ctb - revue belge de droit internationalrbdi.bruylant.be/public/modele/rbdi/content/rbdi_2016/rbdi...
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[XPXT]c k [P 4T[VX`dT &!$ >Tb STa]XTab n_Xb^STb X\_^acP]cb ST RT `dX P__PaPqc
_PaU^Xb _[db R^\\T d] _bhRW^SaP\T `dT R^\\T ST enaXcPQ[Tb aT[PcX^]b
X]cTancPcX`dTb bT b^]c Sna^d[nb T]caT ^Rc^QaT &.-- Tc YdX[[Tc &..%$ ;[ bÇPVXaP
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ST [P _Pac STb _^de^Xab [nVXb[PcXU Tc TgnRdcXU QT[VTb ;!" PX]bX `dT ST SnVPVTa
[Tb _aX]RX_P[Tb `dTbcX^]b ST Sa^Xc b^d[TenTb _Pa [T R^]U[Xc ;;! `dT ST ]^db
[XeaTa k d]T P]P[hbT YdaXSX`dT P__a^U^]SXT ST RT[dX#RX$ 5T RW^Xg ]^db Tbc
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[Xbn [Tb \^SP[Xcnb STb ]^deT[[Tb aT[PcX^]b QT[V^#iPra^XbTb '! PX]bX `dÇk RTa#
cPX]b S^bbXTab ST _aT\XoaT X\_^acP]RT (!$
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ST &.+* Sob [ÇP]]nT `dX P bdXeX [Tda R^]R[dbX^]" `dT [T LPraT P Sn]^]Rn T] &.,) [T caPXcn SÇP\XcXn
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(! 5ÇTbc bdac^dc [T RPb STb X]U^a\PcX^]b aT[PcXeTb k [P eT]cT ST [ daP]Xd\ R^]V^[PXb _Pa [P 4T[#
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[^ab Sd E^\\Tc / [ÇPYdbcT\T]c ST [P c^cP[Xcn ST [P STccT ncP[n bda '* P]b
PeTR d]T _naX^ST ST ValRT ST &* P]b Tc d] cPdg SÇX]cnapc Pdg R^]SXcX^]b Sd
\PaRWn$ 5TccT U^a\d[T ]T R^]cXT]c PdRd] n[n\T]c ST [XQnaP[Xcn$ >Tb
nRWnP]RTb R^]RTa]P]c [Tb T\_ad]cb SÇjcPc k 7cPc b^]c aT\XbTb _^da d]T
_naX^ST ST SXg P]b$ B^da [T LPraT" RTccT \TbdaT n`dXePdc k d]T anSdRcX^]
ST bP STccT bT RWXUUaP]c k d] _TcXc \X[[XPaS" b^Xc d] RX]`dXo\T ST bP STccT
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T[[T PdbbX" bdbRXcTa STb anPRcX^]b T] bT]b SXeTab" Td nVPaS Pdg _an^RRd_PcX^]b
`dX PePXT]c ncn ST_dXb [^]VcT\_b Tg_aX\nTb T] 4T[VX`dT Pd bdYTc Sd aTb_TRc
STb Sa^Xcb ST [P _Tab^]]T Pd LPraT$ 3X]bX" k [P 5WP\QaT" ?$ =T\_X]PXaT aP_#
