crusades & middle ages culture: medieval christianity ch 6.1, p. 105
TRANSCRIPT
Problems w/ the Church
• B/c of the _____________, wealthy Lords often chose bishops and abbots to serve for political reasons.– These new religious figures didn’t really
care about spiritual duties.• Yay ___________!! Booo…benevolence.
But then…Greg VII
• Gregory VII takes Reform further!– Decides to eliminate ____________________• So that the Church can choose Church officials
and avoid the problem entirely.
• “We decree that no one of the clergy shall receive the investiture with a bishopric or abbey or church from the hand of an emperor or king or of any lay person.” – Pope Gregory VII, 1075
Investiture Controversy fin.
• Compromise = ____________________–Not until both Pope and Emperor attempt
to depose each other, eventually die, and new leaders come in.–Unnecessarily complicated way of
appointing new Church officials.• Both Church and Lord/King ____________, etc.
More Reforms…
• Pope Innocent III, in 13th Century, increases papal power via spiritual weapons:– Enter the __________________• Forbids priests from giving ______________
(Christian rites) to a targeted group of ppl.
New Things in Christianity
• Cistercians– Like Benedictine monks, but more active outside
the monasteries.• ____________________________________
• Women!– Numbers increase dramatically– Hildegard of Bingen awesome abbess, composer
AND woman.
More Regligosity
• Franciscans– Founded by ________________• Abandoned all worldly goods, into absolute
poverty, nature, simplicity working hard, but also begging for food.
• Dominicans– Founded by Spaniard, Dominic de Guzman• Super anti-_____________ through preaching
and personal poverty. Huh?
The Inquisition
• The Church creates a court, aka ____________________ , to deal w/ those pesky heretics.–Mostly Spanish Dominicans–All about getting heretics to confess so
they could perform penance (receive punishment) and receive salvation.• You know, b/c short-term torture seemed less
bad than Hell.
Saints & Relics
• Saints became a big deal in the High Middle Ages– And thus __________ also boomed.
Q & A
• What was the name of the Holy Office which ‘dealt’ w/ heretics?– ___________________________________
• Which Pope is famous for his use of the interdict?– ______________________________
• What is another name for an objected connected to or from a Saint?– ___________________________________
1st Crusade(1096-99)
• Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus asks for help against Seljuk Turks–Pope says, let’s get those ____________.• Mostly French warriors moved east, and came
up w/ an additional goal of taking Jerusalem as well.
• Success!
______________(1147-49)
• French and German leaders aim to re-take Jerusalem and kill a lot of Muslim/pagan ppl.– ____________________.
3rd Crusade(1190-92)
• Jerusalem controlled by Muslim master-class General Saladin.– The Germans, French and English unite to
attack once more!• German emperor drowns in a river while bathing.
LOL• __________________________ ends up as the
last to throw in the towel, but manages to negotiate safe passage for Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem in the future.
Later Crusades
• 4th Crusade was a botched attempt to permanently regain Constantinople.
• _____________________ results in the death of 20,000 kids +/-– __________________, the other five ships land in
N. Africa all kids sold into slavery.
Random Sidenotes
• Crusaders took it upon themselves to discriminate and punish Jewish ppl during this time– Blamed Jews for ____________________
• The Crusades paved the way for the future development of nation-states– AND the restoration of __________________
______________________________________
Q & A
• How did the Crusades start?– ________________________________________
• Which city did Muslims and Christians most want to control?– _________________
• T/F: Feudalism became more entrenched and stronger b/c of the Crusades.– ________________________________________
High Middle Age(d) Architecture
• Two awesome innovations:– _________________ and ______________
instead of round vaulted ceilings– The __________________ all about distributing
weight outward and having lighter walls• Which lead to Gothic-style buildings
Learning Centers
• Universities pop up all over Europe– First in Bologna, Italy• _________________ in 4-6 years• _____________ in law, medicine or theology in
10 or more years
Theology
• Study of ___________________– Very popular
• Leads to a philosophical system called ______________________– Let’s reconcile faith and logical reasoning!• Greek philosophy + Christian ideas
Aristotle
• Wrote Proslogion, aka Anselm of Canterbury– Tried to demonstrate the _______________
_______________ invents the Scientific Method– Church wasn’t too happy w/ this logic business
Thomas Aquinas
• Tried to answer the question “_________________________?”– Cited opposing opinions before reaching his own.– Really wanted to get to the heart of the difference
btwn good and evil (God’s eternal laws) w/ reasoning.
Enter Vernacular
• Initially __________ was the universal language of medieval learning.– BUT local vernaculars popped up everywhere• A vernacular literature market blossoms in
the 1100s
• Leads to poetry and ______________for the masses– Chanson de geste, heroic epic
Q&A
• What architectural style is characterized by soaring ribbed vaults and pointed arches?– ___________________
• What philosophy tried to reconcile Christian ideas w/ logical reasoning?– ________________________
• Who was the guy who tried to answer the question: “Does God exist?” via Aristotelian reasoning.– _______________________________
Bubonic Plague, cont’d.
• First comes a “_____________” which hurts European food supplies– The Great Famine
• In mid 1300s the Bubonic Plague arrives in Europe– About 1/3 of Europe dies in 4 YEARS (1347-51)• 25 million ppl!!!!!!!!
– Leads to ____________, trade and labor problems
Decline of Church Power
• Popes most powerful in 1200s– BUT in 1300s the Church has problems.
• 1st Problem:– ______________________________ and basically
moves the papacy to Avignon, France• 1305-1377 Popes lived in Avignon
– Loss of popularity and credibility in Popes
Church Decline, cont’d.• 2nd Problem:– ______________________• Church never really recovers after the Avignon
debacle• Multiple Popes arrive (even 3 at one point) and all
declare each other the Antichrist– From 1378 to 1417 all of Europe argues about which
Pope is the real Pope• Church loses even more credibility/authority
The 100 Years War
• Starts b/c King Edward III of England loses his __________________________________– French King seizes it in 1337, thus forever lending
credibility to the gamer-piracy term ‘leet’– Initially English beat up the French b/c of
longbows and lots of peasants• France preferred armed noble cavalry
100 Years War, cont’d.
• BUT THEN…–________________, a 17-yr-old, has visions
of glory and leads the French to a major victory at Orleans and turns the war.• Later captured by English and turned over to
Inquisition for witchcraft….• France ends up winning b/c of Joan and the
use of gunpowder in cannons.
New Monarchies Recovery• All the fighting and problems are bolstered by the
fact that strong centralized governments don’t really exist.– Monarchs have ____________________________
_______________…blood is a bit thin or blue…• Countries reorganize w/ new candidates for
kingship, let’s shake things up.
New Monarchies Recovery• France: King Louis XI, aka the Spider, likes property
tax
• England: War of Roses leads to Henry VII and strong central gov’t.
• Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella make everyone ____________________________________
• Central and Eastern Europe: still chaotic
Q + A• How many different men claimed to be Pope during
The Great Schism?– ________________________
• T/F: Europe was perfectly stable and ‘healthy’ before the Black Death killed 1/3 of the ppl.– _________________________________________
• During the Late Middle Ages, which country required all citizens to be Catholic?– ___________________