csc 110 – intro. to computing
DESCRIPTION
CSC 110 – Intro. to Computing. Prof. Matthew Hertz WTC 207D / 888-2436 [email protected]. Announcements. Lecture: “ Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop and the King Legacy " at Montante Cultural Center, Tuesday at 8PM Service Learning Partnership Fair at Regis from 11 – 2 today!. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CSC 110 –Intro. to Computing
Prof. Matthew HertzWTC 207D / 888-2436 [email protected]
Announcements
Lecture: “Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop and the King Legacy" at Montante Cultural Center, Tuesday at 8PM
Service Learning Partnership Fair at Regis from 11 – 2 today!
Computer Prehistory
16th Century BCE – abacusSimple device used to perform calculationsRelies on training, knowledge of user
Computer Prehistory
17th century – Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal using from design by
Hero of Alexandria (2 CE)Gear-driven machine performing whole-number
addition & subtraction Based on same principle as a car’s odometer Required people to sit and crank machine
Cost more to run than paying the people it replaced
Pascal was only man who could make repairs
Computer Prehistory 18th century CE – Jacquard’s loom
Wove cloth, silk, and other materialsKnots passing through the holes in cards
created patterns woven into fabric
Computer Prehistory 18th century CE – Jacquard’s loom
Weavers often attacked these looms Initially used shoes to destroy the machineReason for the word sabotage
“Sabot” is French for shoe
Early Computer Attempt
1833 – analytical engineDesigned by Charles Babbage Advanced by Ada, Countess of LovelaceUsed same punch cards as Jacquard’s loomSimilar to early computers
Could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers Punch cards defined program to run Could run more complex programs than early machines
Early Computer Attempt
1833 – analytical engineSteam power turned
handles Wouldn’t need humans
to runWas too complex for
time to be built
Tabulating Machines
1890 – Hollerith tabulating machines Inspired by train conductors punching ticketsPunch cards stored the data to be tabulated
Machine could not be programmed or do advanced arithmetic
Only ability was to track sumsOriginal customer was US Census
Dramatically improved census processing timeHollerith’s formed IBM to sell tabulators
Binary Machines
1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1First automatic calculator based in binaryMade in Zuse’s parent’s apartmentWorked with whole- and decimal-numbersZ1, Z2, & Z3 destroyed by Allied bombing
runs
Binary Machines
1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1Contained memory to remember 64 numbersEach multiplication took 5 seconds
First Computers
Mid 20th Century CE – early “computers”Many long calculations needed
Firing tables for gunners Bombing runs for pilots
For efficiency, USA and UK used rooms (usually) filled with women
Women were cheaper to hire Some used mechanical calculators
This was considered a mark of shame!
Electronic Computers
1939-1942 – ABC ComputerFirst electronic, digital computerBuilt by John Atanasoff & Clifford BerryWas not programmable, only performed
specific computationsOriginal notes for design written on the back
of a cocktail napkin
Electronic Computers
1939-1942 – ABC ComputerWeighed 800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, &
1 mile of wireEach calculation took 15 seconds
Electronic Computers 1944 – Mark I Computer
Developed by Howard Aiken & IBMCould add, subtract, multiply and divide
Included subroutines to compute logarithms and trigonometric functions
Grace Hopper became first person to debug a computer (it was a moth)
“Only 6 electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire US” – Howard Aiken, 1947
Electronic Computers 1944 – Mark I
ComputerWeighed 5 tons,
55’ long, 8’ highStored 72 numbers3 additions/second; 3 - 5 seconds per
multiplication
Electronic Computers
1943-1946 – ENIAC ComputerWar effort was using up all “computers”ENIAC project trying to make electronic
computerPrograms set by external switches and dials
Took weeks to physically reprogram machines6 women hired as first programmers
Electronic Computers
1943-1946 – ENIAC ComputerWeighed 30 tons
17,460 vacuum tubes 5 million soldered joints
Performed 5000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions per second
Electronic Computers
1953 – 701 released, IBM’s 1st computer IBM 701 seen as threat to IBM’s main tabulator
businessStored 256 numbers in memoryOnly 19 ever made
Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month IBM sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with
IBM punch card equipment, from 1954-1962
