ctcn: introduction to climate technologies in buildings
TRANSCRIPT
CTCN: Introduction to Climate Technologies in Buildings
Presented by :
Mili Majumdar and Tarun Garg
TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute)
India
• Operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism
• Consortium of organizations from all regions
• Mission to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the development and
deployment of technologies in developing countries
• Technologies include any equipment, technique, knowledge and skill needed for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for adapting to climate change effects
• Core services include:
o Technical assistance to developing countries
o Knowledge platform on climate technologies
o Support to collaboration and partnerships
The Climate Technology Centre and Network
CTCN Technical Assistance
Provided: • To developing countries upon their request • Free of charge (value up to 250,000 USD)• State of the art and locally relevant expertise • To academic, public, NGO, or private entities• For a broad range of adaptation and
mitigation technologies
At all stages of the technology cycle: • From identification of needs;• policy assessments; • selection and piloting technology solutions; • to assistance that supports technology
customization and widespread deployment
Fast and short (3 pages) application process for countries
An introduction to climate technologies…
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Cities
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Energy
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Overview of the presentation/webinar
Overview
• Global overview of energy consumption in building sector
• Sectoral energy consumption at global level
• End use consumption breakup for select countries
• Classification of key end uses that consume maximum energy in buildings (lighting/space cooling and heating/cooking)
Role of technologies in reducing consumption patterns (in new and existing buildings)
• Mitigation options in new and existing buildings
• Solar passive measures
• Orientation, site planning
• Building envelope (walls/roof/fenestration)
• Other solar passive measures : some examples from India (Earth air tunnel/solar chimneys/PDEC etc)
• Energy systems ( lighting ,space conditioning, controls etc)
Gaps and barriers and tools to address barriers
Case studies
Global overview of energy consumption in building sector
• Globally, buildings account for :
– 40% energy use
– 42%water consumption
– 40% solid waste
– 50% raw material use
– 50% of air pollution
– 42% GHG emission
– 50% water pollution
• Total energy use in buildings is growing rapidly due to :
– Economic development
– Increasing urbanization
– Improved lifestyles
– Increased space conditioning load
In 2030, share of buildings related emissions will stay at approximately 1/3 of energy related CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions including through use of electricity, A1B Scenario
Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report
Contribution of building sector to total final energy demand globally
World regionsShare of residential sector in %
Share of commercial sector in %
Share of total buildings sector in %
Residential and commercial energy demand per capita, MWhr/capita-yr
USA and Canada 17% 13% 31% 18.6
Middle East 21% 6% 27% 5.75
Latin America 17% 5% 22% 2.32
Former Soviet Union
26% 7% 33% 8.92
European Union -27
23% 11% 34% 9.64
China 25% 4% 29% 3.20
Asia excluding China
36% 4% 40% 2.07
Africa 54% 3% 57% 3.19
World 23% 8% 31% 4.57
Source: IEA Online Statistics 2007
Sectoral Energy Consumption at Global Level
Annual energy use in residential and commercial buildings in kWh/capita/year
Source: IEA Online Statistics 2007
