crop improvement on apple crop
TRANSCRIPT
Apple is known as king of temperate fruits / symbol of health / premier fruit of the world
Cultivated apple Malus X domestica are diploids (2n =34) and few are triploids (2n=51) and ancestor of it is Malus sylvestris
Apple originated from South western Asia and belongs to family Rosaceae sub family pomoideae
It is a deciduous fruit tree mostly grown in temperate region of the world
Himachal Pradesh is known as Apple bowl of India
Among the fruit apple has long storage life
Major sugar present in apple is sorbitol
Type of fruit is Pome
Edible portion is fleshy thalamus (mesocarp)
Cultivated apple is functional diploids (2n=2x=34)Ancestor of cultivated apple is Malus
sylvestriesSucker free species Malus siversiiApomixis species Malus sieboldiiIndigenous to Himalayas : Malus
baccata var himalacia , M. sikkimmensis
Crab apples cultivated as ornamental trees for their attractive flowers and fruits
Resistant to scab : M. floribunda , M. atrosanguina
Resistant to powdhery mildew and Codling moth : M. zumi
Resistant to wooly apple aphid : M. hupehensis
Apple almost have a chilling requirement of 1000 hrs at or below 7.2 ⁰C temperature , low chilling variety required < 800 hrs below 7 ⁰C
In India ,11-33% pollinizing trees are recommended for regular cropping
Optimum temperature for pollen germination and fruit setting is 21.1-26.7 ⁰C but in summer the av temp is around 21-24 ⁰C during the active growth
GERMPLASM RESOURCES• Malus collection has 6734 total accessions, of
which 5226 are trees in the field and 1508 are seedlots
• Good collection of Germplasm has been collected in 19 research centre out of which 11 are located in North West Himalayan region such as :
NBPGR , Phagli ( New Delhi) CITH, Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) IARI , New Delhi Fruit Research centre , Shalimar Hill Fruit Research centre , in Chaubattia and
Chakrata , U.P Himachal Agricultural University , H.P
Important Categories of Apple Germplasmcategories Important cultivar
Non spur type
Tydeman’s worcestor, Stark Red Rome, Skyline supreme, Red Delicious , Rose Red Delicious , Akane , Red Baron
Spur type Starkrimson, Sky spur, Mc spur, Spur type, Golden Delicious, Bisbee, Silver spur, Gold spur, Red Delicious
Low chilling Vared, Anna, Michael, Schlomit, Maayan, H-1, Tropical Beauty, Rome Beauty, Kidd’s Orange Red
Scab Resistant
Star Prize, Prima, Priscilla, Quinte, Liberty
BREEDING OBJECTIVE Since , apple is a composite tree
consisting of rootstock and scion , there is also need to develop rootstock with the aim to manipulate growth , suitable for a specific location as well as for good reproductive ability .
To involved varieties red in colour with early maturity, high yield, superior dessert and storage quality and resistant to diseases(scab) and pests
ROOTSTOCK BREEDING To develop woolly apple aphid resistant
rootstock using a Northern Spy as a source of resistance
To focussed on productiveness and tree size control
Adaptation to soil and pest problems It shows considerable resistance to crown
rot and winter hardy like P-1, P-2 , P-16 , P-22 from M-4 X Common Antonovka
Recent rootstock research comprises :i. Development of new dwarfing, winter
hardy, efficiently cropping clones, using cross breeding technique
ii. Evaluation of recently developed dwarfing rootstocks of Czechslovakia and USSR origin.
The present breeding programme is with primary focus to study the genetics on heritability of vigour, rooting, feathering, earliness of bud break and efficiency of cropping.
