csee - a hybrid communication architecture for internet of … · 2018. 7. 12. · •zigbee demand...

A Hybrid Communication Architecture

for Internet of Things (IOT) Application

in Smart Grid

Yijia CaoYijia CaoHunan University, ChinaHunan University, China

20142014--1010--2121

OUTLINE

IOT Application in Smart Grid1

Hybrid Communication Architecture3

Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network

4

Challenges and Opportunities6

Requirements for Communication2

Application5

Smart Grid Vision

To realize the automated and intelligent management of power grid, a fast, reliable and secure communication network is required

High DER penetration Bidirectional electrical power flows Self-healing ability Flexible demand side management Diversified power quality Enabling energy market

Information and Communication (IC) Network Characteristics for Smart Grid

Highly coupling of power grid and communication network

Diversified communication environment Employment of various communication mode Dramatic growth of data amount Coexistence of different information Cyber security issues

IOT Vision

Hierarchical architecture of IOT

The Internet of Things (IOT) is a global infrastructure for the information society that enabling the connection of Man to Man, Man to Thing, or Thing to Thing at anytime and anywhere.

Key Technologies of IOT

IOT Applications in Smart GridTransmission line monitoring•PLC•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•WiMAX•RFID•GPS

Transmission line monitoring•PLC•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•WiMAX•RFID•GPS

DER/Microgrid monitoring & control•WSN•WiFi•Ethernet•GPS

DER/Microgrid monitoring & control•WSN•WiFi•Ethernet•GPS

Demand response, Automatic metering reading, load management•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Zigbee

Demand response, Automatic metering reading, load management•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Zigbee

Power plant/Substation monitoring & control•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Ethernet•GPS

Power plant/Substation monitoring & control•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Ethernet•GPS

PEV charging station monitoring & control•RFID•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G

PEV charging station monitoring & control•RFID•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G

OUTLINE




4



Application5

To protect the smart grid and ensure optimal operation, the communication infrastructure must meet several requirements, which are

Network latency requirements

Network reliability requirements

Network security requirements

Requirements for Communication

1 Network Latency Requirements

Many types of information exchanges between electric devices is useful only within a predefined time frame

Application class Typical maximum response Data burst size (range)

Protection 1-10 ms Tens of bytes

Control 100 ms Tens of bytes

Monitoring 1 s Tens to hundreds of bytes

Metering/billing Hours Hundreds of bytes

Reporting/software update Days KB to MB

Latency requirements for different applications in the smart grid

Available solutions to reduce network latency• Communication technology selection• Network service mapping• Network structure design• Other delay guarantees

It is extremely important for the network to be reliable for successful and timely message exchanges• System faults occur with minimal probability• The dysfunctional components are restored to normal working status in the

shortest time• The impact to the whole power system is minimized when some components go

wrong

Suitable solutions to improve network reliability• Evaluation of system reliability• Network redundancy• Message prioritization and resource reservation mechanisms• Periodic network maintenance checkup• Automatic failure detection and path switching

2 Network reliability Requirements

It is imperative to protect the communication networks from cyber attacks for correct functioning of power system• Availability• Integrity• Confidentiality• Authenticity• Non-repudiation

Optional solutions to maintain network reliability

FirewallMessageencryption

Identityauthentication

Intrusiondetection

Accesscontrol VPNAntivirus

software

3 Network Security Requirements

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Application5

Hybrid Communication Architecture

Application of Hybrid Communication Architecture in Smart Grid

The hybrid communication architecture for smart grid

has been applied in two typical cases:

Case A -- Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment

(PTTE) Monitoring, Control and Management

Case B -- Smart Substation Communication Network

Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case A

IOT-based Architecture for Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment (PTTE) Monitoring, Control and Management

IOT-based Architecture for Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment (PTTE) Monitoring, Control and Management

Smart Sensing Layer: Ubiquitous sensing of power equipment status

Smart transformer


RFID FLAG

Data Communication Layer: Autonomous and cooperative communication networks to support data exchange in a heterogeneous network


Information Processing Layer: To realize the integration, storage and analysis of massive data (Cloud computing, data fusion, data mining, etc.)

Smart Application Layer: To extend the evaluative dimension of equipment status so as to improve the effectiveness of maintenance decisions and the ability of PTTE life cycle management

Service type

Condition based maintenance

Resource allocation Smart patrol Performance

managementSmart

dispatchingEnvironment assessment

Support platform Panoramic information integration platform + Life cycle management system

Key indicators Reliability Economy Environment

Function module State assessment Forecasting and

early warningSmart

diagnosisRisk

assessmentMaintenance

decisionPerformance

evaluationModel

research Causal model of fault Time series model of fault Cost model of life cycle

Basic research

Deteriorating law caused by multi-factor Panoramic information fusion

Experimental study Statistical analysis Typical fault Incidence relation

Equipment account

Operation condition

Experimental data Monitoring data Environmental

dataMaintenance

cost


WSN-based Smart SubstationCommunication Network

WSN-based Smart SubstationCommunication Network

Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case B

OUTLINE




4



Application5

Evaluation of Network QoS

QoS index•User QoS: End-to-End delay•Node QoS: Collision, packet loss ratio, bit error rate, signal/noise ratio, received power•Network QoS: Media Access Control (MAC) delay, MAC throughput, MAC data dropped

Quality of Service (QoS) is a key problem for WSN-based smart substation communication network (SCN), which has a great influence on network latency.

Influence factors of network QoS for WSN-based SCN•Network topology•Sensor node scale•Node transmitted power•Network node

Simulation prototype in OPNET

Star topology Tree topology

Mesh topology Cluster topology

Typical network topologies



Conclusion:Cluster topology has the optimal MAC data drop rate, throughput, and delay characteristic.

Conclusion:Cluster topology has the optimal MAC data drop rate, throughput, and delay characteristic.

Conclusion:Adding of sensor nodes increases MAC throughput and causes longer MAC delay.

Conclusion:Adding of sensor nodes increases MAC throughput and causes longer MAC delay.


Conclusion:Increase of node transmitted power can improve MAC throughput and lower data drop rate, while has little effect on MAC delay.

Conclusion:Increase of node transmitted power can improve MAC throughput and lower data drop rate, while has little effect on MAC delay.

Conclusion:MAC throughput increases with network load, while there are no changes for MAC delay and data drop rate.

Conclusion:MAC throughput increases with network load, while there are no changes for MAC delay and data drop rate.

Control mechanism for energy consumption•Shorten transmission distance

•Reduce intermediate hops

•Data integration to cut down data amount

Optimization of Network Energy Consumption

Network Energy Consumption has a great influence on the life time of

WSN.

A higher energy consumption of key cluster header nodes will cause

the premature death on them, which seriously impact network reliability.

The energy consumption of sensor nodes is required to be optimized

and balanced to maintain the reliability of WSN.


• Network model• Sensor nodes are distributed uniformly in a

circular area• Cluster topology is configured with cluster

header nodes CHi located in the center of sector area

• Cluster header nodes transmit data to sink node by single-hop or multi-hop mode

• Four typical paths are configured and studied especially for multi-hop mode

• Energy consumption model• Energy consumption for data transmission (sensor nodes, cluster header nodes)

elec fuserpE b bE bE

0

2

02 20 0 0

, ,

,ln 16

Tx elec

t r

E b d bE b d d d

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• Energy consumption for data receiving and processing (cluster header nodes)

• Objective function

The objective function above is mainly related to three factors:


1 Tol 2 3min / _

. . 0, 1,2, ,i

F w E w LifeTime w dis facs t g x i n

L

•Total energy consumption of node cluster ETol• Part 1: Energy consumption for data transmission between sensor nodes inside the cluster and cluster header node ETol-ini

• Part 2: Energy consumption for cluster header node ETol-CHi

Tol Tol-ini Tol-CHi

2Tol-ini

2 3

Tol-CHi elec fuse

2elec

4 2

24 sin 2 ; 1, 2,33

4

4 ; 1, 2,3

i s i elec i

i i i s s

i s i i

i i i s i

E E E

E b R d E d

b d d R R i

E b R d E C E

a C b R d E d i

g g g

g g

• The objective is to minimize and balance the energy consumption of node cluster as well as to maximize network lifetime by optimizing the location of cluster header nodes, perception radius, data compression ratio and transmission cycle.

Data compression ratio of cluster header node

• Objective function


•Lifetime of the sensor network LifeTime• The network lifetime is to be maximized for normal data transmission

0 0 0

Tol-in1 Tol-CH1 Tol-in2 Tol-CH2 Tol-in3 Tol-CH3min min , ,

i

ii V i ij

j N

E E E ELifeTimee f E E E E E E

•Distance factor disc_fac• Distance factor is used to balance energy consumption of sensor network• Minimal distance factor could help prevent unreasonable deployment of cluster header nodes

2 22 3 1 1 3 2

2 3 22 3

2 22 5 3 4 1 1 2 2 3 4

3 5 23 5

_ 42

42

r C d r C d C ddisc fac p rd

C d r

r C d C d r C d C d C dp rd

C d r

g

g

1 Tol 2 3min / _

. . 0, 1,2, ,i

F w E w LifeTime w dis facs t g x i n

L

• Optimization results based on Group Search Optimizer (GSO) algorithm


Conclusions:•Adding of network hops will increase the total energy consumption of node cluster

•It is suggested to use two-hop network to make the network lifetime longer•Energy consumption for cluster header nodes could be balanced by properly configuring the data compression ratio and communication distance

Conclusions:•Adding of network hops will increase the total energy consumption of node cluster

•It is suggested to use two-hop network to make the network lifetime longer•Energy consumption for cluster header nodes could be balanced by properly configuring the data compression ratio and communication distance

OUTLINE




4



Application5

Application in Yunan Power Grid

Distribution of substations

and transmission lines for

IOT application in Yunnan

province

863 Project, funded by

MOST

1 ±800 kV convertor station

2 500 kV substations



3 transmission lines

IOT-based communication model for PTTE monitoring in Yunan porvince

Application in Yunan Power Grid

Application Results

False positive rate of PTTE condition monitoring has been lower than 5%

Failure rate of PTTE is reduced by about 15%

Cost of equipment maintenance has been reduced by about 30%

Management efficiency of backup equipment has been increased by 50%

Equipment lifetime has been extended by 20%

Overall economic efficiency exceeds 30 million yuan

OUTLINE




4



Application5

Challenges and opportunities

Vulnerabilities and interactions of Interdependent network, Physical System and Cyber-System

Interoperability of various devices and interface for different kinds communication mode

Resource allocation and QoS in heterogeneous network

Cyber security and privacy protection

csee - a hybrid communication architecture for internet of … · 2018. 7. 12. · •zigbee demand...

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