Crystal and Hanz

Learning: Principles and Applications

• Social Learning– Form of learning in which the

organism observes and imitate the behavior of others

• Neutral Stimulus – Doesn’t initially elicit a response

• Extinction– The gradual disappearance of a

conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented w/o the unconditioned stimulus

• Variable Ratio– Schedule of reinforcement in which

an unpredictable # of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained

• Token Economy– Conditioning in which desirable behavior

is reinforces with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards

Memory and Thought• Encoding

– Transforming of information so the nervous system can process it

• Maintenance rehearsal– A system for remembering

involving repeating information to oneself w/o attempting to find meaning in it

• Chunking– The process of grouping items to

make them easier to remember

• Decay– The fading away of memory over

time

• Interference – Blockage of a memory by

previous or subsequent memories

• Mnemonic devices– Techniques for using associations

to memorize and retrieve info

• Set – point – The weight around which your

day-to-day weight tens to fluctuate

• Elaborate Rehearsal– Memory device that creates a

meaningful link between new info and material that is already known

Types of Memory

• Iconic Memory

– the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of visual stimuli

• Echoic Memory

– The sensory register in which traces of sounds are held and may be retrieved within several seconds

Thinking and Language

• Metacognition

– The awareness of one’s own cognitive process

• Creativity

– The capacity to use info and/or abilities in a new and original way

• Flexibility

– The ability to over come rigidity

• Recombination

– Mentally rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution

• Insight

– The sudden realization of the solution to a problem

• Language

– The communication of ideas through symbols and sounds that are arranged according to rules

Motivation and Emotions

• Instinct

– Innate tendencies that

determine behavior • Homeostasis

– The tendency of all organism

to correct imbalances and

deviations from their

normal state

• Incentive– An external stimulus, reinforcer, or

reward that motivates behavior• Fundamental Needs

– Biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life

• Psychological Needs– The urge to belong and to give and

receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem

• Emotion– A state of feeling that involves a set

of complex reaction to a stimulus involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

The EndWe’d both like to We’d both like to thank Mr. Wipf for thank Mr. Wipf for

making this year in making this year in Psych class so Psych class so

much fun! We both much fun! We both learned a lot. learned a lot. THANKS! THANKS!