Evaluation research is mainly aimed to test the efficiency of propagation, influence on the growth of a cultivar, precocity of bearing, cropping efficiency and resistance to pests and diseases
Special features of rootstock and its characteristic
Category
Rootstocks
Features
Dwarfing M9 Suitable for HDP in flat and irrigated areas only
Semi - dwarf
M4, M7, M106,M24
HDP , Resistant to wooly apple aphid
Semi- vigorous
M111, MM104
Drought tolerant and rest. to wooly aphid
Vigorous Merton 793
Early fruiting, rest. to wooly aphid and collar rot
Ultra dwarf M27 Suitable for HDP
• MI series (Merton Immune) released from East Malling Research Station (EMRS) , Kent, England
• MM series (Malling Merton) released from John Innes Instituites, England
• MM series specifically bred for wooly apple aphid
• All rootstocks of MM series are rest. To wooly apple aphid
• East Malling Long Ashton (EMLA) series of rootstock is rest. to viruses
BREEDING OF SCION CULTIVAR• Fruit appearance -fruits should have
attractive good colour, a regular shape and a skin free from russet eg : Northern spy, cv like Jonagold and Elstar
• Fruit size – 65 mm diameter is generally accepted, but is the aim for regular fruit size of 65-75 mm dia eg : triploid var like Crispin , Holstein , Jonagold etc
• Eating quality – prefers cv having medium acid (3.4-3.6)% and high sugar content(14-16)%
• Fruit colourEurope – Golden delicious, jonagold, ElstarNorth American –Golden delicious, Red delicious, Mc Intosh (low acid/ low sugar and good culinary apples)India –Red delicious, Royal delicious • Yield – it should have high yield cv
like greensleeves, jupiter, Romus-2, Himekami
• Pest and disease resistance viz Malus floribunda, Malus zumi, Malus hupehensis.
• Early maturity and have long shelf life
• Cold hardiness – Honeycrisp, Lobo, Katjo, Mantet, Fireside, Wealthy, Yellow Transparent
• Winter chilling requirements – Anna, Ein shemer , schlor , Mollie delicious, Adina
• Season of flowering – late flowering considered as the best as it avoid from disastrous spring frost
• Duration of juvenile period • Season of ripening
• Compact columnar cultivars , new cultivar which has been selected at East Malling can be grown as natural cordons without pruning
• Mutation breeding , isolation of spontaneous somatic mutations in apple has play a significant role in the production of new apple cultivar eg Dutch plantation of Elstar shows more coloured than its mother tree
Limitation in Conventional BreedingSlow and lengthyLong juvenile periodSelf incompatibilityPolygenic control of most of the
horticultural important traitsLarge population required to recover
recombinants
Breeding Technique Floral biologyo Flowers of apple cultivars and seedling vary
considerably in shape, size and in colour from white to deep pink
o They are borne in cymose clusters on fairly short pedicels, usually on spur type growth but in some instances from terminal or lateral buds of the previous season’s growth
o The typical flower consists of 5 petals, calyx of 5 sepals, about 20 stamens and pistil which divides into 5 styles
o Ovary has 5 carpels , each usually containing 2 ovules , so max seed content is 10 but some cv have more
o Liberty and Northern spy usually have 12 to 18 seeds and ottawa 3 rootstocks often has 20 to 30 seeds
Pollinationo Cross pollination mainly done by insect particularly beeso Some cultivars act as pollinizers are :Tydeman’s Early Worcestor : One of the earliest varieties and act as pollinizer for Delicious varieties. Lord Lambourne : Hybrid between James Greeves x Worcestor Peermans’s. Granny Smith, Red Gold, Golden Delicious Yellow Newton, Mc Intosh , Early Shanburry , Winter Banana, Starkspur Golden , Golden Spur
Methods of Crop Improvement
• Introduction• Selection• Hybridisation• Mutation • Biotechnology
Methods of ImprovementIntroductionIn apple lots of emphasis laid on introduction and selection during last decades. Apples are introduced for different purpose such as :a) spur type cultivar - At regional research station , Mashobra (H.P), 12 varieties are introduced through NBPGR New Delhi in 1980 Red spur delicious, Golden spur delicious, Oregon spur, Red chief, Miller, Sturdee spur, white spur , Stark crimson
b) Colour spots – Royal red , Vance delicious. Top red, Skyline supreme, Red Deliciousc) Low chilling variety – Introduced through NBPGR to RRS , Phagi , ShimlaVared, Michael , Tropical beauty, Parlin beauty, Mayan, Schlomit, Hybrid-1d) Scab resistant var – Prima , Priscilla , Liberty, Florina, Macfree, Freedom, Coop-12e) Early maturing var – Yandik onskoe , Papisonka canninga
• Introduced through NBPGR , New-Delhi, in apple growing states
• Of the scab resistant variety co-op-12 has shown better performance as an Early sub- acidic variety whereas Florina promised as a coloured sweet varieties
• However none of these compared favourably well with popular delicious and its commercial spots , it is therefore logical that some of these tracts are incorporated in our commercial variety
• Sufficient attempt have not been made to introduced low chilling apple cv in N.Indian plains and South India .
