csce 110 programming fundamentals with c++

Prof. amr Goneid, AUC 1

CSCE 110CSCE 110PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALSPROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

WITH WITH C++C++

Prof. Amr Goneid

AUC

Part 9. Streams & Files


Streams & FilesStreams & Files


Streams & FilesStreams & Files

What are Streams and Files? Default I/O Streams I/O Manipulators External Files Structure of Text Files Declaring Streams Opening & Closing One-Character I/O String & Data I/O Passing Files as Parameters


1. What are Streams and Files?1. What are Streams and Files?

A stream is a sequence of characters A stream has no fixed size A stream is an object that is to be declared A stream associates its sequence with an

external device (e.g. keyboard, screen, HD etc)

A file on HD is associated with a stream


Streams and FilesStreams and Files

Memory

Device

Device

Device

FILES

streams


Extraction OperatorExtraction Operator

Extracts sequence of characters from input stream and converts them to internal representation, skips leading blanks

Memory

>>

InputDevice


Insertion OperatorInsertion Operator

Converts internal representation to a sequence of characters and inserts them into the output stream in the proper format

<<

OutputDevice

Memory


2. Default I/O Streams2. Default I/O Streams

cin and cout are stream objects defined in the library <iostream>

cin (Consol Input) is associated with the default input device (keyboard)

Extraction operator (>>) with cin. cout (Consol Output) is associated

with the default output device (screen) Insertion operator (<<) with cout.


Default StreamsDefault Streams

Memory variable x

screen

keyboard

FILES

input stream

cin >> x;

cout << x;

output stream


Default Streams LibraryDefault Streams Library

#include <iostream>

I/O of simple quantities:

int x; string Line;

cin >> x;

cout << “Hello”;

getline (cin , Line);

getline (cin , Line , ‘ * ’)



Member functions for cin and cout can be used to input/output one character at a time (including blanks and NWLN):

char c;

cin.get(c); // Extract next character to c

// Returns 0 in case of EOF

cin.eof() // Test for EOF (CTRL-Z)

cout.put(c) // Insert contents of c to screen



Example:char c;

cin.get(c); // Extract character to cwhile ( ! cin.eof() ) // Test for EOF (CTRL-Z){

c = toupper (c); // Convert to uppercasecout.put(c) // Insert contents of c to

screencin.get(c); // Get next character

}


Example: CountChars.cppExample: CountChars.cpp

// File: CountChars.cpp

// Counts the number of characters and lines in

// a file

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

#define ENDFILE "CTRL-Z"


CountChars.cppCountChars.cpp

int main()

{

const char NWLN = '\n'; // newline character

char next;

int charCount;

int totalChars;

int lineCount;

lineCount = 0;

totalChars = 0;


CountChars.cppCountChars.cpp cout << "Enter a line or press " << ENDFILE <<

": "; while (cin.get(next)) { charCount = 0; while (next != NWLN && !cin.eof()) { cout.put(next); charCount++; totalChars++; cin.get(next); } // end inner while



cout.put(NWLN); lineCount++; cout << "Number of characters in line " << lineCount << " is " << charCount <<

endl; cout << "Enter a line or press " <<

ENDFILE << ": "; } // end outer while

cout << endl << endl << "Number of lines processed is " <<

lineCount << endl;



cout << "Total number of characters is " <<

totalChars << endl;

return 0;

}


3. I/O Manipulators3. I/O Manipulators

#include <iomanip> when using setw (int n) and width(int n) setprecision (int n) boolalpha fixed & scientific left & right


4. External Files4. External Files

External stream objects Used to read from or write to. Elements with a File Pointer (FP) and

an EOF.

element

EOF

FP


5. Structure of Text Files5. Structure of Text Files

Elements are single character or strings with EOLN Access is Sequential Opened in a Single Mode (input or output but not

both). Mode can be changed after closing the file.

Line

FP

FP

EOF

EOFEOLN

character


Use #include <fstream> for external text file stream objects. It provides two data types:ifstream for input files, ofstream for output files

To declare an input file stream:ifstream <internal name>;e.g. ifstream source;

To declare an output file stream:ofstream <internal name>;e.g. ofstream target;

C++ uses internal name for I/O operations

6. Declaring Streams6. Declaring Streams


7. Opening and Closing7. Opening and Closing

To access a disk file, we have to associate it with a stream.

