cs01 chuoi phan ung
DESCRIPTION
sTRANSCRIPT
-
Kim loi nhm IA
Phn A. Tm tt l thuyt
I- Kim loi
1- Tc dng vi phi kim:
2Na + O2 0t
Na2O2 2Na + Cl2 0t
2NaCl
2Na + H2 0t
2NaH
2- Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2
Nu Na d-: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
3- Tc dng vi n-c:
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
4- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
Cc kim loi kim khi cho vo dung dch mui s tc dng vi n-c
dung dch baz, baz to thnh c th tc dng tip vi mui:
- V d cho Na kim loi vo dung dch CuSO4 xy ra cc ph-ng
trnh:
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
2NaOH + CuSO4 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2
5- iu ch:
2NaCl pnc 2Na + Cl2
4NaOH pnc 4Na + O2 + 2H2O
II- Oxit
1- Tc dng vi n-c dung dch baz kim:
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
K2O + H2O 2KOH
2- Tc dng vi axit mui + n-c:
3- Tc dng vi oxit axit mui:
Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3 Na2O + SO3 Na2SO4
III- Hidroxit
1- Tc dng vi dung dch axit mui + n-c:
K2O + 2HCl 2KCl + H2O
2- Tc dng vi oxit axit mui + n-c:
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
- Nu 2n
n
2CO
NaOH : To mui Na2CO3
- Nu 2n
n1
2CO
NaOH : To 2 mui NaHCO3 + Na2CO3
-
3- Tc dng vi dung dch mui mui mi + baz mi (c mt cht
kt ta !)
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
4- Tc dng vi Al, Zn, cc oxit v cc hidroxit ca chng:
Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + 2
3H2
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O
IV- Mui cacbonat - hidrocacbonat
1- Mui cacbonat
- Phn ng thu phn to ra mi tr-ng kim (qu tm xanh;
phenoltalein hng)
CO2
3 + H2O HCO
3 + OH-
- Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
- Cho t t dung dch axit HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3:
Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
(giai on 1)
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O (giai
on 2)
- Cho t t dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch axit HCl:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
- Sc kh CO2 vo dung dch Na2CO3:
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
Na2CO3 + CaCl2 2NaCl + CaCO3
2- Mui hidrocacbonat
- Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
KHCO3 + HCl KCl + CO2 + H2O
- Tc dng vi dung dch baz:
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d-) CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
- Phn ng nhit phn:
2NaHCO3 0t
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
V- Mui clorua
- Phn ng in phn:
2NaCl + 2H2O mn pdd,
2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
2NaCl pnc Na + Cl2
- Phn ng vi H2SO4 c (iu ch HCl trong PTN):
-
NaCl (tinh th) + H2SO4 (c) NaHSO4 + HCl
2NaCl (tinh th) + H2SO4 (c) 0t
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
- Phn ng nhn bit:
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl(trng) + NaNO3
VI- Mui nitrat
- Phn ng nhit phn:
2KNO3 0t
2KNO2 + O2
- Tnh oxi ho mnh trong dung dch vi cc axit HCl hoc H2SO4 long
(t-ng -ng HNO3!)