Annual energy use in cooling and heating in buildings in kWh/sq m/year
Source: IEA model estimations
End use consumption breakup for select countries
India: Electricity consumption in commercial buildings
HVAC market has increased from € 800 Million in 2005-06 to € 1.5 Billion in 2008-09 – nearly double in 4 years- (Source: Report on “Tri generation in India- Market Assessment Study, February 2010)
HVAC55%
Lighting25%
Internal loads15%
Others5%
Electricity consumption distribution in commercial buildings
• 55% of electricity consumption is due to HVAC
• 25% of electricity consumption is due to lighting
Role of technologies in reducing consumption patterns (in new and existing buildings)
Buildings: GHG emissions reduction potential for buildings stock in 2020
Building sector offers mitigation benefits at net negative costs
Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report
Mitigation options for new and existing buildings
Energy saving potential- New and existing buildings
Efficiency in buildings
Regulatory Framework
Energy Standards
Design Standards
Rating
system
(LEED,
GRIHA etc)
Integrated Approach
Wall optimization
Daylight optimization
Efficient HVAC equipment selection
Optimized Electrical load(kW)
Building design
Artificial lighting
Roof optimization
Fenestration optimization
Daylight integration
Low energy strategies
Envelope optimization
Lighting system optimization
Inside temperature optimization
Heat load optimization
Optimized Cooling load (TR)
Optimized energy consumption (kWh)
HVAC system optimization
Final building loads and consumption
Passive Design of Building
Use of Efficient Systems
Use of Renewable Energy
Cheapest Solution
Most Expensive
Equipment selection
3 E Approach-
Effective, Efficient and Economically viable
Bioclimatic Architectural Principles
• Site planning/Landscaping
• Orientation
• Positioning of windows , shading
• Selection of materials for wall , roof, windows, including insulation
• Optimized Building envelope
• Passive cooling – Advanced techniques
• Daylighting
Low Energy Design Features
Favorable Orientation, Roof shading, Window Shading
Building design examples
AIIS , New Delhi
Shading of walls, roofs and glass using existing site features and proper building design
Solar Passive buildings
Building Envelope
• Walls / Opaque surfaces
• Roof
• Windows / Fenestration / Aperture
Energy Efficient wall
• Wall with insulation
• Wall with high thermal mass
• Wall with Air Cavity
200 mm AAC
U Value- 0.388 W/m2/deg KU Value- 1.98 W/m2/deg K
230 mm
brick25 mm
Plaster
25 mm
Plaster
Conventional wall Building Wall
U value of conventional wall is 5 times higher
Energy efficient roof
Conventional roof
U value 1.83 W/m2/deg K
Building roof
U Value 0.261 W/m2/deg K
200 mm RCC
100 mm Brick coba
200 mm RCC
75 mm insulation
U value of conventional
roof is 9 times higher
• Roof with over-deck insulation
• Cool Roofs
• Green Roof
Cool Roof
• Cool Roofs (minimum solar reflectance of 0.7and thermal emittance of 0.75)
– Roof coatings
– Broken china mosaic terracing
– Cool colours
– Traditional methods (lime wash)
Fenestration and Shading Devices
• Most vulnerable to heat gains and losses.
• Window size and location should be determined by:
– Orientation
– Daylight requirement
– Glazing type
– external shading
– wind direction
– Thermal comfort
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Heat gain through glass
Optimize Energy Performance
Building Envelope optimization- Glass
Conventional Glass
U value 1.08 W/m2/deg K
SC 0.87
Building Glass
U value 0.58 W/m2/deg K
SC 0.29
Daylighting
Courtesy: Skyshade Daylights
56 %
Light Pipes Light Shelves
After Light Pipe& Light Shelves
integration Daylight Area
Increased
79 %
Results
TERI-Retreat, Gurgaon
Energy systems ( lighting ,space conditioning, controls etc.)