• From early introductions cv such as Tropical beauty and Perlin beauty were found to be best w.r.t. productivity and fruit quality
• Some cv of Sub – Tropical apples are Maayan , Michael, Schlomit and Vared where introduction from Israel and are under evaluation
Selection• In Horticultural Experimental Station
(TNAU) in Kodaikanal selected 1 variety i,e KKL-1 called as Kodaikanal beauty , this is a selection from Parlin beauty
• Many of existing commercial cv which originated as chance seedlings are Golden Delicious , Baldwin and Granny Smith
2. Hybridisation Apple improvement work has been going on a) The Regional Fruit
Research Station , Mashobra, H.P
b) F.R.S. , Shalimar, J and K
c) Horticulture and Experimental Training centre , Chaubattia , U.P
Resulting in a no. of released of new varieties, work was initiated in Kashmir (1956) to combine high dessert qualityof delicious group with good keeping quality of Ambri.• Two hybrids such as Lal Ambri and
Sunehri were released• Similarly work has been also initiated
in H.P. (1960) as a result hybrids Ambred , Ambstarking and Ambrich have been developed . Subsequently hybrid, Ambroyal was also developed
• Work on apple improvement was started
at Chaubattia (1970 ) to developed Early maturing cultivar with good dessert quality
• Two promising hybrids were involved Chaubattia Princess and Chaubattia Anupam
• Some crosses were also made to developed scab resistant cv
• Two outstanding hybrids Firdous and Shireen were developed to adaptation
• Variety developed with parentage and important characters are as follows :
1. Jammu and KashmirLal Ambri – Red Delicious X Ambri ,
Ambri with red colourSunehri – Ambri X Golden Delicious ,
Ambri with colour of Golden Delicious2. Himachal PradeshAmbred – Red Delicious X Ambri-57 ,
keeping quality good, low incidence of powdhery mildew , soothy blotch and scab
Ambstarking – Starking Delicious X Ambri-81 , tolerant to scab
Ambroyal – Starking Delicious X Ambri-84 , semi dwarf tree , semi spur type and having good dessert quality
Ambrich – Richared X Ambri-15 , semi dwarf, semi spur, good dessert quality, tolerant to scab
3. Chaubattia , U.PChaubattia Princess – Red Delicious X
Early Shunberry , early ripe in last week of June , fruit with deep red streaks on pale background, very sweet and good keeping quality.
Chaubattia Anupam – Red Delicious X Early Shunberry, ripen in second week of July , fruit skin with shiny red streakes with red blush on pale background
Inheritance of traits A no. of important horticultural traits are
ccontrolled by major genes and therefore incorporated in breeding programme for the development of new cvs
large no. of important characters of apple under polygene control
Powdhery mildew single major genes PL1 and PL2 , M. zumi and M. robusta
M. hupehensis has been reported to transmit resistance to woolly apple aphid and resistance to codling moth is incorporated from M. zumi
Mutation A bud sport is a mutation arising in a cell
from which a bud developed It affects growth habit particularly the
spur or compact type which produce compact or dwarfish
This is the basis for bud selection to maintain the integrity of the cultivar
The rate of single gene mutations can be increased by irradiation with X- ray, Gamma ray and thermal neutrons
Bud sport – due to mutation , Red allister/ Aed Elster ,natural mutant of allister
• Vance Delicious : Bud mutant of Delicious. • Top Red : Bud sport of Shot Well Delicious• Skyline Supreme Delicious : Bud mutant of
Starking Delicious.• Gold Spur Delicious : Bud mutant of Golden
Delicious. This variety is recommended as pollinizer for all spur types.
• Red Spur Delicious : It is a variant tree in Starking Delicious orchard.