V d cho Cu vo dung dch cha KNO3 v H2SO4 long:
Ph-ng trnh in li: KNO3 K+ + NO
3 v H2SO4 2H+ +
SO2
4
Ph-ng trnh phn ng: 3Cu + 2NO
3 + 8H+ 3Cu
2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Phn B- Chui phn ng
1. S 1
Na NaOH Na2CO3 NaHCO3
NaOH NaCl
NaOH
Na NaH NaOH
NaCl + NaOCl
2. S 2
KClO KClO3
KCl
K KCl
KNO3 KNO2
K2SO4 KCl
KOH
3. S 3
KOH K[Al(OH)4] KHCO3
K2CO3
K2O
KOH
KCl K KOH
KClO3 KCl
4. S 4
(1)
(3)
(4)
(10)
(8)
(7)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(6)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
(7) (8) (9)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(10)
(8)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(8)
(6)
(11
)
(1)
(5)
(10)
(4)
(7)
-
Na
NaCl
Na2O NaOH NaAlO2
NaHCO3
NaCl
Na2SO4
-
5. S 5
KH KCl KOH
K[Al(OH)4
KOH
K
KHCO3
K2SO4 KOH KClO3 KCl
K2CO3
Kim loi nhm IIA
Phn A. Tm tt l thuyt
I- Kim loi
1- Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
2- Tc dng vi n-c: (ch cc kim loi Ca, Sr, Ba phn ng)
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
3- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
Cc kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba) khi cho vo dung dch mui
s tc dng vi n-c dung dch baz, baz to thnh c th tc
dng tip vi mui:
- V d cho Ca kim loi vo dung dch CuSO4 xy ra cc ph-ng
trnh:
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Ca(OH)2 + CuSO4 CaSO4 + Cu(OH)2
4- iu ch: in phn nng chy mui halogenua:
CaCl2 pnc
Ca + Cl2
II- Oxit
1- Tnh tan: CaO tan, BaO tan, SrO tan, MgO khng tan.
2- Tc dng vi n-c dung dch baz kim: (ch CaO, SrO v BaO
tc dng)
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
3- Tc dng vi axit mui + n-c:
4- Tc dng vi oxit axit mui: (ch CaO, SrO v BaO tc dng)
CaO + CO2 CaCO3
III- Hidroxit
1- Tc dng vi dung dch axit mui + n-c:
2- Tc dng vi oxit axit mui + n-c: (ch Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 v
Ba(OH)2 tc dng)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(1)
(2) (4)
(3)
(9)
(10)
(12)
(11)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
-
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
Du hiu nhn bit s to thnh mui axit:
- un nng dung dch sau phn ng , xut hin kt ta:
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
- Cho dung dch kim vo dung dch sau phn ng, xut hin kt
ta:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O
- Cho dung dch axit mnh vo dung dch sau phn ng, c kh bay
ra:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O
3- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 CaSO4 + 2NaOH
Ca(OH)2 (d-) + NaHCO3 CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
4- Tc dng vi Al, Zn, cc oxit v cc hidroxit ca chng:
2Al + Ba(OH)2 + 2H2O Ba(AlO2)2 + 3H2
2Al(OH)3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
IV- Mui cacbonat - hidrocacbonat
1- Mui cacbonat
- Phn ng nhit phn: Cc mui cacbonat ca kim loi nhm IIA u
b nhit phn to thnh oxit kim loi v CO2:
- Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2+ H2O
- Phn ng ho tan kt ta khi sc kh CO2:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
2- Mui hidrocacbonat
- Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O
- Tc dng vi dung dch baz:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O
- Phn ng nhit phn khi un nng trong dung dch::
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
V- Mui clorua
- Phn ng in phn:
CaCl2 l o ng + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 + H2
CaCl2 Ca + Cl2
- Phn ng nhn bit.
-
VI- Mui sunfat
1- Tnh tan: MgSO4 tan, CaSO4 khng tan, BaSO4 khng tan.
