cs244- introduction to embedded systems and ubiquitous ...eli/courses/cs244-w10/lecture2-244.pdf ·...
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CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous Computing
Instructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science Department
UC IrvineWinter 2010
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CS244 – Lecture 2Embedded Applications
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OverviewHybrid embedded systems
Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor netsMultimediaConsumer electronics
Appliances, office electronics, and home/office automationNetwork components
Bridges, routers, switches, and hubsMedical instruments
Patient monitoring, MRI, and artificial heartsE-Business
ATM, wending machinesDistributed & grid computing
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Hybrid Embedded SystemsComputation systems whose behavior is tightly integrated with the physical world
Eg., the behavior of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be modeled by a combination of differential equations (the aerodynamics and low level feedback controllers) and a finite state automata (high level flight path decisions, such as to ascend or descend).
Behavior is governed by both continuous-state dynamics from the physical world and discrete-state dynamics from the computationPassage of time during computation affects the state of the physical worldInherently concurrent (inherent vs. built-in concurrency?)
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AerospaceFlight control
Stability: real-time differential feedback loops
Positioning & navigation
GPS, INSInstrumentation
Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive
RadarCommunication
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AutomobilesEngine management
Fuel, ignition, timing
Emission controlInstrumentation
Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive
Safety & stabilityAirbags, active control
Entertainment & comfort
Radio, A/C, …
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RoboticsImplies autonomous operationN physical degree of freedomArtificial intelligenceControl heavyMission oriented
Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks
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Process Control
Industrial automationPlant monitoring and production controlSimilar to control systems but with emphasis on management
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Sensor NetsMany sensor nodes each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communication
Structure safetySearch and rescueMilitary use
Self organizationEnergy EfficientDistributed
Modern Sensor Nodes
UC Berkeley: COTS Dust
UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust
UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs
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Multimedia
An exercise inSignals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversionInformation theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression Images, audio, video
Virtual RealityPresentationQuality of serviceThink lots of data (formats and standards too)!
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Consumer ElectronicsHome appliances
Yesterday’s appliances: add computationTomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)
Office electronicsIntegration Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving)
Home/office automationCommon fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort
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Network ComponentsStitching LANs
BridgeConnects two parts of the same network
RouterLink networks using different network identities
Extending portsSwitch
Transmit to recipient onlyHub
Transmit to all
Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transform
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Medical InstrumentsPerform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)
Data collectionAppraisal of that dataDeveloping a plan of action
Observation or monitoringSensing and instrumentation
Accuracy and precisionOther applications:
Radiation therapyArtificial hearts, arms, legs, …
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E-Business
Information processing systems
ATMCache registersScannersCredit-card readers
Often the interface behind a databaseAutomation and convenience
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Distributed & Grid ComputingCoordinated resource sharing and problem solvingThe grid is static, reliable, and has infinite resource (for practical purposes)Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has limited resourcesMiddleware mitigates the resource sharing and coordination efforts
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Summary of Application Domains
Looked at a number of application domainsLarge amount of overlap between these domainsOften each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programsThe future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology
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Real-Time SystemsA systems where correctness depends on logical results and the time the results are produced
Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human lossMission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed mission
J.A. Stankovic et al. “Strategic Directions in Real-Time and Embedded Systems”
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