Electronic Computers
1953 – 701 released, IBM’s 1st computerPerformed 2200 multiplications per second
1955 – The Year In Computers
ENIAC turned off after 12 years of serviceEstimated having done more arithmetic than
entire human race had done prior to 1945 First demo of ERMA
System that enabled computers to read and process checks using numbers at bottom
First 32 units delivered in ’59; used into ’70s
Electronic Computers
1956 – IBM 301 is first computer to work with “hard drive”Contained space for 5 million numbersDisk leased for $35,000/year (computer extra)
Smaller Computers 1960 – Digital PDP-1 released
Did not need its own room!Cost only $120,000 In 1962 ran first computer game, Spacewar
Computer Mouse
1964 -- Douglas Englebart invents mouseCalled a mouse because it has a tailLimited use --- few computers had a displayNot even shown publicly until 1968
Computer Networks
1969 – ARPAnet createdForerunner to the InternetConnected 3 computers early on
Crashed in the middle of its first use!Did not get to g typing in “log in”
Many uses were not developed until laterE-mail was not created until 1971Could use to run another computer from 1972File transfers did not exist until 1983
Growth in Computer Chips
1970 – Intel 1103 is first public RAM chipHolds 128KB of memory
1971 – Intel 4004 is first microprocessorThis is first “computer on a chip” that we normally think ofMatched the power of the ENIACUsed to run Pioneer 10 spacecraft
First man-made object to leave solar system 1974 – Intel releases 8080 runs at 2MHz
Computer Networks
1973 – Robert Metcalfe created ethernetFirst (of many) discoveries from Xerox PARCFirst network to allow local machines to share
information Idea was to enable 100s of computers to
connect and drive the latest Xerox invention, the laser printer
Development of GUI
1973 -- Alto developed at Xerox PARCFirst GUI system ever developedNever turned into commercial
systemHeavily influenced future
systems Apple developers saw on
1979 tour
Home Computers
1974 - 1975 – First home computers soldAltair was most famous computer released
Could hold 256 numbers in RAM Required TV for use as a display Did not include any software (even an OS) Owner had to put machine together Cost $400 Small company, Microsoft, formed by 2 college kids to
sell BASIC compiler for Altair
Growth of the Home Computer
1976 – Apple I demoed for Homebrew Computer ClubCould store 8192 numbers (8KB) in memory Included keyboard, but needed TV for displayCost $666.66 per machineSold 200 units over 10 months
Growth of the PC
1977 – Apple II shown at West Coast Computer FaireContained 4KB of memoryFirst personal computer to include color
graphics (included 16 colors!), but still needed TV for monitor
Used audio cassette for storageSold for $1298
Important Applications
1979 – First spreadsheet, VisiCalc, releasedFirst serious application that could run on a
personal computerMarked PC as a machine for serious business
people
“Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner” – Dan Bricklin
Important Applications
1979 – First popular word processor, WordStar, releasesBest selling application for early 1980s
Player Enters the Market
1981 -- IBM PC releasedFirst PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and
commercially available operating systemEnabled lots of copiesNamed Times “Man of the Year”
Player Enters the Market
1981 – IBM PC releasedUsed 4.77MHz processorDefault had16KB of memory, but could be expanded to
256KBColor monitor was optionalCost $1565
“640KB should be enough for anyone” – Bill Gates
First Portable Computer
1981 – Osborne Portable ComputerGoal was machine that fit under airplane seat Included 5” screen, but weighed 75 poundsCost $1795 and sold 10,000 per month
Updated Computer Line
1983 – Apple IIe releasedUsed 1MHz processor Included 64KB of memoryCost $1400 per machineBecame one of the best selling computers of
all time
Personal Computer Revolution
1983 – Apple Lisa, 1st GUI-based home computerUsed 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory,
5MB hard drive12” monitorCost $9995Apple Macintosh released in 1984
Other Important Computer Dates
1983 – Intel releases 80386Ran at 16MHz
1983 – 10 million computers used in US 1986 – 30 million computers used in US 1988 – Soundblaster released 1989 – Intel releases 80486DX
Ran at 25MHzFirst Intel chip capable of multiprocessing
Other Important Dates
1990 – The World becomes first company selling Internet access
1991 – Tim Berners-Lee launches “World Wide Web”Goal was to facilitate remove collaboration between
physicists Jan. 1993 – 50 web servers in existence 1994 – First banner ads on web
Start of World Wide Web commercialization