2- Tc dng vi dung dch baz kim:
MgSO4 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4
3- Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + Na2SO4
Phn B- Chui phn ng
1. S 1
CaH2 CaO Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2
Ca
CaCO3
CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 CaCl2
Ca(NO3)2
2. S 2
Ba(OH)2 Ba(AlO2)2] Ba(HCO3)2
BaCO3
BaO
BaCl2
BaCO3 BaO BaCl2
Ba Ba(OH)2
3. S 3
Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2
CaCl2
Ca CaCl2
Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4
4. S 4
Chn cc mui A, B thch hp ca bari hon thnh s phn ng:
A Ba(OH)2 B
Ba BaO BaCO3
5. S 5
CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 CaSO4
CaO
(1)
(2) (4)
(3)
(7)
(10)
(12)
(11)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(8)
(6)
(11)
(1)
(5)
(10)
(4)
(7)
(1)
(3) (4)
(10)
(8)
(7)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(6)
(1) (2)
(3)
(8)
(9)
(11)
(5)
(10)
(4)
(6)
(12)
(12)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(13)
(5)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(18)
(17)
-
(1)
(3)
(2)
(8)
(4)
(12)
Ca
CaSO4
CaO
CaCO3 CaCl2 Ca
Ca(OH)2
6. S 6
BaCl2 BaO BaCO3
BaCl2 Ba(OH)2
Ba
BaH2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(HCO3)2
BaCO3 BaO
7. S 7
A
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 CaCl2
Ca(OCl)2 CaCl2
B
Nhm v hp cht
Phn A. Tm tt l thuyt
I. Nhm
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
Khi t nng, nhm tc dng vi nhiu phi kim nh- oxi, l-u hunh,
halogen.
4Al + 3O2 0t
2Al2O3
2Al + 3S 0t
Al2S3
2Al + 3Cl2 0t
2AlCl3
2. Tc dng vi axit
a. Dung dch axit HCl v H2SO4 long gii phng hidro:
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3 H2
2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
b. Dung dch H2SO4 c, nng:
2Al + 6H2SO4 (c) 0t
Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Ch : Al khng tan trong dung dch H2SO4 c ngui!
c. Dung dch HNO3:
Nhm tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 to thnh Al(NO3)3, n-c v cc sn
phm ng vi s oxi ho thp hn ca nit: NH4NO3 ; N2 ; N2O ; NO ;
NO2.
10Al + 36HNO3 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O
8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O
Ch : Al khng tan trong dung dch HNO3 c ngui!
3. Tc dng vi n-c
(9)
(10)
(11)
(6)
(5)
(7)
(13)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(5)
-
2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2
Phn ng ny ch xy ra trn b mt ca thanh Al do Al(OH)3 to thnh
khng tan ngn cn phn ng. Thc t coi Al khng tc dng vi
n-c!
4. Tc dng vi dung dch kim
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
hoc:
2Al + 2NaOH + 4H2O Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2
2Al + Ba(OH)2 + 2H2O Ba(AlO2)2 + 3H2 5. Tc dng vi dung dch mui
2Al + 3CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
Al + 3AgNO3 Al(NO3)3 + 3Ag
6. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi (phn ng nhit nhm):
a. Khi nim
Nhit nhm l ph-ng php iu ch kim loi bng cch dng Al kim
kh oxit kim loi thnh kim loi nhit cao trong iu kin
khng c khng kh.
2Al + Fe2O3 0t
Al2O3 + 2Fe (*)
b. Phm vi p dng
Phn ng nhit nhm ch s dng khi kh cc oxit ca kim loi trung
bnh v yu nh-: oxit st, (FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4) oxit ng, oxit ch...
Khng s dng ph-ng php ny kh cc oxit kim loi mnh nh-:
ZnO, MgO...
II. Nhm oxit
1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht rn mu trng, khng tan trong n-c.
2. Tnh cht ho hc: (Tnh cht l-ng tnh)
Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Tc dng vi dung dch baz mui aluminat:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
hoc:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4]
Al2O3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(AlO2)2 + H2O
3. iu ch:
- Cho Al tc dng vi oxi.
- Nhit phn Al(OH)3 : 2Al(OH)3 0t
Al2O3 + 3H2O
III. Nhm hidroxit
1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht kt ta keo mu trng, khng tan trong
n-c.
2. Tnh cht ho hc: (Tnh cht l-ng tnh)
Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Tc dng vi dung dch baz mui aluminat:
-
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
hoc:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4]
2Al(OH)3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
Ch : Al(OH)3 khng tan -c trong cc dung dch baz yu nh- NH3,
Na2CO3...