Approach to Efficient Lighting
Indoor lighting shall provide required visual comfort in all the spaces in a building
Lighting design
Conventional design Green design
Achieve Visual comfort
Efficiency in design and controls
Fixture Efficiency Vs. Coefficient Of Utilization
Fixture
Efficienc
y refers to
light output
emitted by
fixture to
light output
of lamp
Coefficient
of
utilization refers to
lumen output
reaching
work plane to
the output of
fixture
150
lumen
50
Lumens
100
Lumens
Environmental
factors
Surface ( wall,
ceiling,
furniture)
absorption
Lumen Depreciation
Luminous Efficacy - CFL
Luminous Efficacy : 900/(13+5) = 50 lm/W
5 W
13 W
18 W
900 lm
Indoor lamps comparison
Light Source Efficacy (lm/w)
Average Life (hours)
CRI CCT(K)
Incandescent lamp
8-18 1200 100 2800
Fluorescent Lamp
61-104 5000 57-72 3500-6500
Compact Fluorescent
Lamp
40-30 5000-8000 57-72 4000
Metal Halide 69-83 1000 69-72 3000-5000
LED 80-100 24000 85-90 2700-7000
Artificial Lighting Design
• Meeting recommended lux level for visual comfort
• Fixing height
• Reflectance of room surfaces
• Maintenance factor
• Controls
• Separate switch for individual fixtures
• Occupancy based sensors and daylight sensors to be integrated with artificial lighting scheme
Lighting Controls
Occupancy sensors
Daylight Sensors
Timer based controls
Building Lighting system optimisation
T-5 FTL with electronic chokeWattage - 28+2=30 W
Continuous Dimming Sensor
LPD – 10.8 W/ft2LPD – 7 W/ft2
Efficient Space conditioning design
Use low energy air conditioning systems
Optimize plant selection & performance
Optimize air system performance
Optimize building cooling demand
Building cooling demand optimization
Heat gain from roof
Heat gain from walls
Heat gain from glass/daylight from glass
Heat gain from infiltration
Heat gain from equipment/lighting/people
23-26 deg C
65%RH
Building Envelope optimization
Building Lighting system optimization
Inside temperature Optimization
Ventilation Rate optimization
Building Design optimization
Inside temperature optimization
460
480
500
520
540
560
5802
3C
/50%
23C
/60%
24C
/50%
24C
/60%
25C
/50%
25C
/60%
26C
/50%
26C
/60%
1deg C decrease in temperature increases cooling load by 3.5%
Precooling of fresh air
Energy
Recovery Wheel
Supply
air
Outside air
damper
Outside
air
Return
air
Filters
Cooling demand Reduction
16%
Impact on cooling demand
Heat load (TR) Optimization
Base Case 233 TR
30 %Optimized Envelope as per ECBC
Optimized lighting
All
188 TR
127 TR
210 TR 10 %
45 %
20 %Optimized WWR
163 TR
6 %Orientation 220 TR
Building cooling load profile
0 25
214249
284
104
281
478
375
101
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Op
erat
ing
ho
urs
in
a y
ear
% Loading
HVAC plant selection & Performance
Annual average performance at different loading percentage & outdoor conditions shall be better than full load rated performance
Distributed system
Centralized system
Window AC
COP- 3.517
VRFs
COP-4.0
Air cooled
COP-3.5
Water cooled
COP-6
Air conditioning systems
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRVs)
• One outdoor unit and multiple indoor unit
• Conserve space
• Conserve energy with modular switching (COP = 4.3)
• Higher efficiency at part loads
Outdoor unit
3.444.38
5.344.67
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
100% loading 75% loading 50% loading 25% loading
Efficiency of VRV at different % loading
10 HP
Central water cooled chiller plant
Efficient chillers
High efficiency chillers
Chillers with VFD
Magnetic bearing chillers
Efficient auxiliaries
Pump efficiency >80%
Motor efficiency >90%
Fan efficiency > 60%
Automation in chiller plant
5-7% energy savings
10-15% energy savings
Radiant floor cooling/heating system
Energy and cost analysis-Radiant cooling
Geothermal systems
Resource and cost analysis-Geothermal
Hybrid System
Impact of green design on Energy
Base Case 202
17 %Optimized Envelope as per ECBC
Optimized lighting
All
180
60
134 34 %
70 %
11 %Optimized WWR
168
2 %Orientation 198
Optimized HVAC 87 57 %
EPI (kWh/m2/yr)
Gaps and Barriers and Tools to Address
Barriers
Gaps and
Barriers
Financial costs/benefits
(Incremental costs, access, subsidies, co benefit costs)
Market failures ( Standardised building design
process,
Fragmented market , split and misplaced incentives
Administrative and regulatory )
Behavioral and organizational non-
optimalities
(Organizational failures, lack of awareness, and lifestyle, Lack of enforcement /implementation /monitoring)
Gaps and Barriers
Policies to address the barriers
Control and regulatory mechanisms-normative instruments
• Appliance standards
• Building codes
• Procurement regulations
• Energy efficiency obligations and quotas
Regulatory informative instruments
• Mandatory labeling and certification programs
• Mandatory audit programs
• Utility demand-side management programs
Economic and market-based instruments
• Energy performance contracting/ESCO support
• Cooperative technology procurement
• Energy efficiency certificate schemes
Fiscal instruments and incentives• Taxation (on household fuels)
• Tax exemption/reductions
• Capital subsidies, grants, subsidised loans
Support, information and voluntary action • Voluntary certification and labelling
• Public leadership programs
• Awareness raising, education, information campaigns
• Detailed billing and disclosure programs
Issues Applicability Case study country
Energy Efficiency Regulatory Framework and Assessment for buildings
Mandatory requirements for energy efficiency in
conditioned and non-conditioned buildings
Singapore, Australia, India
Provisions for Passive Solar Design Measures
Natural and mechanical ventilation rates defined Singapore, Netherlands
Minimum Ventilation opening area Australia
Adequate daylighting provision U.K.
