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Cuba

Republic of CubaRepública de Cuba  (Spanish)

Motto: Patria o Muerte (Spanish)"Homeland or Death"[1]

Anthem: La Bayamesa  ("The Bayamo Song")[2]

Capital(and largest city)

Havana23°8′N 82°23′W

Official language(s) Spanish

Ethnic groups 65.05% White (Spanish, others), 10.08% African, 23.84% Mulatto and Mestizo[3]

Demonym Cuban

Government Unitary republic, communist state[4]

 -  President Raúl Castro

 -  First Vice President J. R. M. Ventura

 -  PCC First Secretary Raúl Castro

 -  President of the National Assembly Ricardo Alarcón

Independence from Spain 

 -  Declared October 10, 1868 

 -  Republic declared May 20, 1902from United States 

 -  Cuban Revolution January 1, 1959 

Area

 -  Total 109,886 km2 (105th)42,427 sq mi

 -  Water (%) negligible[5]

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Population

 -  2009 estimate 11,239,363[5]  (75th)

 -  2002 census 11,177,743[5]

 -  Density 102/km2 (103rd)265/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate

 -  Total $111.1 billion[6]  (62nd)

 -  Per capita $9,700 (86th)

GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate

 -  Total $67.26 billion[5]  (62nd)

 -  Per capita $5,984 (78th)

HDI (2007) 0.863[7]  (high) (51st)

Currency Cuban peso(CUP)Cuban convertible peso[8] (CUC)

Time zone (UTC−5)

 -  Summer (DST) (March 11 to November 4) (UTC−4)

Drives on the right

ISO 3166 code CU

Internet TLD .cu

Calling code +53

The Republic of Cuba (pronounced /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen); Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðeˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, theIsla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago deCuba is the second largest city.[9] [10] To the north of Cuba lies the United States and the Bahamas, Mexico is to thewest, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.In 1492, Christopher Columbus found and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain.Cuba remained territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independencefrom the U.S. in 1902. Between 1953 and 1959 the Cuban Revolution occurred, removing the dictatorship[11] ofFulgencio Batista.Cuba is home to over 11 million people and is the most populous island nation in the Caribbean, as well as thelargest by area. Its people, culture, and customs draw from diverse sources, such as the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboneypeoples, the period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of African slaves and its proximity to the United States.Cuba has a 99.8% literacy rate,[12] [13] an infant death rate lower than some developed countries,[14] and an averagelife expectancy of 77.64.[12] In 2006, Cuba was the only nation in the world which met the WWF's definition ofsustainable development; having an ecological footprint of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a HumanDevelopment Index of over 0.8 for 2007.[15]

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EtymologyThe name Cuba comes from the Taíno language. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translatedeither as where fertile land is abundant (cubao),[16] or great place (coabana).[17] Scholars who believe thatChristopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the ancient town of Cuba in thedistrict of Beja in Portugal.[18] [19]

History

Pre-Columbian era

Sketch of a Taíno woman, also known as theArawak by the Spanish

Cuba was inhabited by Native American people known as the Taíno,also called Arawak by the Spanish, and Guanajatabey and Ciboneypeople before the arrival of the Spanish. The ancestors of these NativeAmericans migrated from the mainland of North, Central and SouthAmerica several centuries earlier.[20] The native Tainos called theisland Caobana.[21] The Taíno were farmers and the Ciboney werefarmers, fishers and hunter-gatherers.

Spanish colonization

After first landing on an island then called Guanahani on October 12,1492,[22] Christopher Columbus landed on Cuba's northeastern coastnear what is now Baracoa on October 27[22] or 28.[23] [24] He claimedthe island for the new Kingdom of Spain[25] and named Isla Juanaafter Juan, Prince of Asturias.[26] In 1511, the first Spanish settlementwas founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa; other townssoon followed including the future capital of San Cristobal de laHabana which was founded in 1515. The Spanish enslaved theapproximately 100,000 indigenous people who resisted conversion toChristianity, setting them primarily to the task of searching for gold.Within a century the indigenous people were virtually wiped out due tomultiple factors, including Eurasian infectious diseases aggravated inlarge part by a lack of natural resistance as well as privation stemming

from repressive colonial subjugation.[27] In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives whohad previously survived smallpox.[28] [29]

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Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, conquistador ofCuba

Cuba remained a Spanish possession for almost 400 years(1511–1898), with an economy based on plantation agriculture,mining, and the export of sugar, coffee, and tobacco to Europe andlater to North America. The work was done primarily by Africanslaves brought to the island.

The small land-owning elite of Spanish settlers held social andeconomic powers supported by a population of Spaniards born on theisland (Criollos), other Europeans, and African-descended slaves. Thepopulation in 1817 was 630,980, of which 291,021 were white,115,691 free black, and 224,268 black slaves.[30]

Independence wars

In the 1820s, when the rest of Spain's empire in Latin America rebelledand formed independent states, Cuba remained loyal. Although therewas agitation for independence, the Spanish Crown gave Cuba themotto La Siempre Fidelísima Isla ("The Always Most FaithfulIsland"). This loyalty was due partly to Cuban settlers' dependence on Spain for trade, their desire for protectionfrom pirates and against a slave rebellion, and partly because they feared the rising power of the United States morethan they disliked Spanish rule.

Ten Years' War

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is known asFather of the Homeland in Cuba, having

declared the nation's independence from Spainin 1868.

Independence from Spain was the motive for a rebellion in 1868 led byCarlos Manuel de Céspedes. De Céspedes, a sugar planter, freed hisslaves to fight with him for a free Cuba. On 27 December 1868, he issueda decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice anddeclaring free any slaves whose masters present them for militaryservice.[31] The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known asthe Ten Years' War. The United States declined to recognize the newCuban government, although many European and Latin Americannations did so.[32] In 1878, the Pact of Zanjón ended the conflict, withSpain promising greater autonomy to Cuba. In 1879–1880, Cuban patriotCalixto Garcia attempted to start another war known as the Little War butreceived little support.[33]

Period between wars

In Cuba, a sophisticated and prosperous sugar industry had employedchattel slavery until the final third of the 19th century. Cuba produced720,250 metric tons of sugar 1n 1868, more than forty percent of canesugar reaching the world market that year. Slavery had been maintainedin Cuba, however, while abolition was underway elsewhere. Abolition inCuba began the final third of the 19th century, and was completed in the1880s.[34] [35]

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War of 1895

An exiled dissident named José Martí founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York in 1892. The aim of theparty was to achieve Cuban independence from Spain.[36] In January 1895 Martí traveled to Montecristi and SantoDomingo to join the efforts of Máximo Gómez.[36] Martí recorded his political views in the Manifesto ofMontecristi.[37] Fighting against the Spanish army began in Cuba on 24 February 1895, but Martí was unable toreach Cuba until 11 April 1895.[36] Martí was killed in the battle of Dos Rios on 19 May 1895.[36] His deathimmortalized him as Cuba's national hero.[37]

Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army which relied mostly on guerrilla andsabotage tactics. The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression. General Valeriano Weyler, military governor ofCuba, herded the rural population into what he called reconcentrados, described by international observers as"fortified towns". These are often considered the prototype for 20th-century concentration camps.[38] Between200,000 and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the camps, numbers verified by the RedCross and United States Senator and former Secretary of War Redfield Proctor. American and European protestsagainst Spanish conduct on the island followed.[39]