3. iu ch
a. T dung dch mui Al3+ nh- AlCl3, Al(NO3)3, Al2(SO4)3:
- Tc dng vi dung dch baz yu (dung dch NH3, dung dch
Na2CO3...):
AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2
- Tc dng vi dung dch baz mnh (dung dch NaOH, Ba(OH)2...):
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
Al(OH)3 to thnh tan dn khi cho kim d-:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Tng qut:
AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O
b. T dung dch mui aluminat (NaAlO2 , Ba(AlO2)2...):
- Tc dng vi dung dch axit yu (kh CO2, dung dch NH4Cl, dung
dch AlCl3... :
NaAlO2 + CO 2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
NaAlO2 + NH4Cl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl + NH3
3NaAlO2 + AlCl3 + 3H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl - Tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh (dung dch HCl...):
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl Al(OH)3 to thnh tan dn khi cho axit d-:
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Tng qut:
NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O
IV. Mui nhm
Hu ht cc mui nhm u tan trong n-c v to ra dung dch c mi
tr-ng axit yu lm chuyn qu tm thnh mu hng:
[Al(H2O)]3+ + H2O [Al(OH)]
2+ + H3O
+
Mt s mui nhm t tan l: AlF3 , AlPO4 ...
Mui nhm sunfat c kh nng to phn. Cng thc ca phn chua l
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O.
iu ch phn nhm:
Al2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 24H2O 2KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
V. Sn xut nhm
Nguyn liu sn xut nhm l qung boxit Al2O3.nH2O. Qung boxit
th-ng ln cc tp cht l Fe2O3 v SiO2. Ng-i ta lm sch nguyn
liu theo trnh t sau:
kt
tinh
-
(5)
(10)
(1)
(6)
Qung boxit -c nghin nh ri -c nu trong dung dch xt c
khong 180oC. Loi b -c tp cht khng tan l Fe2O3, -c dung dch
hn hp hai mui l natri aluminat v natri silicat:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
Sc CO2 vo dung dch, Al(OH)3 tch ra:
NaAlO2 + CO 2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3 Lc v nung kt ta Al(OH)3 nhit cao (> 900
oC) ta -c Al2O3
khan.
in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi criolit (3NaF.AlF3 hay Na3AlF6) trong bnh
in phn vi hai in cc bng than ch, thu -c nhm:
2Al2O3 dpnc
4Al + 3O2
Cc phn ng ph xy ra trn in cc: kh oxi nhit cao t
chy d-ng cc l cacbon, sinh ra hn hp kh l CO v CO2 theo cc
ph-ng trnh:
C + O2 CO2
2C + O2 2CO
S kh ion Al3+ trong Al2O3 l rt kh khn, khng th kh -c bng
nhng cht kh thng th-ng nh- C, CO, H2...
Phn B- Chui phn ng ca nhm
1. S 1
Al Al2O3 Al(NO3)3 Al(OH)3
Na[Al(OH)4]
Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Na[Al(OH)4] Al2(SO4)3
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
2. S 2
Al2O3 Al(NO3)3
KAlO2
Al AlCl3
Al Fe
NaAlO2
Al(OH)3 Al2O3
3. S 3
Al2S3 Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2
Al(OH)3
Al
Al2O3
Al4C3 Al(OH)3 K[Al(OH)4
Al(NO3)3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(5)
(7)
(2)
(10)
(2)
(3)
(8)
(7)
(4)
(9)
-
t
0
in
phn
nng
chy
+
HCl
+ NaOH + Z
+ X +
Z
+ Y + Z
4. S 4
Al
KAlO2
Al2O3 NaAlO2
Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2
AlCl3
5. S 5
Cho M l mt kim loi. Vit cc ph-ng trnh phn ng theo dy bin
ha sau:
B
M D
E M
C
6. S 6
Chn cc mui A, B thch hp ca nhm hon thnh s phn ng:
A Al(OH)3 B
Al Al2O3 Al(NO3)3
7. S 7
Hy chn cc cht A, B, C, D thch hp t cc cht Al2O3, AlCl3,
Na[Al(OH)4], Al(NO3)3 hon thnh s bin ha sau:
8. S 8
Al2O3 AlCl3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3
Na[Al(OH)4]
Al
Al2O3
Al(NO3)3 K[Al(OH)4] Al(OH)3
Al
(1)
(2) (4)
(3)
(9)
(10)
(12)
(11)
(5)
(6)
(7) (8)
Al
(5)
(6)
(8)
(9) (11)
(12) (7)
(10)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) D C
A B
(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
(5) (6)
(7)
(8) (9)
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5)
(6) (7) (8)
(9)
(10) (11)
(12)
-
9. S 9
AlCl3 Al(NO3)3
K[Al(OH)4]
Al Na[Al(OH)4] Al(OH)3
Al2(SO4)3
Al2O3 AlCl3
Ba(AlO2)2
10. S 10
Al
A B D
B E
F G + H I
D A Al
pn
c (11
)
+ O2,
t0
(1)
+ CO2
(3)
+ dd HCl
d-
(5) kt
tinh
(8)
+ dd NH3
(9)
t0
(10
)
+ dd H2SO4
l, d-
(7)
+ dd
NaOH
(2)
+ dd
NaOH
(4)
+ dd KOH
d-
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) (10
)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
-
St
Phn A. Tm tt l thuyt
I. St
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
3Fe + 2O2 ( khng kh) 0t
Fe3O4
Fe + S 0t
FeS
2Fe + 3Cl2 0t
FeCl3
2. Tc dng vi axit
- Tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl v H2SO4 long Mui st(II) + H2:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
- Dung dch H2SO4 c, nng:
2Fe + 6H2SO4 0t
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Nu Fe d-:
Fe + Fe2(SO4)3 3FeSO4
Ch : Fe khng tan trong dung dch H2SO4 c ngui!
- Dung dch HNO3: Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 to thnh Fe(NO3)3,
n-c v cc sn phm ng vi s oxi ho thp hn ca nit (NH4NO3 ;
N2 ; N2O ; NO ; NO2). V d:
Fe + 6HNO3 (c) 0t
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
Nu Fe d-:
Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 3Fe(NO3)2 Ch : Fe khng tan trong dung dch HNO3 c ngui!
3. Tc dng vi hi n-c
3Fe + 4H2O C570 0
Fe3O4 + 4H2
Fe + H2O C5700
FeO + H2
4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
II. Hp cht st(II):
Hp cht Fe(II) khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho s b oxi ho thnh
hp cht Fe(III).
1. St(II) oxit: FeO
a. Trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan: L cht rn mu en, khng tan
trong n-c.
b. Tnh cht ho hc:
- Tnh cht ca oxit baz:
FeO + H2SO4 (long) FeSO4 + H2O
- Tnh kh: th hin khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh nh- dung
dch HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 c
2FeO + 4H2SO4 (c) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
-
- Tnh oxi ho: th hin khi nung nng vi cc cht kh nh- C, CO,
H2, Al:
FeO + H2 0t
Fe + H2O
c. iu ch:
- Nhit phn cc hp cht khng bn ca Fe(II) trong iu kin khng
c khng kh:
Fe(OH)2 0t
FeO + H2O hoc FeCO3 0t
FeO + CO2
2. St(II) hidroxit: Fe(OH)2
a. Trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan: L cht rn mu lc nht, khng
tan trong n-c.
b. Tnh cht ho hc:
- Tnh cht baz: Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + 2H2O
- Tnh kh: nhit th-ng Fe(OH)2 b oxi ho nhanh chng trong
khng kh m thnh Fe(OH)3 mu nu :
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 c. iu ch:
Cho dung dch mui Fe(II) tc dng vi dung dch kim.