• Red Chief : Bud sport of Delicious
Sterility and Incompatibility These are the two main causes of
unfruitfulness in apple Apples has Gametophytic
incompatibility whereby the pollen tube growth is arrested in the style
Variety like Cox’s orange pippin , Golden russet and Northern spy
Apomixis Facultative apomixis is characteristic
of a number of Malus spp that are probably of hybrid origin, but does not appear to occur among the cultivated apple CULTIVARS PLOIDY LEVELM. sikkimensis triplod
M. sargentii tetraploid
M. Coronaria , M. hupehensis, M. lancefolia, M. toringoides
Triplod, tetraploid
M. sieboldii Diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid
Parthenocarpy The two apetalous cvs bear annual
crops of parthenocarpic seedless fruit but produce seeded fruits following hand pollination . Cvs such as Spencer Seedless and Ohio - 3
Biotechnology Protoplast culture – M9 and Sparten Moleculars markers – Rome Beauty
cross with White Angel using RAPDTransformation – Greensleeves ,
Royal Gala , etc
Special Features of Apple Varieties1. Yellow colour variety- Golden Yellow
delicious , Lodi , Grimes Golden2. Green colour variety – Granny Smith
, Tippin , Gold Russet , Lord derby3. Cooking variety – White dotted red ,
Howget wonder , Baldwin4. Lowest chilling variety – Dorcett
(100 hr)5. Processing variety – Tropical
beauty , Parlin beauty
6) Intergeneric hybrid – Pamapples ( Pear X Apple ) developed by Ellis Marks (1952)in John Innes Centre7) Resistant to woolly aphid – Northern spy8) Natural mutant – Red Elstar ( Parent cv Elstar)
9) Ambri – Indigeneous variety of India10) Gala and Fuzi – Sub- tropical varieties of India11) Varieties tolerant to Alternate bearing – Gala , Rome , Pink lady , Finger gold
a) gala b) Fuzi
c) pink – lady lady lady
Recommended varieties of apple in different states Himachal PradeshEARLYRed Junet, Delicious, Stark Earliest, Red Astrakhan, King of PippinsMID EARLYRed Delicious, Royal Delicious, Golden Delicious, Rome Beauty, Rich-a-Red, Vance Delicious, BaldwinLATERus Pippin, Granny smith, Winter Banana, Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton
Uttaranchal and Uttar PradeshEARLYRed Astrakhan, Beauty of Bath, Early Shan burry, Summer Golden, Pippin, Fenny Benoni MID EARLYKing of Tom king, King of Pippins, Winter Banana, King David, Jonathan, Red delicious, Mc Intosh, Cox’s Orange, Pippin, Rich-a- RedLATERick’s Pleasant, Yellow Newton, Esopursa Burgs, Rome Beauty, Rymer, Buckingham, Golden Delicious
Jammu and KashmirEARLYIrish peach, Benoni, StarkrimsonMID EARLYAmerican Mother, Razakwar, Jonathan, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Red Gold, Queens Apple, Roma Beauty, Scarlet SiberianLATEApirouge, Kerry Pippin, King Pippin, Sunheri Chamure, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Yellow Newton, Ambri Baldwin
Adams pearmain Arkansas black
Arlet swiss gourmet Ashmeads Golden gala
Baldwin Belle de Boskoop
Black Oxford
Blue pearman
Braeburn Cornish gilliflower
Cortland Cox orange pippins Crispin mutsu
Duchess EmpireGranny smith
Fameuse Freedom Fuji Gala
Golden delicious Golden Dorsett HolsteinGraveinstein
Honeycrisp Idared Jonagold Jonathan
King David Upenn Lady SweetLiberty Lodi Macoun
Maiden Blush Mc Intosh Northern Spy Ozark Gold Paradise
Pink Lady Pound Ralls Genet
Rambo Ramey york Red Astrachan
Apple Red Delicious
Apple Red Cort Reinett
Rhode Island Greening
Rome Beauty Roxburry russet
Seek no further Smoke House Sops of wine Spigold
Spitzenburg Starkey Starking Wealthy
Williams pride Winesap Winter Banana Wolf river
Yellow Newton Pippin
Yellow Transparent Golden russ
SheepnoseKnobbed Cider
DabeyFranklin
Jubilee
Chenango strawberry
Fukunisluki Freyberg
Kandil sinap
Doctor
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
Black twig
Future Thrust :i. Improving productivity and quality of produce
from existing area under horticultural cropsii. Improving supply of improved varietiesiii. Enhancement of exportsiv. Strengthening infrastructure for programme
implementation and databasev. Transfer of improved tech and its adoption vi. Resistance to various diseases , a number
have greatly improved storage life , improved structural quality , winter hardiness , different tree forms
vii. some of these limitations can overcome by noval strategies from advances in biotechnology
Thank You
BYCh. Allaylay Devi