Spanish–American War

USS Maine

The U.S. battleship Maine arrived in Havana on 25 January 1898 to offer protection to the 8,000 American residentson the island, but the Spanish saw this as intimidation. On the evening of 15 February 1898, the Maine blew up inthe harbor, killing 252 crew. Another eight crew members died of their wounds in hospital over the next fewdays.[40] A Naval Board of Inquiry headed by Captain William T. Sampson was appointed to investigate the cause ofthe explosion on the Maine. Having examined the wreck and taken testimony from eyewitnesses and experts, theboard reported on 21 March 1898 that the Maine had been destroyed by "a double magazine set off from the exteriorof the ship, which could only have been produced by a mine."[40]

The facts remain disputed today, although an investigation by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover in 1976 established thatthe blast was most likely a large internal explosion. Rickover believes the explosion was caused by a spontaneouscombustion in inadequately ventilated bituminous coal which ignited gunpowder in an adjacent magazine.[41] [42]

The original 1898 board was unable to fix the responsibility for the disaster, but a furious American populace, fueledby an active press— notably the newspapers of William Randolph Hearst— concluded that the Spanish were toblame and demanded action.[40] The U.S. Congress passed a resolution calling for intervention, and PresidentWilliam McKinley complied.[43] Spain and the United States declared war on each other in late April.

Early 20th centuryAfter the Spanish-American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spainceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20 million.[44] Under the sametreaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt, who had fought in theSpanish-American War and had some sympathies with the independence movement, succeeded McKinley as U.S.President in 1901 and abandoned the treaty. Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on May 20, 1902, asthe Republic of Cuba. Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and tosupervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay navalbase from Cuba.Following disputed elections in 1906, the first president, Tomás Estrada Palma, faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces.[45] The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years. Cuban historians have attributed Magoon's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption.[46] In 1908, self-government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected President, but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs. In 1912, the Partido

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Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province,[47] but was suppressedby General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed.

The Gran Teatro (left) and Hotel Inglaterra, onthe Prado, facing Parque Central in Havana

During World War I, Cuba exported considerable quantities of sugar toBritain. Cuba was able to avoid U-boat attacks by the subterfuge ofshipping the sugar to Sweden. The Menocal government declared waron Germany very soon after the United States.

A constitutional government was maintained until 1930 when GerardoMachado y Morales suspended the constitution. During Machado'stenure, a nationalistic economic program was pursued with severalmajor national development projects which included the CarreteraCentral and El Capitolio. Machado's hold on power was weakenedfollowing a decline in demand for exported agricultural produce due tothe Great Depression, attacks by independence war veterans, andattacks by covert terrorist organizations, principally the ABC.

During a general strike in which the Communist Party sided with Machado,[48] the senior elements of the Cubanarmy forced Machado into exile. The Party then installed Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, son of Cuba'sfounding father (Carlos Manuel de Céspedes), as President. During 4–5 September 1933, a second coup overthrewCéspedes which led to the formation of the first Ramón Grau government. Notable events in this violent periodinclude the separate sieges of Hotel Nacional de Cuba and Atares Castle. This government lasted 100 days butengineered radical socialist changes in Cuban society and a rejection of the Platt Amendment. In 1934, FulgencioBatista and the army replaced Grau with Carlos Mendieta.Fulgencio Batista was democratically elected President in the elections of 1940[49] [50] [51] and his administrationcarried out major social reforms. Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration[52]

and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies.[53] Batista's administration formally tookCuba to the Allies of World War II camp in World War II. Cuba declared war on Japan on December 9, 1941, thenon Germany and Italy on December 11, 1941. Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat duringWorld War II, although president Batista suggested a joint U.S.-Latin American assault on Francoist Spain in orderto overthrow its authoritarian regime.[54]

Many so-called yank tanks remain in use frompre-revolutionary days. The balcony above

belongs to a casa particular.

Ramón Grau won the 1944 elections and in 1948, Carlos Prío Socarráswon the elections.

An influx of investment fueled a boom which raised living standardsfor all segments of society and created a prosperous middle class inmost urban areas. The gap between rich and poor became wider andmore obvious.[55]

The 1952 election was a three-way race. Roberto Agramonte of theOrtodoxos party led in all the polls, followed by Dr. Aurelio Hevia ofthe Auténtico party, and Fulgencio Batista, seeking a return to office,as a distant third. Both Agramonte and Hevia had decided to name Col.Ramón Barquín to head the Cuban armed forces after the elections.Barquín, then a diplomat in Washington, DC, was a top officer. He wasrespected by the professional army and had promised to eliminate corruption in the ranks. Batista feared that Barquínwould oust him and his followers. When it became apparent that Batista had little chance of winning, he staged acoup on 10 March 1952. Batista held on to power with the backing of a nationalist section of the army as a"provisional president" for the next two years.

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In March 1952 Justo Carrillo informed Barquín in Washington that the inner circles knew that Batista had plotted thecoup. They immediately began to conspire to oust Batista and restore democracy and civilian government in whatwas later dubbed La Conspiracion de los Puros de 1956 (Agrupacion Montecristi). In 1954, Batista agreed toelections. The Partido Auténtico put forward ex-President Grau as their candidate, but he withdrew amid allegationsthat Batista was rigging the elections in advance.

“At the beginning of 1959 United States companies owned about 40 percent of the Cuban sugar lands – almost all the cattle ranches – 90percent of the mines and mineral concessions – 80 percent of the utilities – practically all the oil industry – and supplied two-thirds of Cuba'simports. U.S. President John F. Kennedy,1960[56] ”

In April 1956 Batista ordered Barquín to become General and chief of the army, but Barquín decided to moveforward with his coup to secure total power. On 4 April 1956, a coup by hundreds of career officers led by Barquínwas frustrated by Rios Morejon. The coup broke the back of the Cuban armed forces. The officers were sentenced tothe maximum terms allowed by Cuban Martial Law. Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for eight years.La Conspiración de los Puros resulted in the imprisonment of the commanders of the armed forces and the closingof the military academies.Cuba had Latin America's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephonesand radios, though this consumption was largely by the small elite class and foreigners.[57] In 1958, Cuba was arelatively well-advanced country by Latin American standards, and in some cases by world standards.[58] Cubaattracted more immigrants, primarily from Europe, as a percentage of population than the U.S. The United Nationsnoted Cuba for its large middle class. On the other hand, Cuba was affected by perhaps the largest labor unionprivileges in Latin America, including bans on dismissals and mechanization. They were obtained in large measure"at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants", leading to disparities.[59]

Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba extended economic regulations enormously, causing economic problems.[51] [60]

Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs.[51] The middle class,which was comparable to the United States, became increasingly dissatisfied with the unemployment. The laborunions supported Batista until the very end.[49] [51]

RevolutionOn 2 December 1956 a party of 82 people on the yacht Granma landed in Cuba. The party, led by Fidel Castro, hadthe intention of establishing an armed resistance movement in the Sierra Maestra. While facing armed resistancefrom Castro's rebel fighters in the mountains, Fulgencio Batista's regime was weakened and crippled by a UnitedStates arms embargo imposed on 14 March 1958. By late 1958, the rebels broke out of the Sierra Maestra andlaunched a general popular insurrection. After the fighters captured Santa Clara, Batista fled from Havana on 1January 1959 to exile in Portugal. Barquín negotiated the symbolic change of command between Camilo Cienfuegos,Che Guevara, Raúl Castro, and his brother Fidel Castro after the Supreme Court decided that the Revolution was thesource of law and its representatives should assume command.Fidel Castro's forces entered the capital on 8 January 1959. Shortly afterward, a liberal lawyer, Dr Manuel UrrutiaLleó became president. He was backed by Castro's 26th of July Movement because they believed his appointmentwould be welcomed by the United States. Disagreements within the government culminated in Urrutia's resignationin July 1959. He was replaced by Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, who served as president until 1976. Castro becameprime minister in February 1959, succeeding José Miró in that post.