3. Mui st(II):
a. Mui tan: FeCl2, FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2:
- Tnh cht ca mui: (cc phn ng trao i):
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 - Tnh kh mnh: th hin khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh nh-
kh Cl2, dung dch HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 c, dung dch KMnO4 trong mi
tr-ng H2SO4 long
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 (c) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2H2O
3Fe2+ + NO3. + 4H
+
3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4+ 8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 +K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O
Dng ion thu gn:
5Fe2+
+ MnO4.+ 8H+ 5Fe
3+ + Mn
2+ + 4H2O
- Tnh oxi ho: th hin khi tc dng vi cc kim loi mnh hn:
Mg + FeSO4 MgSO4 + Fe
b. Mui khng tan
- Mui FeCO3:
Phn ng nhit phn: FeCO3 0t
FeO + CO2
Nu nung trong khng kh: 4FeO + O2 0t
2Fe2O3
Phn ng trao i: FeCO3 + 2HCl FeCl2 + CO2 + H2O Tnh kh: FeCO3 + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + CO2 + 2H2O
2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 (c) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O
- Mui FeS:
Phn ng trao i: FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
Tnh kh: FeS + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + 3NO + 2H2O
c. Mui FeS2:
- Tnh kh: 4FeS2 + 11O2 0t
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
-
FeS2 + 18HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O
III. Hp cht st(III)
1. St(III) oxit: Fe2O3
a. Trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan: L cht rn mu nu , khng tan
trong n-c.
b. Tnh cht ho hc:
- Tnh cht ca oxit baz:
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
- Tnh oxi ho: th hin khi tc dng vi cc cht kh thng th-ng
nh- C, CO, H2, Al:
Fe2O3 + 3H2 0t
2Fe + 3H2O
c. iu ch:
- Nhit phn Fe(OH)3: 2Fe(OH)3 0t
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
2. St(III) hidroxit: Fe(OH)3
a. Trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan: L cht kt ta mu nu , khng
tan trong n-c.
b. Tnh cht ho hc:
- Tnh cht baz:
Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 0t
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
- Phn ng nhit phn: 2Fe(OH)3 0t
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
c. iu ch:
- Cho dung dch mui Fe(III) tc dng vi dung dch NH3 hoc cc dung
dch baz kim:
FeCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
3. Mui st(III):
a. Mui tan: FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3:
- Tnh cht ca mui: (cc phn ng trao i):
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
- Tnh oxi ho (Th hin khi tc dng vi cht kh nh- Cu, Fe):
Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 3Fe(NO3)2 Cu + 2Fe(NO3)3 2Fe(NO3)2 + Cu(NO3)2
- Khi tc dng vi cc kim loi mnh hn:
Mg + 2FeCl3 MgCl2+ 2FeCl2
Mg + FeCl2 MgCl2+ Fe
b. Mui khng tan: FePO4
IV. oxit st t : Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3)
1. Trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan: L cht rn mu nu, khng tan
trong n-c.