Energy Efficiency Assessment-Artificial lighting
Artificial Lighting efficiency requirements India, UK, Japan, Australia
Energy Efficiency Assessment-HVAC
Efficiency requirements for system selection and design U.K., Ireland, Singapore, Australia
Energy Efficiency Assessment-Appliances
Energy labeling standards for appliances U.K., Austria, Singapore, Japan
International Best Practices
Issues Applicability Case study country
Provisions for renewable energy
Enhanced capital allowances U.K.
Green Power Accreditation label Australia
Implementation and Incentivising
Capital allowances, grants U.K., Germany, Austria
Tax exemption Germany
Efficiency contracting Germany
Low-interest loans Germany
Energy advise sessions Austria
Building approval process Australia
Rebates on electricity bills West Bengal, Karnataka, Rajasthan
Training and Awareness programs
Training and accreditation workshops UK, Australia, Japan
Seminars, workshops, websites, journals U.K., Austria, Australia
Documents on practical examples and solutions on achieving compliance
U.K.
Education system Singapore
International Best Practices
Examples from India
Innovative financing (promotional programme of 50 million
euros by National Housing Bank) for residential sector
No. of loans: >1,912
Value of loans: € 50 mil.
No. of buildings certified: 442
Energy savings: 3,162
MWh/year
CO2 avoided: 2,688 tons/year
EE homesSavings verified
through assessment tool
PLIs on board to disburse
loans
PLIs get loans refinanced from
NHB @ discounted rate
Incentive may be passed on to
consumer
Studies to Justify Incremental Costs
Incremental cost: 0.75% - 4.5%Discounted payback periods not more than 2 years
Results of TERI study on incremental cost and savings for residential buildings
Conventional Efficient Envelope Efficient Lighting Efficient Air-conditioning
Solar Hot WaterSystems
Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/sqm/yr)
25 33%38 51%
Cost increment-commercial buildings
Conventional case
• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 82 crores
• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 20500/sqm
Green case
• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 83.7 crores
• Total project civil & Electrical cost INR 20925/sqm
• Cost increment (%) 2.1%
Role of voluntary rating system: GRIHA
GRIHA-Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of a green building ,and in turn ….measure “greenness” of a building in India
What gets measured gets managed
Set of 34 criteria focusing on:
• Site Planning
• Building Design
• Energy Efficiency
• Water and waste management
• Sustainable Building Materials
• Occupant Health and comfort
51 - 60
61 - 70
71 - 80
81- 90
91- 100
100 (+4 innovation points) point system with differential weightage on various criteria
GRIHA
Indira Paryavaran BhawanNet zero approach: GRIHA 5 star rated
• Energy performance index: 24 kWh/sqm /year
• 1 MW solar installation
First 5 Star Rated GRIHA Building in IIT Kanpur (RE Integration)
Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority (PCNTDA) Pune
ECBC compliant envelope and systems
Well shaded envelope with 75% areas day lit
Efficient water fixtures and recharge of ground water
Efficient lighting with controls
100% electricity through Solar PVs
Solar PV integration to meet 100% demand
Payback period came down to 2.5 years from 9 years by accounting for
– Government subsidy of 30%
– Transformer eliminated (LT connection could suffice)
– HT metering kiosk, synchronizing panels, UPS ,battery back up, one DG set eliminated
Questions?