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Fidel Castro and members of the East GermanPolitburo in 1972

In its first year, the new revolutionary government expropriated privateproperty with little or no compensation, nationalized public utilities,tightened controls on the private sector, and closed down themafia-controlled gambling industry. The CIA conspired with theChicago mafia in 1960 and 1961 to assassinate Fidel Castro, accordingto documents declassified in 2007.[61] [62]

Some of these measures were undertaken by Fidel Castro's governmentin the name of the program outlined in the Manifesto of the SierraMaestra.[63] The government nationalized private property totalingabout USD $25 billion,[64] of which American property made uparound USD $1 billion.[64] [65]

By the end of 1960, the coletilla made its appearance, and mostnewspapers in Cuba had been expropriated, taken over by the unions,or had been abandoned.[57] [66] All radio and television stations were in state control.[57] Moderate teachers andprofessors were purged.[57] In any year, about 20,000 dissenters were imprisoned.[57] Some homosexuals, religiouspractitioners, and others were sent to labor camps where they were subject to political "re-education".[67] Oneestimate is that 15,000 to 17,000 people were executed.[68]

The Communist Party strengthened its one-party rule, with Castro as ultimate leader.[57] Fidel's brother, Raúl Castro,became the army chief.[57] Loyalty to Castro became the primary criterion for all appointments.[69] In September1960, the revolutionary government created a system known as Committees for the Defense of the Revolution(CDR), which provided neighborhood spying.[57]

In the 1961 New Year's Day parade, the administration exhibited Soviet tanks and other weapons.[69] Eventually,Cuba built up the second largest armed forces in Latin America, second only to Brazil.[70] Cuba became a privilegedclient-state of the Soviet Union.[71]

By 1961, hundreds of thousands of Cubans had left for the United States.[72] The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion (LaBatalla de Girón) was an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Cuban government by a U.S.-trained force of Cubanexiles with U.S. military support. The plan was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedybecame the U.S. President. The Cuban armed forces, trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated theexiles in three days. Cuban-American relations were exacerbated the following year by the Cuban Missile Crisis,when the Kennedy administration demanded the immediate withdrawal of Soviet missiles placed in Cuba placed inresponse to U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey and the Middle East. The Soviets and Americans soon came to anagreement. The Soviets would remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and the Americans would remove missiles fromTurkey and the Middle East. Kennedy also agreed not to invade Cuba in the future. Cuban exiles captured during theBay of Pigs Invasion were exchanged for a shipment of supplies from America.[49]

By 1963, Cuba was moving towards a full-fledged Communist system modeled on the USSR.[73] The U.S. imposeda complete diplomatic and commercial embargo on Cuba and began Operation Mongoose, a program of covert CIAoperations.In 1965, Castro merged his revolutionary organizations with the Communist Party, of which he became FirstSecretary; Blas Roca was named Second Secretary. Roca was succeeded by Raúl Castro, who, as Defense Ministerand Fidel's closest confidant, became and remained the second most powerful figure in Cuba until his brother'sretirement. Raúl's position was strengthened by the departure of Che Guevara to launch unsuccessful insurrections inthe Democratic Republic of Congo, and then Bolivia, where he was killed in 1967.During the 1970s, Fidel Castro dispatched tens of thousands troops in support of Soviet-supported wars in Africa,particularly the MPLA in Angola and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia.[74]

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The standard of living in 1970s was "extremely spartan" and discontent was rife.[75] Fidel Castro admitted thefailures of economic policies in a 1970 speech.[75] By the mid-1970s, Castro started economic reforms.Cuba was suspended from the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1962 in support of the U.S. embargo, butin 1975 the OAS lifted all sanctions against Cuba, with approval of 16 countries, including the U.S.[76]

On 3 June 2009, the OAS adopted a resolution to end the 47-year exclusion of Cuba. The meetings were contentious,with the U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton walking out at one point. However, in the end, the U.S.delegation agreed with the other members and approved the resolution. Cuban leaders have repeatedly announcedthey are not interested in rejoining the OAS.[77]

Recent affairsAs of 2002, some 1.2 million persons of Cuban background (about 10% of the current population of Cuba) reside inthe U.S.[78] [79] Many of them left the island for the United States, often by sea in small boats and fragile rafts. On 6April 1980, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian embassy in Havana seeking political asylum. The following day,the Cuban government granted permission for the emigration of Cubans seeking refuge in the Peruvian embassy. On16 April, 500 Cubans left the Peruvian Embassy for Costa Rica. On 21 April, many of those Cubans started arrivingin Miami via private boats and were halted by the U.S. State Department, but the emigration continued, becauseCastro allowed anyone who desired to leave the country to do so through the port of Mariel. Over 125,000 Cubansemigrated to the U.S. before the flow of vessels ended on 15 June.

Raúl Castro and President Medvedev of Russia

Castro's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse(known in Cuba as the Special Period), with effects such as foodshortages.[80] [81] The government did not accept American donationsof food, medicines, and cash until 1993.[80] On 5 August 1994, statesecurity dispersed protesters in a spontaneous protest in Havana.[82]

Cuba has found a new source of aid and support in the People'sRepublic of China, and new allies in Hugo Chávez, President ofVenezuela and Evo Morales, President of Bolivia, both major oil andgas exporters. In 2003, the government arrested and imprisoned a largenumber of civil activists, a period known as the "Black Spring".[83] [84]

On July 31, 2006, Fidel Castro temporarily delegated his major duties to his brother, First Vice President, RaúlCastro, while Fidel recovered from surgery for an "acute intestinal crisis with sustained bleeding". On 2 December2006, Fidel was too ill to attend the 50th anniversary commemoration of the Granma boat landing, fuellingspeculation that he had stomach cancer,[85] although there was evidence his illness was a digestive problem and notterminal.[86]

In January 2007, footage was released of Fidel Castro meeting Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, in which Castro"appeared frail but stronger than three months ago".[87] In February 2008, Fidel Castro announced his resignation asPresident of Cuba,[88] and on 24 February Raúl was elected as the new President.[89] In his acceptance speech, Raúlpromised that some of the restrictions that limit Cubans' daily lives would be removed.[90] In March 2009, RaúlCastro removed some of Fidel Castro's officials.[91]

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Human rights

Trinidad, Cuba, a UNESCO World Heritage Sitesince 1988

The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rightsabuses including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, andextrajudicial executions (also known as "El Paredón").[92] [93] TheHuman Rights Watch alleges that the government "represses nearly allforms of political dissent" and that "Cubans are systematically deniedbasic rights to free expression, association, assembly, privacy,movement, and due process of law".[94]

Cuba had the second-highest number of imprisoned journalists of anynation in 2008 (the People's Republic of China had the highest)according to various sources, including the Committee to ProtectJournalists (CPJ), an international NGO, and Human Rights Watch.[95]

[96] As a result of ownership bans, computer ownership rates are among the world's lowest.[97] The right to use theInternet is granted only to selected people and they are monitored.[97] [98] Connecting to the Internet illegally canlead to a five-year prison sentence.