2. Tnh cht ho hc:
- Tnh baz: Fe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O
Fe3O4 + 4H2SO4 (long) FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O
- Tnh kh: 2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4 (c) 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
-
(1)
(3)
(2)
(8)
(4)
(12)
Fe3O4 + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O
- Tnh oxi ho (tc dng vi cc cht kh thng th-ng nh- C, CO, H2,
Al):
Fe3O4 + 4CO 0t
3Fe + 4CO2
V. Sn xut gang
1. Nguyn liu
- Qung hematit, cha Fe2O3 - Qung manhetit, cha Fe3O4
- Qung xierit, cha FeCO3 - Qung prit, cha FeS2
2. Nguyn tc sn xut gang
Kh oxit st bng CO nhit cao (ph-ng php nhit luyn)
Trong l cao, st c s oxi ho cao b kh dn dn n st c s oxi
ho thp theo s :
Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO Fe
3. Nhng phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut gang
- Phn ng to cht kh CO:
C + O2 CO2 v CO2 + C 2CO
- CO kh st trong oxit:
Phn trn thn l c nhit khong 400oC: 3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 +
CO2
Phn gia thn l c nhit khong 500 - 600oC: Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO +
CO2
Phn d-i thn l c nhit khong 700 - 800oC: FeO + CO Fe +
CO2
Phn B. Chui phn ng ca st
1. S 1
Fe FeS FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3
Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3
Fe Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 Fe2O3
Fe2(SO4)3 FeSO4
2. S 2
Fe3O4 FeO FeCl2
FeCl3 Fe(OH)3
Fe
Fe(NO3)3 Fe2(SO4)3 FeSO4
Fe FeCl3
3. S 3
FeCl2 Fe(OH)2 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3
Fe(OH)3
Fe
Fe2O3
(12)
(6)
(7)
(1) (13)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(14)
(5)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(6)
(11)
(9)
(10
)
(11
)
(6)
(5)
(7)
-
(10)
(5)
(6)
(1)
t
0
+ dd HNO3
+ dd NaOH
+ X + Z
+ Y + Z
+
B
FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 Fe
Fe(NO3)3
4. S 4
FeSO4 FeCO3 Fe2(SO4)3
FeSO4
FeS2
FeS
Fe2O3 FeO Fe2O3
Fe
5. S 5
Hy chn cc cht A, B, D thch hp t cc cht Fe, Fe2O3, Fe(NO3)3
hon thnh s bin ha sau:
6. S 6
Cho A l mt mui nitrat. Vit cc ph-ng trinhg phn ng theo dy
bin ha sau:
B
A Fe(OH)3
D E A
C
7. S 7
A
B FeCl3 FeCl2 Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3 FeCl3
C
8. S 8
FeSO4 Fe Fe(NO3)2
Fe(OH)2
Fe FeS
Fe2O3 Fe
Fe2O3 FeO Fe(NO3)3
Fe(OH)3
(11)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(8)
(4)
(3)
(2) (12)
(14)
(5)
(10)
(18)
(9)
(13)
(16)
(15)
(17)
FeSO4
A
(5) (8)
(9) (11)
(12)
(6)
(10)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) D
B
Fe(NO3)2
(7)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(11)
(8)
(9)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
(9) (10) (11)
(7)
(8)
(12) (13) (14)
-
9. S 9
FeS2 A(kh) B (rn) D
E F
E G E
H K M
10. S 10
FeO Fe(NO3)2
FeO
Fe Fe(NO3)3 Fe2O3
Fe
Fe3O4 Fe(OH)3
Fe3O4
11. S 11
Fe FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 FeSO4
Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3
12. S 12
FeSO4 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe2O3
FeO
Fe
Fe
Fe3O4 FeS FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 FeCl3
+ O2,
t0
(1)
+ dd
H2S
(2)
+ Fe,
t0
(3)
+ dd
H2SO4 l
(4)
pdd
(5)
+ KMnO4 / H2SO4
l
(7)
+ F
(8)
+ dd
NaOH
(9)
+ O2 +
H2O
(10)
t0
(11
)
+ dd
H2SO4 l
(6)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(10)
(4)
(7)
(13)
(9)
(14)
(8)
(11)
(12)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10
)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14
)
(15)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
(10) (11) (12)
(7)
(9)
(13) (14) (15)
(8)
-
(10)
(5)
(8)
(14
)
(7)
(9)
(12)
(11)
(4)
13. S 13
FeSO4
Fe(OH)3
Fe
Fe3O4 Fe
Fe2O3 Fe FeO
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)3
14. S 14
Fe FeS
Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3
Fe FeSO4 FeSO4
Fe2O3 Fe
Fe2O3 FeO Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
15. S 15
Fe Fe3O4 Fe FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(OH)3
(2)
(9)
(4)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(6)
(8)
(7)
(1)
(10)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(13)
(8)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
(5)
(9) (10)
(11)
(6)
(8)
(12) (13)
(14)
(7)