We do this through the .open function. A file has a DOS name that can be saved in a

string, e.g.

string filename = “c:\data.txt”; or read the name from the keyboard, e.g.

string filename;

cin >> filename;


To open the file for input only:

source.open(filename);

Resets FP to the beginning. source can be associated with other

input files if we change the filename.

Opening and ClosingOpening and Closing


To open the file for output only:

target.open(filename);

Creates a new file for writing or erases an already existing file. Resets FP to the beginning.

target can be associated with other output files if we change the filename



Some compilers do not support string parameters to the open/close file function.

In this case, we convert the filename string to a standard C character array, e.g.

string filename = “c:\data.txt”;

ofstream target;

target.open(filename.c_str());



To close opened files:

After closing a file, you can use the stream again with another file.


source.close();target.close();


You can test if a file opened correctly. The .fail() function gives a no-zero value if the file fails to open

Example:source.open(inFile.c_str());

if (source.fail ())

{ cerr << "*** ERROR: Cannot open " << inFile << endl;

return 1 // failure return

} // end if


source.fail() or target.fail()


ExampleExample

/* Declare two streams, one for input, the other for output.

Attach them to two physical files, e.g. “data1.txt” and

“data2.txt” */

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

string infile , outfile;

ifstream source;

ofstream target;

cout << “Enter Input File Name: “; cin >> infile;

cout << “Enter Output File Name: “; cin >> outfile;

source.open ( infile.c_str() );

target.open (outfile.c_str() );


To read character by character:

Advances FP to next character To test for EOF:

8. One Character I/O8. One Character I/O

char c;source.get(c);

source.eof()


To write character by character:

Advances FP to next character location

One Character I/OOne Character I/O

char c;target.put(c);


9. String & Data I/O9. String & Data I/O

// To read a whole line (including blanks) and// terminated by NWLN:

string line;getline(source,line);

// To read a string terminated by blank:source >> line; // in the style of cin >> line

// To skip over next n characters:source.ignore(n); or source.ignore(n , ‘\n’);

// To write a string followed by NWLN:target << line << endl;


Data I/OData I/O Numeric Data can also be written to and

read from text files, e.g.

int m = 20; int n = 300; float x = 1.345;

// Write them separated by blanks

target << m << “ “ << n << “ “ << x << “ “;

// To read them:

source >> m >> n >> x ;


Data I/OData I/OSome other member functions of input

streams:

input_stream.peek(ch); // look ahead one char

input_stream.unget(); // put the last char back


Data I/OData I/OThe following code segment will read one

integer number from a file.char ch; int number

ifstream source;

source.open(“mydata”);

source.get(ch); // get one character

if (isdigit(ch))

{

source.unget();

source >> number;

}

source.close();


10. Passing Files as Parameters10. Passing Files as Parameters

The declarations :ifstream source; ofstream target;declare source & target as “pointers” to the file stream objects. If they are parameters to or from functions, they should be passed by their address, e.g.

int copyline (ifstream& source , ofstream& target);


Passing Files as ParametersPassing Files as Parameters

Instead of passing streams, we may pass strings with the file names on disk and let the function do the opening and closing of the streams.

For example, a function to copy a file character by character to another file would have the header:

void copychar ( string infile , string outfile)


Function copycharFunction copychar

/* Fuction to copy a file with a name stored in the string infile to another file with a name stored in string outfile (character by character) */

void copychar(string infile, string outfile){

char c; ifstream source; ofstream target;source.open(infile.c_str());target.open(outfile.c_str());source.get(c);while (! source.eof()) { target.put(c); source.get(c); }source.close();target.close();

}


A Main to call copycharA Main to call copychar

/* A main function to drive copychar */#include <iostream>#include <fstream>void copychar (string , string );int main(){

string infile , outfile;cout << “Enter Input File Name: “; cin >> infile;cout << “Enter Output File Name: “; cin >> outfile;copychar (infile,outfile);

}

csce 110 programming fundamentals with c++

Documents