csc 213 – large scale programming. today’s goals discuss what is meant by weighted graphs ...
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LECTURE 31:FINDING THE BEST PATH
CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming
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Today’s Goals
Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph’s weights to model
problems How to solve problems once Graph is set up
Learn about myth & legend of Edsgar Dijkstra Who was he? Why should we care? How is
it related? What was his largest contribution to graph
theory? How does Dijkstra’s algorithm find smallest
path?
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Weighted Graphs
Edge’s weight is cost of using edge Distance, cost, travel time, &c. usable as
the weight Weights below are distance in miles
ORD PVD
MIADFW
SFO
LAX
LGA
HNL
849
802
13871743
1843
10991120
1233337
2555
142
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Cheapest Path Problem
Find path with min. weight between 2 vertices Sum of edge weights is the path weight
Consider the cheapest path from PVD to HNL None of edges is cheapest in this exampleORD PVD
MIADFW
SFO
LAX
LGA
HNL
849
802
13871743
1843
10991120
1233337
2555
142
![Page 5: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cheapest Path Problem
Subpath on shortest path is shortest path also Otherwise we would use shorter subpath
Tree made by all shortest paths from vertex Consider all shortest paths from PVDORD PVD
MIADFW
SFO
LAX
LGA
HNL
849
802
13871743
1843
10991120
1233337
2555
142
![Page 6: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dijkstra’s Algorithm
Finds cheapest paths from single vertex Normally, computes cheapest path to all
vertices Stop once vertex computed for single
target vertex Makes several fundamental
assumptions Connected graph needed when targeting
all vertices Only works if edge weights must be
nonnegative
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Dijkstra’s Algorithm
Grows cloud of vertices as it goes Cloud starts with source vetex Add vertex to cloud with each step
Tracks distances to each vertex not in cloud For each vertex, considers only cheapest
path Only uses 1 edge from cloud to vertex not
in cloud Each step uses vertex with smallest
distance Adds this vertex to cloud, if not done yet Checks if creates smaller path to any
vertices
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Edge Relaxation
Consider e from u to z
When u added to cloud Check adjacent
vertices Assume z not in
cloud Found faster path!
Update via relaxation New minimum
selected:
d(z) = 75z
s
u
d(u) = 50 10
e
( )
( ) ( )min
weight
d z
d u e
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Edge Relaxation
Consider e from u to z
When u added to cloud Check adjacent
vertices Assume z not in
cloud Found faster path!
Update via relaxation New minimum
selected:
( )
( ) ( )min
weight
d z
d u e
d(z) = 75z
s
u
d(u) = 50 10
ed(z) = 60
![Page 10: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Edge Relaxation
Consider e from u to z
When u added to cloud Check adjacent
vertices Assume z not in
cloud Found faster path!
Update via relaxation New minimum
selected:
( )
( ) ( )min
weight
d z
d u e
d(z) = 75z
s
u
d(u) = 50 10
ed(z) = 60
![Page 11: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Edge Relaxation
Consider e from u to z
When u added to cloud Check adjacent
vertices Assume z not in
cloud Found faster path!
Update via relaxation New minimum
selected:
( )
( ) ( )min
weight
d z
d u e
z
s
u
d(u) = 50 10
ed(z) = 60
![Page 12: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dijkstra Example
CB
A
E
D
F
0
428
48
7 1
2 5
2
3 9
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Dijkstra Example
CB
A
E
D
F
0
328
5 11
48
7 1
2 5
2
3 9
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Dijkstra Example
CB
A
E
D
F
0
328
5 8
48
7 1
2 5
2
3 9
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Dijkstra Example
CB
A
E
D
F
0
327
5 8
48
7 1
2 5
2
3 9
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Dijkstra Example
CB
A
E
D
F
0
327
5 8
48
7 1
2 5
2
3 9
![Page 17: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dijkstra Example
CB
A
E
D
F
0
327
5 8
48
7 1
2 5
2
3 9
![Page 18: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Why Dijkstra’s Algorithm Works
Ultimately, Dijkstra was smart Smarter than me, if that is possible
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Why Dijkstra’s Algorithm Works
Ultimately, Dijkstra was smart Smarter than me, if that is possible
![Page 20: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why Dijkstra’s Algorithm Works
Ultimately, Dijkstra was smart Smarter than me, if that is possible
Example of a greedy algorithm Takes best choice at each point in time Vertices added in increasing distance Brings vertices closer at each step Stops when vertex cannot move closer
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Why No Negative-Weight Edges?
Assume edge has negative weight Greedily chose vertex before finding edge Cloud will include only one endpoint Negative weight changes everything,
however Vertices not added in order
Negative weight cycles? Repeat cycle to optimize CB
A
E
D
F
0
457
5 9
48
7 1
2 5
6
0 -8
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Why No Negative-Weight Edges?
Assume edge has negative weight Greedily chose vertex before finding edge Cloud will include only one endpoint Negative weight changes everything,
however Vertices not added in order
Negative weight cycles? Repeat cycle to optimize
C added when distance was 5,but cheapest distance is 1!
CB
A
E
D
F
0
457
5 9
48
7 1
2 5
6
0 -8
![Page 23: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Not All Is Lost
Slower cheapest paths algorithms can work Bellman-Ford algorithm takes time O(nm) DAG-based algorithms takes time O(n + m) Merlin algorithm takes time O(n + m)
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Not All Is Lost
Slower cheapest paths algorithms can work Bellman-Ford algorithm takes time O(nm) DAG-based algorithms takes time O(n + m) Merlin algorithm takes time O(n + m)
![Page 25: CSC 213 – Large Scale Programming. Today’s Goals Discuss what is meant by weighted graphs Where weights placed within Graph How to use Graph ’s](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb55503460f94bbdfb0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
For Next Lecture
Weekly assignment available today Due at regular time next week
Programming assignment #2 due today
Midterm #2 in class in one week!
Reading on cheap connections for Monday How can we minimize cost of building
highways? What algorithms can we use to solve this?