cse 471/598 introduction to ai
TRANSCRIPT
CSE 471/598
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Fall 2009
http://www.public.asu.edu/~huanliu/AI09F/cse471-598.htm
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 2
IntroductionYou: a future AI ExpertTA: Ali Abbasi (mabbasi2 at asu.edu)Time and Place: Please see our course web page Me: Huan Liu, huan.liu at asu.edu (http://www.public.asu.edu/~huanliu) My office hours (can be changed upon
req) Slides are updated periodically
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 3
Course Introduction What is AI (many definitions of AI) One definition: a field to enable computers
with human-level intelligence with attempts to understand intelligent entities.
We will evaluate many definitions later.What is this course about (or why should everyone learn AI?) understand ourselves better build automated intelligent agents to
advance research improve problem solving skills
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 4
Course workload and evaluation
We will work hard together - “No pain, no gain!” Projects (30%, 2-3) – all in Lisp Exam(s) (2*25%) Homework (~20%) Quizzes and class participation (~10% extra)
Which grading system you prefer (w/wo +/-) Late penalty, YES and exponentially increased Academic integrity
(http://www.public.asu.edu/~huanliu/conduct.html)
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 5
Course plan Text Book: AI - A Modern Approach 2nd Edition in green (3rd Edition will be out Nov. 09)
Reading assignment: chapters coveredAbout 13-15 chaptersOur lofty goal: “to finish all the 27 chapters”To be realistic,
one major subject per week TIP Try to keep up and
avoid catch up
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 6
Major TopicsIntelligent agentsProblem solvingKnowledge and reasoningActing logicallyLearningUncertainty
TIP Comprehend the topics with your common sense
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 7
Welcome to this class!We will work together and hard throughout this semester and your active participation is crucial for the success of the class – the REAL shortcut to your success Who don’t want shortcut? Apparent vs. true
shortcutsQuestions and suggestions are always welcome. E.g., if you find anything interesting to share,
incorrect or unclear, send an email or talk to me, or discuss it in class
You get feedback from us (TA and me), and I expect feedback from you, too Use myASU to send email and for discussions
Introduction of AI - Gearing up for a fun semester about intelligent agents- What is an intelligent agent in your view?
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 9
What is AIAbout thinking and acting
We are not alone, but … (Homo (genus)) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)
Acting humanly: The Turing test (by Turing 1950) Its original purpose What do we need to pass the test?
http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html Does that serve our purpose of developing AI?
Thinking humanly: Cognitive modeling “Think-aloud” to learn from human and recreate in
computer programs (GPS) What the Eyes see, a camera cannot
http://www.topcharoen.co.th/web/illusion/illusion-a19.gif
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 10
What is AI (2)Thinking rationally: Syllogisms, Logic What would you act on the $50 iBooks incident? Unable to deal with uncertainty Some paradoxes: Liar, Barber
Gödel's incompleteness and Turing's undecidability Acting rationally: A rational agent (something that acts) to achieve best or best expected outcomes Some rational actions do not involve inference
An example – a reflex doe not need inferenceA set of definitions (Figure 1.1)
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 11
Foundations of AIPhilosophy (428 B.C. - Present) – reasoning and learning Can formal rules be used to draw valid
conclusions? How does the mental mind arise from a
physical brain? Where does knowledge come from? How does knowledge lead to action?
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 12
Mathematics (c. 800 - Present) - logic, probability, decision making, computation What are the formal rules to draw conclusions? What can be computed? How do we reason with uncertain information?
Economics (1776-present) How should we make decisions so as to maximize
payoff? How should we do this when others may not go
along? How should we do this when the payoff may be far in
the future?
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 13
Neuroscience (1861-present) How do brains process information
Processing speed, memory size in a computer (Figure 1.3)
Psychology (1879 - Present) - investigating human mind How do humans and animals think and
act? Mind Wide Open (the use of fMRI)
Computer engineering (1940 - Present) - ever improving tools How can we build an efficient computer?
Moors Law, Raptures for the Geeks
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 14
Control theory and Cybernetics (1948-present) How can artifacts operate under their
own control? Feedback and adaptLinguistics (1957 - Present) - the structure and meaning of language How does language relate to thought? Computational linguistics
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 15
Brief History of AIGestation of AI (1943 -1955) McCulloch and Pitts’s model of artificial neurons Minsky’s 40-neuron network Alan Turing’s Computing Machinary and Intelligence
Birth of AI (1956) A 2-month Dartmouth workshop of 10 attendees –
the name of AI Newell and Simon’s Logic Theorist Should another name like `computational
rationality’ be used? Any suggestion?Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 - 1969) GPS by Newell and Simon, Lisp by McCarthy,
Blockworld by Minsky
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 16
AI facing reality (1966 - 1973) Many predictions of AI’s coming successes
A computer would be a chess champion in 10 years (1957)
Machine translation – Syntax is not enough Intractability of the problems attempted by AI “What computers cannot do” in 76
Knowledge-based systems (1969 - 1979) Knowledge is power, acquiring knowledge from experts Expert systems (MYCIN)
AI - an industry (1980 - present) Many AI systems help companies to save money and
increase productivity (Cyc)
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 17
The return of neural networks (1986 – present) PDP books by Rumelhart and McClelland Connectionist models vs. symbolic models
AI – a science (1987 – present) Build on existing theories vs. propose brand new
ones Rigorous empirical experiments Learn from data – machine learning, data mining
AI – intelligent agents (1995 – present) Working agents embedded in real environments
with continuous sensory inputs
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 18
Some examples of AI applications
Smart bombsDeep Blue, and othersE-Game industry E-BusinessIntelligent housesIntelligent appliances RoboCupMars rovers
BiometricsCommunications (email, word processor, social media)Auto driving from E to W (98% vs. 2%)Consumer protectionSocial Networking Sites
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 19
Concluding remarks“The real value of the discipline, Mr. Lazowska said, is less in acquiring a skill with technology tools - the usual definition of computer literacy - than in teaching students to manage complexity; to navigate and assess information; to master modeling and abstraction; and to think analytically in terms of algorithms, or step-by-step procedures.”
from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/23/technology/23geeks.html
What is AI about?
CSE 471/598 H. Liu 20
Refresher for LISPWhat is it? ANSI Common Lisp, Paul Graham,
Prentice HallInput (e.g., terminal, files)Output (e.g., files, printing)Processing (various operations)How to run it?