CRM PRINCIPLES

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CRM is concerned not so much with the technical knowledge and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft but rather with the COGNITIVE and INTERPERSONAL skills needed to manage the flight within an organized aviation system.

Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills

Definition Cognitive (Mengamati): relating to

cognition Cognition (Pengamatan) : the mental

action or process of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses. perception, sensation, or intuition resulting from this.

Interpersonal: relating to relationships or communication between people.

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COGNITIVE SKILLS are defined as the mental processes used for gaining and maintaining:

◦SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, ◦PROBLEMS SOLVING ◦DECISION MAKING.

What is Cognitive Skills?

What is Interpersonal Skills? INTERPERSONAL SKILLS are regarded as COMMUNICATIONS and a range of behavioral activities associated with TEAMWORK .

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Cognitive Skills Situational Awareness Problem Solving Decision Making

Interpersonal Skills Communications Teamwork

Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills

Lack of Situational AwarenessLack of Communication

Lack of TeamworkLack of ResourcesLack of Knowledge

Lack of AssertivenessDistractionPressureStress

Crew FatigueComplacency (uncritically satisfied)

Major Causes of Human Error in Aircraft Accidents

The accurate perception of the factors (technical , environment & human) affecting the aircraft and the crew, including knowing what has happened in the PAST, what’s going on NOW, and how these affect & what might happen in the FUTURE.

Know what is going on around you at all times

Requires:◦Good mental health◦Good physical health◦Attentiveness (Close Attention)◦Inquisitiveness (Curious)

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In order to establish situational awareness, human beings take in information through the 5 senses

1) Touch 2) Hearing 3) Smell 4) Sight 5) Taste

This information is then transformed by the brain into a mental model of the situation, a process known as PERCEPTION.

The perceptive process not only depends on current information. Also based on past experience and sensations.

Example: Are aware of what the aircraft and its systems are

doing. Are aware of where the aircraft is and its

environment. Are aware of the condition of people involved in

the operation including passengers. Keep track of time and fuel. Recognize what is likely to happen, plan and stay

ahead of the game. Develop what if scenarios and make pre-decisions Identify threats to the safety of the aircraft and

people.

Situational awareness is a critical factor in our ability to respond effectively to a situation

Maintaining a high level of situational awareness will better prepare crews to respond to unexpected situations

Awareness of AIRCRAFT SYSTEMSThe crew needs to be constantly aware of the state of different aircraft systems

Examples of POOR practice:

Does not ask for updates

Does not signal awareness of changing systems.

Examples of GOOD practice:

Monitors and reports changes in system states

Acknowledges entries and changes to systems.

Awareness of ENVIRONMENTThe crew needs to be aware of their environment (position, weather, air traffic, terrain).

Examples of POOR practice:

Does not ask for information about environmental changes;

Does not comment on relevant environmental factors.

Does not acknowledge ATC directions

Examples of GOOD practice:

Collects information about the environment

Contacts outside resources when necessary

Shares information about the environment with others.

Awareness of TIMEThe crew needs must also be able to predict future states in order to anticipate future events

Examples of POOR practice:

Does not set priorities with respect to time limits.

Does not discuss relationship between past events and present – future

Examples of GOOD practice:

Discusses possibility strategies.

Identifies possible future problems.

I ILLNESS?M MEDICATION?

S STRESS?A ALCOHOL?F FATIGUE?E EATING?

I’M SAFE

◦ILLNESS: Don’t go!◦MEDICATION: Caution! See Medical Doctor

◦STRESS: Dangerous◦ALCOHOL: Get real! Don’t even dream of it!◦FATIGUE: You’re not Superman◦EATING: Enough but not too much. Quality.

Purity.

KNOWLEDGE of not just airplane, but the elements of CRM and their effects of performance.

ATTITUDE that is open to facing personal weaknesses.

PERSONAL HEALTH to sharpen the senses.

CREW COORDINATION-Allows crew to interact effectively while performing mission tasks

INQUIRY-Active questioning, investigation, and use of aggressive doubt (curious).

ASSERTIVENESS--Sense of obligation to speak up.

ANALYSIS--Continuous evaluation of everything to keep the “plan” up to date.

CONFUSION: uncertainty about a situation (often accompanied psychological discomfort).

TOO RELAXED: “I’ve done this a hundred times . . .” IMPROPER PROCEDURES: Taking shortcuts from standard

operating procedures

TOO CONFIDENT: “Everything is just fine!”

FIXATION: Focusing only on one thing and excluding all

others

AMBIGUITY - information from two or more sources that

doesn't agree (Unclear situations).

Operating aircraft outside its published limitations

No one looking out the windows

Fatigue: extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.

Stress: Physical/ Psychological tension caused by dealing with difficult situations.

Task overload (Too busy to stay on top of everything)

Inadequate communication

DECIDE Model D = Detect the fact that a change has occurred

that requires attention. E = Estimate the significance of the change to

the operation. C = Choose a safe outcome for the operation. I = Identify reasonable actions and their risks to

control the change. D = Do the best option. This letter “D” can also

mean “discuss” options with crewmates. E = Evaluate the effect of the action on the

change and on progress of the operation.

Reduce workload: Delay the mission.

COMMUNICATE

Reduce threats:◦ Get away from the obstacles (e.g., climb to a

safe altitude). ◦ Establish a stable flight profile where you can

safely analyze the situation.

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Cognitive Skills Situational Awareness Problem Solving Decision Making

Interpersonal Skills Communications Teamwork

Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills