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!EY DI""EREN#ESDeductive arguments claim that Inductive arguments claim that

If the premises are true, then theconclusion mustbe true.

The conclusion followsnecessarilyfrom the premises.

The premises provide conclusive

evidence for the truth of theconclusion.

It isimpossiblefor all thepremises to be true and theconclusion false.

It is logically inconsistenttoassert the premises and deny theconclusion, meaning that if youaccept the premises, you mustaccept the conclusion.

If the premises are true, then theconclusion isprobablytrue.

The conclusion followsprobablyfrom the premises.

The premises provide good(but

not conclusive) evidence for thetruth of the conclusion.

It isunlikelyfor the premises tobe true and the conclusion false.

Although it is logically consistent

to assert the premises and denythe conclusion, the conclusion isprobablytrue if the premises aretrue.


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E$ercises

Instruction% Solve t&e 'ollo(ing ini)ysteries*

1. /!th4r 0!88 6a9 th4 "ur54r4r> or $4t4r 6a9 th4

"ur54r4r.I< $4t4r 6a9 "ur54r4r> th4n tra+49 o< +yan!549hou85 ha4 ?44n


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E$ercises

2. Lan> Huong> an5 Bu ar4 +o884g4 /ng8an5> !ngapor4> Cana5a>Dapan> Eran+4. Lan !9 6!88!ng to go any6h4r44+4pt A9!a. Huong 5o49nFt +ar4 6h4r4 th4y go> a98ong a9 !tF9 not Eran+4. Bu pr4


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Ho6 +an 64 t488 an argu"4nt !9

545u+t!4 or !n5u+t!4;


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Eour T49t9

T&e indicator (ord test

T&e strict necessity test

T&e coon pattern test

T&e principle o' c&arity test


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T&e indicator (ord test

9!ng !n5!+ator 6or59 to 9!gna8 6h4th4r545u+t!4 or !n5u+t!4 argu"4nt !9 ?4!ng

o


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Deduction indicatior (ords

C4rta!n8y4

A?9o8ut48yCon+8u9!48y n4+499ar!8y

It 8og!+a88y


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Induction indicatior (ords

$ro?a?8y L!@48y It !9


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Th4 tr!+t N4+49!ty T49t

Loo@!ng at th4 +on+8u9!on9


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Th4 tr!+t N4+49!ty T49t

I< +on+8u9!on 5o49 not


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T&e coon pattern test

9!ng th4 +hara+t4r!9t!+ patt4rn9 o th4n 64 ar4 !n

B!4tna".

74 ar4 !n !n Ho Ch! #!nh C!ty.Th4r4 th4n 64 ar4 !n B!4tna".

I< th4 .st !9 tru4> th4n th4 /nd!9 tru4

Th4 .st!9 tru4

Th4r4 th4 /nd!9 tru4


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#o5u9 pon4n9 =a


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/a"p849

I< 9h4F9 !n a +8a99roo"> th4n 9h4F9 !n a 9+hoo8.

h4F9 !n a +8a99roo".

Th4r4 9h4F9 !n a 9+hoo8.I< th4y 8!4 !n Lon5on> th4n th4y 8!4 !n

/ng8an5.

Th4y 8!4 !n Lon5on.Th4r4 th4y 8!4 !n /ng8an5.


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Th4 pr!n+!p84 o< +har!ty t49t 4t4r"!n!ng 6h4th4r an argu"4nt !9 545u+t!4 or

!n5u+t!4.

/:

L!4n: Ga" to85 "4 h4r gran5"oth4r r4+4nt8y

?ro!54r45 p!88o68!p9 Ga" "u9t ?4 9tra!n!ng your 4y49. Ga"9gran5"oth4r !9 o4r J y4ar9 o85 an5 h4r 4y49!ght !9 9o


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n+84ar !n5!+at!on9 6h4th4r argu"4nt 9hou85 ?4

r4gar545 a9 545u+t!4 or !n5u+t!4.

T&e principle o' c&arity

Th4 argu"4nt 9hou85 ?4 !nt4rpr4t45 !n 6hat44r

6ay !9 "o9t


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/+4pt!on9 to th4 tr!+t N4+49!ty T49t

Languag4 or +ont4t that !nt4n545 to g!4 a a

8og!+a8 argu"4nt ?ut !n that !9 not 8og!+a8.

Th4 argu"4nt ha9 patt4rn o< r4a9on!ng that

+harat!+a88y 545u+t!4 an5 noth!ng !n5!+at49

+84ar8y that argu"4nt "4an to ?4 !n5u+t!4.


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y88og!9": a thr44M8!n4 argu"4nt.

T6o pr4"!949 n4 +on+8u9!on


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Hypoth4t!+a8 9y88og!9"

At 84a9t 1 +on5!t!ona8 pr4"!94


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/a"p84I< I 6ant to @44p "y IF5 ?4tt4r9tu5y har5.

Con5!t!ona8 pr4"!94I 5o 6ant to @44p "y IF5 ?4tt4r 9tu5y har5.


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/a"p84

I< A th4n 0.A: ant4+454nt o< th4 +on5!t!ona8.

0: +on94Ou4nt o< th4 +on5!t!ona8.


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E!4 8og!+a8 patt4rn9:

#o5u9 pon4n9Cha!n argu"4nt

#o5u9 to884n94ny!ng th4 ant4+454ntA


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#o5u9 pon4n9

/a"p84:I< you @!99 "4> I 6!88 g!4 you a +ar .

Pou @!99 "4.Th4r4 I 6!88 g!4 you a +ar

I< A th4n 0.A.

Th4r4 0.


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Cha!n argu"4ntI< A th4n 0.I< 0 th4n C.Th4r4 I< A th4n C

/a"p84:

I< I ha4 too "u+h "on4y> I ha4 "any ?4aut!


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#o5u9 to884n9

I< A th4n 0.Not 0.Th4r4 not A.

/a"p84:

I< IF" !n a ?athtu?> IF" !n a ?athroo".IF" not !n ?athroo".Th4r4 IF" not !n a ?athtu?.


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4ny!ng th4 ant4+454nt.

I< A th4n 0.Not A.Th4r4 not 0.

/a"p84:

I< IF" !n a ?athtu?> IF" !n a ?athroo".IF" not a ?athtu?.Th4r4 IF" not a ?athroo".


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A

I< IF" !n a ?athtu? > IF" !n a ?athroo".IF" !n a ?athroo".Th4r4 IF" !n a ?athtu?.


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#o5u9 pon4n9I< A th4n 0.

A.Th4r4 0.

Cha!n argu"4ntI< A th4n 0.I< 0 th4n C.Th4r4 I< Ath4n C

#o5u9 to884n9

I< A th4n 0.Not 0.Th4r4 not

A.

4ny!ng th4ant4+454nt.I< A th4n 0.

Not A.Th4r4 not 0.

A


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/4r+!94 3.2

1. #o5u9 to884n92. A

J. A


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critical thinking- chap 3, final slide

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