Cuban dissidents face arrest and imprisonment. In the 1990s, Human Rights Watch reported that Cuba's extensiveprison system, one of the largest in Latin America, consists of some 40 maximum-security prisons, 30minimum-security prisons, and over 200 work camps.[99] According to Human Rights Watch, political prisoners,along with the rest of Cuba's prison population, are confined to jails with substandard and unhealthy conditions.[99]

Citizens cannot leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission.[94]

Economy

Tobacco plantation, Pinar del Río

The Cuban state adheres to socialist principles inorganizing its largely state-controlled plannedeconomy. Most of the means of production areowned and run by the government and most of thelabor force is employed by the state. Recent yearshave seen a trend towards more private sectoremployment. By 2006, public sector employmentwas 78% and private sector 22%, compared to91.8% to 8.2% in 1981.[100] Capital investment isrestricted and requires approval by thegovernment. The Cuban government sets mostprices and rations goods. Any firm wishing to hirea Cuban must pay the Cuban government, which inturn will pay the employee in Cuban pesos.[101] Cubans can not change jobs without government permission.[51] Theaverage wage at the end of 2005 was 334 regular pesos per month ($16.70 per month) and the average pension was$9 per month.[102]

Cuba relied heavily on trade with the Soviet Union. From the late 1980s, Soviet subsidies for Cuban goods started todry up. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba depended on Moscow for substantial aid and sheltered marketsfor its exports. The removal of these subsidies sent the Cuban economy into a rapid depression known in Cuba as theSpecial Period. In 1992 the United States tightened the trade embargo, hoping to see democratization of the sort thattook place in Eastern Europe.

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Like some other Communist and post-Communist states following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba tooklimited free market-oriented measures to alleviate severe shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. Thesesteps included allowing some self-employment in certain retail and light manufacturing sectors, the legalization ofthe use of the US dollar in business, and the encouragement of tourism. Cuba has developed a unique urban farmsystem (the organopónicos) to compensate for the end of food imports from the Soviet Union. In recent years, Cubahas rolled back some of the market oriented measures undertaken in the 1990s. In 2004 Cuban officials publiclybacked the Euro as a "global counter-balance to the US dollar", and eliminated U.S. currency from circulation in itsstores and businesses.Tourism was initially restricted to enclave resorts where tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, referred toas "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".[103] Contacts between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans were defacto illegal until 1997.[104] [105] In 1996 tourism surpassed the sugar industry as the largest source of hard currencyfor Cuba. Cuba has tripled its market share of Caribbean tourism in the last decade; as a result of significantinvestment in tourism infrastructure, this growth rate is predicted to continue.[106] 1.9 million tourists visited Cuba in2003, predominantly from Canada and the European Union, generating revenue of $2.1 billion.[107] The rapid growthof tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba, and led tospeculation about the emergence of a two-tier economy.[108] The Medical tourism sector caters to thousands ofEuropean, Latin American, Canadian, and American consumers every year.The communist agricultural production system was ridiculed by Raúl Castro in 2008.[109] Cuba now imports up to80% of food used for rations.[109] Before 1959, Cuba boasted as many cattle as people.For some time, Cuba has been experiencing a housing shortage because of the state's failure to keep pace withincreasing demand.[110] The government instituted food rationing policies in 1962, which were exacerbatedfollowing the collapse of the Soviet Union and the tightening of the U.S. embargo. Studies have shown that, as lateas 2001, the average Cuban's standard of living was lower than before the downturn of the post-Soviet period.Paramount issues have been state salaries failing to meet personal needs under the state rationing system, chronicallyplagued with shortages. The variety and quantity of available rationed goods declined.Under Venezuela's Mission Barrio Adentro, Hugo Chávez has supplied Cuba with up to 80000 barrels (13000 m3) ofoil per day in exchange for 30,000 doctors and teachers.In 2005 Cuba had exports of $2.4 billion, ranking 114 of 226 world countries, and imports of $6.9 billion, ranking 87of 226 countries.[111] Its major export partners are China 27.5%, Canada 26.9%, Netherlands 11.1%, Spain 4.7%(2007).[6] Cuba's major exports are sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, and coffee;[6] importsinclude food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated to be $13 billion,[112]

approximately 38% of GDP.[113] According to the Heritage Foundation, Cuba is dependent on credit accounts thatrotate from country to country.[114] Cuba's prior 35% supply of the world's export market for sugar has declined to10% due to a variety of factors, including a global sugar commodity price drop that made Cuba less competitive onworld markets.[115] At one time, Cuba was the world's most important sugar producer and exporter. As a result ofdiversification, underinvestment, and natural disasters, Cuba's sugar production has seen a drastic decline. In 2002more than half of Cuba's sugar mills were shut down. Cuba holds 6.4% of the global market for nickel,[116] whichconstitutes about 25% of total Cuban exports.[117] A 2005 US Geological Survey report estimates that the NorthCuba Basin could contain 4.6 billion barrels of oil and 9.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.[118]

In 2010, Cubans were allowed to build their own houses. According to Raul Castro, they will be able to improvetheir houses with this new permission, but the government will not endorse these new houses or improvements.[119]

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Government and politics

Revolution Square: José MartíMonument designed by Enrique LuisVarela, sculpted by Juan José Sicre,

and finished in 1958.[120]

The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a socialist republic, wasreplaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is guided by the ideas of José Martí,Marx, Engels and Lenin.[121] The constitution describes the Communist Party ofCuba as the "leading force of society and of the state".[121] The first secretary ofthe Communist Party is concurrently President of the Council of State (Presidentof Cuba) and President of the Council of Ministers (sometimes referred to asPrime Minister of Cuba).[122] Members of both councils are elected by theNational Assembly of People's Power.[121] The President of Cuba, who is alsoelected by the Assembly, serves for five years and there is no limit to the numberof terms of office.[121]

The Supreme Court of Cuba serves as the nation's highest judicial branch ofgovernment. It is also the court of last resort for all appeals against the decisionsof provincial courts.

Cuba's national legislature, the National Assembly of People's Power (AsambleaNacional de Poder Popular), is the supreme organ of power; 609 members servefive-year terms.[121] The assembly meets twice a year; between sessions legislative power is held by the 31 memberCouncil of Ministers. Candidates for the Assembly are approved by public referendum. All Cuban citizens over 16who have not been convicted of a criminal offense can vote. Article 131 of the Constitution states that voting shall be"through free, equal and secret vote".[121] Article 136 states: "In order for deputies or delegates to be consideredelected they must get more than half the number of valid votes cast in the electoral districts".[121] Votes are cast bysecret ballot and counted in public view. Nominees are chosen at local gatherings from multiple candidates beforegaining approval from election committees. In the subsequent election, there is only one candidate for each seat, whomust gain a majority to be elected.