_T[[T Pd BaT\XTa \X]XbcaT `dT [T 5T]caT ]PcX^]P[ ST R^^_naPcX^] Pd SneT[^_#
_T\T]c [dX PePXc ST\P]Sn$
{SÇPe^Xa" Pd ]^\ Sd V^deTa]T\T]c QT[VT" d] T]caTcXT] PeTR [Tb Pdc^aXcnb iPr#a X̂bTb Tc ST _a^cTbcTa R^]caT STb RPb R^]RaTcb ST eX^[PcX^] \P]XUTbcT$ 3dbbXM?$ ?PacT]b P#c#X[N Su aTbbT]cXa R^\\T d] RP\^dU[Tc [P SnR[PaPcX^] Sd _anbX#ST]c iPra X̂b bT[^] `dX [T \^]ST ^RRXST]cP[ PePXc X]eT]cn [Tb Sa^Xcb ST [ÇW^\\TPd \^\T]c ^t X[ bT Sn_PacXbbPXc ST b^] _Pbbn R^[^]XP[$ | 7c [T Sn_dcn STR^]bcPcTa `dT {_Pb _[db `dÇT] &.-& M[^ab ST [P _anRnST]cT eXbXcT ST ?$ ?Pa#cT]bN" [P `dTbcX^] STb Sa^Xcb ST [ÇW^\\T ]ÇP ncn PQ^aSnT | -!$
>T SnQPc bda RTccT `dTbcX^] ]ÇTbc _Pb ]^deTPd .!" \PXb [P RaXbT QT[V^#iPr#
a^XbT anen[TaP" T]caT RTccT X]cTa_T[[PcX^] ST &.-- Tc [Tb _aXbTb ST _^bXcX^]
^UUXRXT[[Tb ST &..%" d]T X]cnaTbbP]cT ne^[dcX^] ST [P _^[XcX`dT QT[VT T] [P
\PcXoaT &%!$
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RTa k c^dcT aT\XbT ST STccT" Tc _a^cTbcT R^]caT [P { RP\_PV]T ST Sn]XVaT#
\T]c | S^]c X[ Tbc [Ç^QYTc T] 4T[VX`dT$ >T (% ]^eT\QaT &.--" [T V^deTa]T#
\T]c iPra^Xb UPXc _PaeT]Xa Pdg Pdc^aXcnb QT[VTb d] \n\^aP]Sd\ ST\P]SP]c
[ÇP__[XRPcX^] bcaXRcT Tc PQb^[dT Sd _aX]RX_T ST anRX_a^RXcn SP]b c^db [Tb
S^\PX]Tb" _ane^hP]c [ÇT]e^X SÇd]T \XbbX^] ST R[PaXUXRPcX^] T] 4T[VX`dT Tc
T]Y^XV]P]c k c^dcTb [Tb T]caT_aXbTb aT[TeP]c Sd _^acTUTdX[[T ST [ÇjcPc iPra^Xb
,! 1?FA# -! ;]cTa_T[[PcX^] ST ? $ =T\_X]PXaT k [P 5WP\QaT" bnP]RT Sd &, ]^eT\QaT &.--" +4#)#!
_$ *,$ >T _^X]c Sd edT STb [XQnaPdg UaP]R^_W^]Tb bda RTccT `dTbcX^] Tbc `dT[`dT _Td SXUUnaT]c"
PX]bX `dÇX[ aTbb^ac ST [ÇX]cTaeT]cX^] ST ?$ ;5dQ[P" `dX caPRT T] [P \PcXoaT d] _PaP[[o[T T]caT [ÇPccX#
cdST STb V^deTa]P]cb QT[VTb Tc RT[[T Sd BanbXST]c ST [P Dn_dQ[X`dT UaP]mPXbT /
{$$$ _Tab^]]T XRX ]ÇP ST [Tm^] k S^]]Ta k 8aP]m^Xb ?XccTaaP]S T] RT `dX R^]RTa]T [Tb Sa^Xcb ST
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'% SnRT\QaT &.--" )#6#" _$ -,+!$
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P]]^]RT T] ^dcaT [T caP]bUTac STb R^\_cTb _dQ[XRb SP]b STb QP]`dTb TgR[dbX#
eT\T]c iPra^XbTb &'! Tc [Ç^Q[XVPcX^] _^da [Tb ncdSXP]cb iPra^Xb _anbT]cb T]
4T[VX`dT ST `dXccTa [T _Phb" RT `dX c^dRWTaPXc *+', RXc^hT]b iPra^Xb &(!$
,$ >T '. SnRT\QaT &.--" [T \X]XbcaT QT[VT ST [P 5^^_naPcX^] Pd SneT[^_#
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k [ÇnVPaS Sd LPraT Tc _a^_^bT d]T capeT ST ca^Xb \^Xb SP]b [T R^]U[Xc `dX
^__^bT [Tb STdg _Phb &)!$ 7[[T bTaP `dP[XUXnT d[cnaXTdaT\T]c _Pa [T \X]XbcaT
STb 3UUPXaTb ncaP]VoaTb" ?$ Fr]ST\P]b" ST { RWPacT ]^] R^[^]XP[T | _anR^]X#
bP]c d] SXP[^VdT T]caT { STdg _Phb b^deTaPX]b" `dX aTb_TRcT]c [Tda SXV]Xcn
aTb_TRcXeT" [Tda Sa^Xc k [P SXUUnaT]RT" R^]U^a\n\T]c k [Tda XST]cXcn" k [Tda
PdcWT]cXRXcn | 0 [P 4T[VX`dT h PS\Tc nVP[T\T]c [T _aX]RX_T ST [P ]^]#X]Vn#
aT]RT SP]b [Tb PUUPXaTb X]cnaXTdaTb S Çd] PdcaT 7cPc &*!$ A] h ca^deT PdbbX
d]T _a^_^bXcX^] SÇd]T R^]UnaT]RT aPbbT\Q[P]c k =X]bWPbP Pd \^Xb SÇPeaX[
c^db [Tb \X]XbcaTb QT[VTb Tc iPra^Xb R^]RTa]nb$
-$ >T ( YP]eXTa &.-." [Tb Pdc^aXcnb iPra^XbTb _^acT]c k [P R^]]PXbbP]RT Sd
V^deTa]T\T]c QT[VT `dT STdg STb `dPcaT e^[b WTQS^\PSPXaTb ST [P EPQT]P
eTab =X]bWPbP ncPXT]c bd__aX\nb Tc `dT [T Sn_[PRT\T]c k BPaXb Sd bXoVT
QadgT[[^Xb SÇ3Xa#LPraT bTaPXc TUUTRcXU [T * YP]eXTa &+!$ } b^] aTc^da Sd LPraT"
[T ) YP]eXTa" ?$ 9TT]b SnR[PaT c^dcTU^Xb `dT [P R^^_naPcX^] PeTR [T LPraT Tbc
\PX]cT]dT Tc `dT [P R^[oaT STb Pdc^aXcnb iPra^XbTb" Tc Sd _anbXST]c ?^Qdcd
T] _PacXRd[XTa" P TbbT]cXT[[T\T]c ncn _a^e^`dnT _Pa STb PacXR[Tb ST _aTbbT
_Padb T] 4T[VX`dT &,!$ >T BanbXST]c iPra^Xb Tg_aX\TaP _dQ[X`dT\T]c b^]
\nR^]cT]cT\T]c `dT[`dTb Y^dab _[db cPaS T] b^dWPXcP]c SP]b d] SXbR^dab
`dT [P _aTbbT QT[VT bÇ^RRd_T { Sd D^X" Sd V^deTa]T\T]c Tc STb X]bcXcdcX^]b
_^[XcX`dTb QT[VTb Tc ]^] STb Pdc^aXcnb Tc Sd _Td_[T Sd LPraT" `dX ]ÇTbc _[db
d]T R^[^]XT Tc `dX aTUdbT c^dcT X]VnaT]RT Tc c^dcT X\\XgcX^] SP]b bTb
PUUPXaTb X]cnaXTdaTb| &-!$ >T . YP]eXTa &.-." ?$ ?^Qdcd ^deaT [Tb caPePdg
Sd R^\Xcn RT]caP[ Sd ?$B$D$ T] bcXV\PcXbP]c { [Tb R^]bXSnaPcX^]b UdcX[Tb bda
[Tb Sa^Xcb ST [ÇW^\\T Pd LPraT n\XbTb bX b^deT]c _Pa d] _Phb `dX ]ÇP [PXbbn
SP]b b^] P]RXT]]T R^[^]XT PdRd]T caPSXcX^] T] [P \PcXoaT |$ ;[ X]e^`dT PdbbX
[P STccT \^aP[T ST [P 4T[VX`dT k [ÇnVPaS ST b^] _Phb" _anbT]cP]c UX]P[T\T]c
[P SncaTbbT nR^]^\X`dT ST b^] _Phb R^\\T [T UadXc SÇd]T caob P]RXT]]T
&&! -@EL AB I> *LROPB! && YP]eXTa &.-.$
&'! 5T `dX _a^SdXaP STb TUUTcb X\_^acP]cb _^da [Tb QP]`dTb k RP_XcPdg QT[VTb Pd LPraT _[db
SÇd] \X[[XPaS ST 84 ST _TacTb! W3> 3F?OB *BIDFNRB! - UneaXTa &.-.!$
&(! 3B 8LFO! + SnRT\QaT &.--$
&)! 3B 8LFO! (% SnRT\QaT &.--$
&*! 3B 8LFO Tc 3> 3F?OB *BIDFNRB! + YP]eXTa &.-.$
&+! 0BQ ;LIH! * YP]eXTa &.-.$
&,! 3B 8LFO! * YP]eXTa &.-."
&-! 3B 8LFO! . YP]eXTa &.-."
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ET[^] ?$ ?^Qdcd" [T LPraT P [T Sa^Xc ST ST\P]STa STb R^\_cTb Tc SÇTgXVTa
d]T YdbcT an_PaPcX^] { R^\\T [P 8aP]RT [ÇP PRR^aSnT k [Ç3[VnaXT Tc [P
9aP]ST#4aTcPV]T Pd =T]hP Tc Pd LX\QPQfT |$ ;[ Sn]^]RT SP]b RTc ^aSaT
SÇXSnTb [P R^]UXbRPcX^] _Pa [P \nca^_^[T Sd _a^SdXc ST [P eT]cT ST [ÇdaP]Xd\
ST [ÇP]RXT]]T R^[^]XT `dX bTaeXc k [P UPQaXRPcX^] ST [P Q^\QT Pc^\X`dT P\n#
aXRPX]T [^ab ST [P STdgXo\T VdTaaT \^]SXP[T" [T Snc^da]T\T]c eTab [P \nca^#
_^[T STb anbTaeTb SÇ^a ST [P R^[^]XT `dT[`dTb Y^dab bTd[T\T]c PeP]c [T
(% YdX] &.+%" [P caP]bU^a\PcX^] STb b^RXncnb ST Sa^Xc R^]V^[PXb `dX [T SnbX#
aPXT]c T] b^RXncnb ST Sa^Xc QT[VT _Pa [P [^X Sd &, YdX] &.+%" [P SnbcPQX[XbPcX^]
Sd YTd]T jcPc X]Sn_T]SP]c _Pa [Ç^aVP]XbPcX^] ST [P bnRTbbX^] Sd =PbPr Tc
bdac^dc Sd =PcP]VP '%!$ >T BanbXST]c iPra^Xb P__T[[T UX]P[T\T]c k d] TgP#
\T] T] _a^U^]STda Sd { [^daS R^]cT]cXTdg \^aP[ Tc UX]P]RXTa T]caT [T LPraT
Tc [P 4T[VX`dT T] edT ST [ ÇncPQ[XbbT\T]c ST aT[PcX^]b _[db YdbcTb Tc _[db n`dX#
cPQ[Tb | '&!$
.$ A] PbbXbcT" P_aob RTb _aXbTb ST _^bXcX^]b" k d]T PVVaPePcX^] caob ]TccT
STb aT[PcX^]b T]caT [Tb STdg _Phb$ >T && YP]eXTa" [T V^deTa]T\T]c QT[VT
n\Tc d]T _aT\XoaT _a^cTbcPcX^] SX_[^\PcX`dT T] anPRcX^] Pdg \TbdaTb
eXbP]c [P EPQT]P" { `dX R^]bcXcdT]c d]T eX^[PcX^] U[PVaP]cT ST [ÇPRR^aS PnaXT]
TgXbcP]c T]caT [P 4T[VX`dT Tc [T LPraT | ''!$ >T &( YP]eXTa" [T 5^\Xcn RT]caP[
Sd ?$B$D$ P]]^]RT [P SnRXbX^] iPra^XbT ST Sn]^]RTa [Tb caPXcnb QT[V^#iPra^Xb
SÇP\Xcn ST &.+% Tc ST R^^_naPcX^] Vn]naP[T ST &.,+ '(!$ >T &* YP]eXTa" [T
V^deTa]T\T]c QT[VT P]]^]RT bP SnRXbX^] { SÇX]cTaa^\_aT Ydb`dÇk ]^deT[
^aSaT bP R^^_naPcX^] PeTR [T LPraT | ')! Tc aTYTccT n]TaVX`dT\T]c [P RaXcX`dT
_^acnT _Pa =X]bWPbP bda RTccT R^^_naPcX^]$ ;[ Sn_[^aT { [T RPaPRcoaT d]X[Pcn#
aP[ STb \^SXUXRPcX^]b `dT [T LPraT P P__^acnTb Pdg aT[PcX^]b PeTR [P 4T[#
VX`dT | Tc aTYTccT [T RPaPRcoaT d]X[PcnaP[ ST [P SnRXbX^] iPra^XbT ST bdb_T]SaT
c^db [Tb aT\Q^dabT\T]cb STb RanP]RTb QT[VTb TgXVXQ[Tb" { `dX Tbc T] R^]caP#
SXRcX^] PeTR [Tb PRR^aSb TgXbcP]cb" YdaXSX`dT\T]c R^]caPXV]P]cb |$ >P 4T[#
VX`dT R^]bXSoaT `dT [T R^]cT]cXTdg T]caT [Tb STdg 7cPcb Tbc { SnUX]XcXeT\T]c
R[^b | T] aP__T[P]c [ÇPacXR[T &- ST [P R^]eT]cX^] ST &.+* '*!$ CdP]c k [P
[X\XcPcX^] STb Uan`dT]RTb STb e^[b ST [P EPQT]P" [P 4T[VX`dT T]cT]S aTR^daXa
&.! 3> 3F?OB *BIDFNRB! && YP]eXTa &.-.$
'%! H$ PdbbX [ÇT]caTedT ST ?$ ?^Qdcd SP]b 3B 4LKAB" '+ YP]eXTa &.-.$
'&! -@EL AB I> *LROPB! && YP]eXTa &.-.$
''! .FK>K@FZIB -@LKLJFP@EB 9FGA" &( YP]eXTa &.-.$ ;[ bÇPVXc ST [ÇPRR^aS aT[PcXU Pd caP]b_^ac
PnaXT] Sd &% bT_cT\QaT &.+*" \^SXUXn _Pa nRWP]VTb ST [TccaTb STb '* YdX[[Tc Tc . bT_cT\QaT &.-(
]^] _dQ[Xnb!$
'(! ,B 8Q>KA>>OA" &) YP]eXTa &.-.$ >T _aT\XTa ST RTb cTgcTb ]ÇTbc _Pb _dQ[Xn" [T bTR^]S [ÇTbc
Pd 4LKFQBRO ?BIDB! '- P^uc &.,+$
')! B[db _anRXbn\T]c ST { bT [X\XcTa k [ÇTgnRdcX^] STb _a^YTcb ST R^^_naPcX^] Pd SneT[^__T#
\T]c T] R^dab |$
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