No political party is permitted to nominate candidates or campaign on the island, though the Communist Party ofCuba has held five party congress meetings since 1975. In 1997 the party claimed 780,000 members, andrepresentatives generally constitute at least half of the Councils of state and the National Assembly. The remainingpositions are filled by candidates nominally without party affiliation. Other political parties campaign and raisefinances internationally, while activity within Cuba by opposition groups is minimal and illegal.The country is subdivided into 15 provinces and one special municipality (Isla de la Juventud). These were formerlypart of six larger historical provinces: Pinar del Río, Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey and Oriente. Thepresent subdivisions closely resemble those of the Spanish military provinces during the Cuban Wars ofIndependence, when the most troublesome areas were subdivided. The provinces are divided into municipalities.

1. Pinar del Río2. Artemisa3. Havana4. Mayabeque5. Matanzas6. Cienfuegos7. Villa Clara8. Sancti Spíritus

1. Ciego de Ávila2. Camagüey3. Las Tunas4. Granma5. Holguín6. Santiago de Cuba7. Guantánamo8. Isla de la Juventud

Cuba 13

Military

Cuban MiG-29UB

Cuba devoted 9–13% of its GDP to military expenditures.[123] Castrobuilt up the second largest armed forces in Latin America; only Brazil'swere larger.[70] From 1975 until the late 1980s, Soviet militaryassistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities. Since theloss of Soviet subsidies Cuba has scaled down the numbers of militarypersonnel, from 235,000 in 1994 to about 60,000 in 2003.[124] Cuba issecretive about its military spending.[123]

Foreign relationsFrom its inception, the Cuban Revolution defined itself as internationalist, joining Comecon in 1972. Cuba was amajor contributor to Soviet-supported wars in Africa, Central America and Asia. In Africa, the largest war was inAngola, where Cuba sent tens of thousands of troops. Cuba was a friend of the Ethiopian leader Mengistu HaileMariam.[125] In Africa, Cuba supported 17 leftist governments. In some countries it suffered setbacks, such as ineastern Zaire, but in others Cuba had significant success. Major engagements took place in Algeria, Zaire,Yemen,[126] Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.The Cuban government's military involvement in Latin America—mostly with the aim of overthrowing U.S. backedright wing regimes, many of them dictatorial—has been extensive. One of the earliest interventions was the Marxistmilitia led by Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967, though a modicum of funds and troops were sent. Lesser knownactions include the 1959 missions to the Dominican Republic[127] and Panama. In the former, the Cuban governmentprovided military assistance to a group of Dominican exiles with the intention of overthrowing the tyrannical dictatorRafael Trujillo. Although the expedition failed and most of its members were murdered by the government, todaythey are recognized as heroes and a prominent monument was erected in their memory in Santo Domingo by theDominican government. The Museo Memorial de la Resistencia Dominicana ("Memorial Museum of the DominicanResistance,") where the heroes of 1959 feature prominently, is being built by the Dominican Government.[128] Thesocialist government in Nicaragua was openly supported by Cuba and can be considered its greatest success in LatinAmerica. Cuba is a founding member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. More than 30,000 Cuban doctorscurrently work abroad, in countries such as Venezuela and Zimbabwe.[129] The membership of Cuba in the UnitedNations Human Rights Council has received criticism.[130]

The European Union in 2003 accused the Cuban government of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights andfundamental freedoms".[131] In 2008, the EU and Cuba agreed to resume full relations and cooperation activities.[132]

The United States continues an embargo against Cuba "so long as it continues to refuse to move towarddemocratization and greater respect for human rights".[133] United States President Barack Obama stated on April17, 2009, in Trinidad and Tobago that "the United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba",[134] and reversed theBush Administration's prohibition on travel and remittances by Cuban-Americans from the United States toCuba.[135]

Cuba 14

Geography

Alejandro de Humboldt National Park in easternCuba

Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the northern Caribbean Seaat the confluence with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Itlies between latitudes 19° and 24°N, and longitudes 74° and 85°W.The United States lies to the north-west, the Bahamas to the north,Haiti to the east, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the south, andMexico to the west. Cuba is the principal island, surrounded by foursmaller groups of islands: the Colorados Archipelago on thenorthwestern coast, the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago on thenorth-central Atlantic coast, the Jardines de la Reina on thesouth-central coast and the Canarreos Archipelago on the southwesterncoast.

The main island is 1199 km (745 mi) long, constituting most of the nation's land area (105006 km2 (40543 sq mi))and is the largest island in the Caribbean and 16th-largest island in the world by land area. The main island consistsmostly of flat to rolling plains apart from the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast, whose highest point is PicoTurquino (1975 m (6480 ft)). The second-largest island is Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) in the Canarreosarchipelago, with an area of 3056 km2 (1180 sq mi). Cuba has a total land area of 110860 km2 (42803 sq mi).

Climate

Beach on Cayo Largo del Sur in the Canarreosarchipelago

The local climate is tropical, moderated by northeasterly trade windsthat blow year-round. In general (with local variations), there is a drierseason from November to April, and a rainier season from May toOctober. The average temperature is 21 °C (69.8 °F) in January and 27°C (80.6 °F) in July. The warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea andthe fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to the Gulf of Mexicocombine to make the country prone to frequent hurricanes. These aremost common in September and October.

Resources

The most important mineral resource is nickel, of which Cuba has the world's second largest reserves (afterRussia).[136] Sherritt International of Canada operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa. Cuba is the world'sfifth-largest producer of refined cobalt, a byproduct of nickel mining operations.[136] Recent oil exploration hasrevealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce approximately 4.6 billion barrels ( m3) to 9.3 billion barrels(1.48×109 m3) of oil. In 2006, Cuba started to test-drill these locations for possible exploitation.[137]

Demographics

Cuba 15

Official 1899–2002 Cuba Census[3]

[138]

[139]

Race % 1899 1907 1919 1931 1943 1953 1981 2002

White 66.9 69.7 72.2 72.1 74.3 72.8 66.0 65.05

Black 14.9 13.4 11.2 11.0 9.7 12.4 12.0 10.08

Mulatto 17.2 16.3 16.0 16.2 15.6 14.5 21.9 24.86

Asian 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 ?

Immigration to CubaBetween 1882 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left forCuba between 1899 and 1923, with many returning to Spain.[140]

Current demographicsAccording to the census of 2002, the population was 11,177,743,[3] including 5,597,233 men and 5,580,510 women.The racial make-up was 7,271,926 whites, 1,126,894 blacks and 2,778,923 mulattoes (or mestizos).[141] Thepopulation of Cuba has very complex origins and intermarriage between diverse groups is general. There isdisagreement about racial statistics. The Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miamisays that 62% is black,[142] whereas statistics from the Cuban census state that 65.05% of the population was whitein 2002. The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubansremains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimatesof the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per centto 62 per cent".[143]

The Cathedral of Saint Christopher in Havana

Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in thedemographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century. During the 18th,19th, and the early part of the 20th century large waves of Canarian,Catalan, Andalusian, Galician, and other Spanish people immigrated toCuba. Between 1900 and 1930 close to a million Spaniards arrivedfrom Spain. Other foreign immigrants include: French,[144] Portuguese,Italian, Russian, Dutch, Greek, British, Irish, and other ethnic groups,including a small number of descendants of U.S. citizens who arrivedin Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Cuba has a sizable number of Asian people who comprise 1% of thepopulation. They are primarily of Chinese descent (see Chinese Cubans), followed by Filipino, Koreans andVietnamese people. They are descendants of farm laborers brought to the island by Spanish and Americancontractors during the 19th and early 20th century. Afro-Cubans are descended primarily from the Kongo people., aswell as several thousand North African refugees, most notably the Sahrawi Arabs of Western Sahara underMoroccan occupation since 1976.[145]

Cuba's birth rate (9.88 births per thousand population in 2006)[146] is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere.Its overall population increased continuously from around 7 million in 1961 to over 11 million now, but the increasehas stopped in the last few decades, and a decrease began in 2006, with a fertility rate of 1.43 children perwoman.[147] This drop in fertility is among the largest in the Western Hemisphere.[148] Cuba has unrestricted accessto legal abortion and an abortion rate of 58.6 per 1000 pregnancies in 1996, compared to an average of 35 in theCaribbean, 27 in Latin America overall, and 48 in Europe. Contraceptive use is estimated at 79% (in the upper thirdof countries in the Western Hemisphere).[149]

Cuba 16

Cuba is officially a secular state. After having long maintained that churches were fronts for subversive politicalactivity, the government reversed course in 1992, amending the constitution to characterize the state as secularinstead of atheist. It has many faiths representing the widely varying culture. Roman Catholicism was the largestreligion; it was brought to the island by the Spanish and remains the dominant faith,[114] with 11 dioceses, 56 ordersof nuns, and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by theCuban government and Catholic Church. The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly marked by syncretisms ofvarious kinds. Catholicism is often practiced in tandem with Santería, a mixture of Catholicism and other, mainlyAfrican, faiths that include a number of cults. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (the Virgin of Cobre) is theCatholic patroness of Cuba, and a symbol of Cuban culture. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddessOshun.

Official Cuban migration to the U.S.[138]

[139]

Year ofImmigration

White Black Other Asian Number

1959–64 93.3 1.2 5.3 0.2 144,732

1965–74 87.7 2.0 9.1 0.2 247,726

1975–79 82.6 4.0 13.3 0.1 29,508

1980 80.9 5.3 13.7 0.1 94,095

1981–89 85.7 3.1 10.9 0.3 77,835

1990–93 84.7 3.2 11.9 0.2 60,244

1994–2000 85.8 3.7 10.4 0.7 174,437

Total 87.2 2.9 10.7 0.2 828,577

Three hundred thousand Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grownrapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people. Cuba hassmall communities of Jews, Muslims and members of the Bahá'í Faith.[150] Most Jewish Cubans are descendants ofPolish and Russian Ashkenazi Jews who fled pogroms at the beginning of the 20th century. There is a sizeablenumber of Sephardic Jews in Cuba who trace their origin to Turkey. Most of these Sephardic Jews live in theprovinces, although they maintain a synagogue in Havana.

Cuban migrationIn the last half-century, several hundred thousand Cubans of all social classes have emigrated to the UnitedStates,[151] Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, and other countries. On 9 September 1994, the U.S. andCuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba's pledge toprevent further unlawful departures on boats.[152]

LanguagesThe official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it. Spanish as spoken in Cuba isknown as Cuban Spanish and is a form of Caribbean Spanish. Lucumi, a dialect of the West African languageYoruba, is also used as a liturgical language by practitioners of Santería,[153] and so only as a second language.[154]

Haitian Creole is the second largest language in Cuba, and is spoken by Haitian immigrants and theirdescendants.[155] Other languages spoken by immigrants include Catalan and Corsican.[156]

Cuba 17

Education

University of Havana, founded in 1728

The University of Havana was founded in 1728 and there are a numberof other well-established colleges and universities. In 1957, just beforeCastro came to power, the literacy rate was fourth in the region atalmost 80% according to the United Nations, higher than in Spain.[58]

[157] Castro created an entirely state-operated system and bannedprivate institutions. School attendance is compulsory from ages six tothe end of basic secondary education (normally at age 15), and allstudents, regardless of age or gender, wear school uniforms with thecolor denoting grade level. Primary education lasts for six years,secondary education is divided into basic and pre-universityeducation.[158]

Higher education is provided by universities, higher institutes, higher pedagogical institutes, and higher polytechnicinstitutes. The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education operates a scheme of distance education which provides regularafternoon and evening courses in rural areas for agricultural workers. Education has a strong political and ideologicalemphasis, and students progressing to higher education are expected to have a commitment to the goals of Cuba.[158]

Cuba has provided state subsidized education to a limited number of foreign nationals at the Latin American Schoolof Medicine.[159] [160] Internet access is limited.[161] The sale of computer equipment is strictly regulated. Internetaccess is controlled, and e-mail is closely monitored.[98]

HealthHistorically, Cuba has ranked high in numbers of medical personnel and has made significant contributions to worldhealth since the 19th century.[58] Today, Cuba has universal health care and although shortages of medical suppliespersist, there is no shortage of medical personnel.[162] Primary care is available throughout the island and infant andmaternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in developed nations.[162]

Post-Revolution Cuba initially experienced an overall worsening in terms of disease and infant mortality rates in the1960s when half its 6,000 doctors left the country.[163] Recovery occurred by the 1980s.[49] The Communistgovernment asserted that universal health care was to become a priority of state planning and progress was made inrural areas.[164] Like the rest of the Cuban economy, Cuban medical care suffered from severe material shortagesfollowing the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991, followed by a tightening of the U.S. embargo in 1992.[165]

Challenges include low pay of doctors (only $15 a month[166] ), poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, andfrequent absence of essential drugs.[167] Cuba has the highest doctor-to-population ratio in the world and has sentthousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world.[168]

According to the UN, the life expectancy in Cuba is 78.3 years (76.2 for males and 80.4 for females). This ranksCuba 37th in the world and 3rd in the Americas, behind only Canada and Chile, and just ahead of the United States.Infant mortality in Cuba declined from 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1957, to 10 in 1990–95.[169] Infantmortality in 2000–2005 was 6.1 per 1,000 live births (compared to 6.8 in the United States).The quality of public healthcare offered to citizens is regarded as the "greatest triumph" of Cuba's socialistsystem.[170]

Cuba 18

CultureCuban culture is influenced by its melting pot of cultures, primarily those of Spain and Africa. Sport is Cuba'snational passion. Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports which arepopular in North America, rather than sports traditionally promoted in other Spanish-speaking nations. Baseball is byfar the most popular; other sports and pastimes include basketball, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Cuba is adominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions.

Music

A local musical house, Casa de la Trova inSantiago de Cuba

Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expressionof culture. The central form of this music is Son, which has been thebasis of many other musical styles like salsa, rumba and mambo and anupbeat derivation of the rumba, the cha-cha-cha. Rumba musicoriginated in early Afro-Cuban culture. The Tres was also invented inCuba, but other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin,Taíno origin, or both, such as the maracas, güiro, marimba and variouswooden drums including the mayohuacan. Popular Cuban music of allstyles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world. Cubanclassical music, which includes music with strong African andEuropean influences, and features symphonic works as well as musicfor soloists, has received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona. Havana was the heart ofthe rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s. During that time, reggaetón was growing in popularity. Dance inCuba has taken a major boost over the 1990s.

Cuisine

A traditional meal of ropa vieja (shredded flanksteak in a tomato sauce base), black beans, yellow

rice, plantains and fried yuca with beer

Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines. Cubanrecipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with someCaribbean influence in spice and flavor. Food rationing, which hasbeen the norm in Cuba for the last four decades, restricts the commonavailability of these dishes.[171] The traditional Cuban meal is notserved in courses; all food items are served at the same time. Thetypical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, ropa vieja(shredded beef), Cuban bread, pork with onions, and tropical fruits.Black beans and rice, referred to as Platillo Moros y Cristianos (ormoros for short), and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet. Many ofthe meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces. Garlic, cumin,oregano, and bay leaves are the dominant spices.

LiteratureCuba has produced more than its fair share of literature. Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature. Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and Jose Z. Tallet focused on literature as social protest. The poetry and novels of Dulce María Loynaz and José Lezama Lima have been influential. Romanticist Miguel Barnet, who wrote Everyone Dreamed of Cuba, reflects a more melancholy Cuba.[172] Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, and more recently Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Zoé Valdés, Guillermo Rosales and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era, though

Cuba 19

many of these writers have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by theCuban authorities.

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External links• Government of Cuba (http:/ / www. cubagob. cu/ ingles/ default. htm)• Wikimedia Atlas of Cuba• Cuba travel guide from Wikitravel• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ world-leaders-1/

world-leaders-c/ cuba-nde. html)• Cuba (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ cu. html) entry at The World

Factbook• Cuba (http:/ / ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ cuba. htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs• Cuba (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Caribbean/ Cuba/ ) at the Open Directory Project• Map of Cuba (Political) 1994 C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin (http:/ / www. lib. utexas. edu/ maps/ americas/ cuba.

jpg)• Welcome To Cuba (http:/ / www. life. com/ image/ first/ in-gallery/ 23083/ welcome-to-cuba) – slideshow by Life

magazine• fotopedia.com (http:/ / www. fotopedia. com/ en/ Cuba), Selected photos of Cubakbd:Куба

Article Sources and Contributors 25

Article Sources and ContributorsCuba  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434519710  Contributors: -- April, -Midorihana-, 0x539, 1069abc, 13dble, 172, 2 Dope, 334a, 5Brookesy5, A young communist, A-rock, AAG11364, AMK1211, ASOTMKX, AThing, AVM, Aarandir, Aaron1a12, Abc123poo, Abdowiki, Abney317, Accurizer, Acdavis, Ackees, Acroterion, Acs4b, Actoreng1, Adalme, Adam Carr, Adam1213, AdamRetchless, Adambro, Adamc83, Adashiel, Adhalanay, Adiazpaz, Adzz, Aeusoes1, Afmast, AfricaEditor, After Midnight, Aftus, Ahoerstemeier, Aidel, Ajfweb, Akadruid, Akanemoto, Al-Andalus, Alan Russell, Alanhidalgo, Albert45, AlbertR, Albertod4, Albertoj a, Albrecht, Aldux, AlefZet, Alejandro vra, Alekjds, Alexande domanda, Alexf, AlexiusHoratius, Alexnovo, Alister, AliveFreeHappy, Allstarecho, AlphAlphA, AlphaFactor, Alphachimp, Altenmann, Altzinn, Amadameus, Amakuru, AmiDaniel, Andem, Andonic, Andreworkney, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Angela, Angelo De La Paz, Animum, Ankit jn, AnonMoos, Anonymous editor, Antandrus, Anthropax, Anticom, Antinous, Antipodian, Antodav2007, AnwarSadatFan, Apistan, Apurd518, Arcadio Ruiz-Castellano, ArchonMeld, Archtiger, Arcturus, ArglebargleIV, Ari21, Aris Katsaris, Aristeiakorps, Aristophanes68, Armo91, Arnoldlcl, Arntifar, Aroonnmaharaj, Arre, Arrebatus, Art LaPella, Arx Fortis, Ashi Starshade, Athenean, Atlantisv2, Atvredneck13, AuburnPilot, Aude, Audunum, AustralianMelodrama, Austrian, Avala, Avraham, Aykroyd, Azalea pomp, B. Jennings Perry, BGManofID, BRG, BTillman, Badagnani, Badbilltucker, Baldeep, Ballsack247, Bambuway, Bantman, Barista, Bark, Barkochbar, Barneca, Barryob, Bart van der Pligt, Barticus88, Bastique, Battmail, Bazonka, Bbjota, Bcameron54, Bcorr, Beardo, Beland, Beltz, Ben Jos, Ben2121, Bennybp, Benoni, Bettia, Bfigura, BibleThumper4 3rdHeaven&Earth, Biernot, Big Bird, BigBoyRubio, Billy5641, Billysunday987, Binarybits, Biohazard930, Biruitorul, Bits207, BlastOButter42, Blaylockjam10, Blessthishouse, Bletch, Blind Adams, Blomskoe, Bloodshedder, BlueAzure, BlueCuzco, Bluewind, Bmcphee, Bmdavll, Bmicomp, Bob121212, Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Bobdude1, Bobet, Bobo192, Bong, Bongoman, Bongwarrior, Boogalu, Bookermorgan, Boothy443, BorgQueen, Bowlhover, BredoteauU2, BredsoxTBbux, Brendan Moody, Brendanconway, BrettFairbairn, Bri 101, Brian Geppert, Brian0918, Brianhama, Bridesmill, Britannic1, BrollyGun, Bryan Derksen, Btenhaaf, Buaidh, BuddyJesus, Bull Market, Bully25, Burgas00, Bziobnic, C'est moi, C.Fred, CES, CJ Withers, CJK, CSWarren, CWY2190, Cactus.man, Caerwine, Cafedelgato, Caim, Calatayudboy, Caltas, Calvin 1998, CambridgeBayWeather, Camperdave, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, Caniago, Cannonmc, Canthusus, Cantus, Capacitor, Caponer, CaptainVindaloo, CaptinJohn, Caracaskid, CaribDigita, Caribbean H.Q., CarlKenner, Carlon, Carlosp420, Carps, Casey56, Cassowary, Catbar, Cbdorsett, Cben, Cbockermann, Ccdelany5, CecilWard, Chairboy, Chamberlian, Chanting Fox, Chaosdruid, CharlesC, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chaser, Chau87, CheoMalanga, Chicocvenancio, ChipChamp, Chris Roy, Chris the speller, Chris9086, Chrism, Christopher Mahan, Christopher Parham, Chriswiki, Chun-hian, Ciaccona, CieloEstrellado, CitiBlock, Citicat, Citicrab, Clam0p, ClanCC, Clint0601, Cloudz679, Cmdrjameson, Cognition, Colombiano21, Colonies Chris, Comandante, Comandante Gomez, Comar4, Cometstyles, Commander Sergei Bjarkhov, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conny, Conollyb, Conorobradaigh, Conscious, Constanz, Conti, ContiAWB, Conversion script, Cookjv, Cool Genius, Corticopia, Corvus cornix, Corvus13, Cosmic Latte, Cpbaker1, Cpgb-ml upload, CrazyLuca, Crazycomputers, Credema, Cremepuff222, Crippenbrent, Criticalthinkerguy, Croat Canuck, Cryptk, Cs-wolves, Cscotts, Ctbolt, Cubaenvivo com, Cubaexplorer, CubanOne, Cubanguycgn, CubanoAmericano, CubanoDios, Cubayuma, Cuecla, Culmination, Curps, Curveball7, Cybercobra, Cyde, Czyrko, D6, DJ Clayworth, DO'Neil, DRTllbrg, Dafyddyoung, Dalv89, Damiens.rf, Dan100, Dancarter77, Dangme, DanielCD, Daninbrisvegas, DanishWolf, Danny B-), Dannythat, Danoples, Danthered, DarkFalls, DarkKunai, Darklilac, Darwinek, DasBub, Dave.Dunford, Dave2, Dave6, DaveCR, DaveHepler08, Davewild, David Dennis, David Kernow, David Levy, David Schaich, DavidCiani, DavidJJJ, DavidLegge, DavidOaks, DavidParfitt, DavidShepherdson, Dawnseeker2000, Dazed But Not Confused, Dcandeto, Dd1188, De Unionist, DeadEyeArrow, Debresser, Delldot, Deltabeignet, Demmy, Denis C., DennyColt, Deor, DerHexer, Desde El Exilio, Dethme0w, Dialecticas, Diannaa, Digamma, Dina, Dionysia, Director958, Direnzoa, DirkvdM, Discospinster, DivineIntervention, Dj iET, Dm2ortiz, Dmwilliams, Doc glasgow, Docboat, DoctorW, Doctormarton, Docu, Dog-pounder, Dominic, Dominican1000, Dominiman, Domitius, Doncram, Dondake, Doopdoop, DoubleParadox, DougRWms, Dr. B. R. Lang, DrJay, DraKyry, Draeco, DragonRules, Draicone, Drbug, Drc79, Dreadstar, Drew1914, Drogo Underburrow, Dromioofephesus, Dsmdgold, DuKot, Dubaduba, Dude fart, Duke Ganote, Dwo, Dysepsion, E Pluribus Anthony, E Wing, Eaefremov, EamonnPKeane, Echan1087, Eclecticology, Ecsperto, Ed Poor, Ed g2s, Eddylyons, Editor2020, Edivorce, Edward, Efghij, Eiskis, Either way, Ejercito Rojo 1945, Ejercito Rojo 1967, Ejército Rojo 1950, Ekem, Ekmekparasi, El C, El Suizo, ElKevbo, Eliz81, Elkrobber, Elliskev, Elockid, Elonka, Eltri85, Elvira.garcia, Emanuel Kingsley, Emmett5, EncycloPetey, Endorf, Enlight, EoGuy, Epitome, Erch, Erendwyn, Eric Forste, Ernestlake, Errarel, Eskimospy, Esurnir, EugeneZelenko, Evensong, Evercat, EverettMcGill, Everyking, Evil Monkey, Evilhairyhamster, Evstafiev, Ex-User17, ExRat, Excirial, Explicit, Exprexxo, F92n86t07, FF2010, FFMG, FRCP11, Fakeisthenewreal, Falcongl, Falconleaf, Falsefactsreturns, Famousdog, Fang 23, Fantasy, Fattyfatty.com, Favonian, FayssalF, Fdp, Fedayee, Feedmecereal, Felipe Aira, Feliperijo, Felizdenovo, Ferix, Fidellover123, Fidellover5000, FileMaster, Fish and karate, Fk750, FlagSteward, Flatterworld, Florian Huber, Floridanum1, Fogster, Fogus, Fonzy, Formeruser-81, Fractalfire, Franamax, Frank mad, FrankCostanza, Fratrep, Freakofnurture, Fred Bauder, Freedomwarrior, FreplySpang, Friday, Fried Gold, Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Futur3g4ry, Fvw, Gabriel, Gadfium, Gaijin Ninja, Galati, Galoubet, Galwhaa, Gambori, Gargolla, Gary King, Gavrilis, Gbnogkfs, Gdm, Gene Nygaard, Geologyguy, Gerald Herman, Gernz, Get-back-world-respect, Gilliam, Gimmetrow, Gioueeoi, Giovanni33, Give Peace A Chance, Gjd001, Glenn, Gnewf, GoEThe, Goatboy95, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Goldom, GonzalezM, Good Olfactory, GoodDay, Goranche, Gotipe, Gotrl, Gottastayhigh, Gotten, Gr8opinionater, GrGBL, GraemeL, Grafikm fr, Graham87, Granpuff, Grantplus, Green Giant, Gregfitzy, Grendelkhan, Greswik, GrooveDog, GrouchyDan, Grsz11, Grundle2600, Grunt, Grunty Thraveswain, Gryffindor, Gscshoyru, Gsv, Guanaco152003, Guardia Rojo, Guettarda, Gugganij, Guitar guy, Gurch, Gurchzilla, Gwythoff, Gzornenplatz, H8jd5, Habs4ever, Hadal, Hahahahahahahahah, Hairouna, Hajor, Halved sandwich, Hamedog, Hammer1980, Hammersfan, Hanssterkendries, Harburg, HarrisX, HarryHenryGebel, Harryboyles, Hasek is the best, Hatguy2021, Hbackman, Hdt83, Heegoop, HeikoEvermann, Hemanshu, HenkvD, Henning Makholm, Henriborno, Henrik, Henry Delforn, Henry Flower, HenryLi, Heron, Highvale, Historianx, Hkondrat, Hmains, Hmrox, Hnolson, Holdspa, Homo logos, Hoplologist, Hostcasa77, Hottentot, Hq3473, Hu, Hu12, IANVS, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Iarestoned, Icestorm815, Icydid, Ief, Ignorance is strength, Ilikeeatingwaffles, Illinois2011, Iluvdsnylnd2005, Imemo2, Improbcat, Incorrect, Indon, Infrogmation, Innapoy, Int21h, Into The Fray, InverseHypercube, InvisibleK, Iridescent, Irishguy, Itake, Ivantou, Ivirivi00, Ixfd64, J, J Di, J S Firefox, J.delanoy, JCT120, JDoorjam, JForget, JLaTondre, JRSP, JT72, Jack Phoenix, JackDayton, Jackstgo, Jacoplane, Jahiegel, Jaimedv, JakeRiddoch, Jakeburrows09, JamesR, JamesTeterenko, Janus Shadowsong, Jaranda, Jaro7788, Java13690, Jay Levinson, Jb849, Jbmurray, Jbpaul17, JdeJ, Jeelor, Jeff G., Jeff3000, JeffBillman, JeffUK, Jengod, Jennyb1092, Jensbn, JeremyA, Jeridu, Jersey Devil, Jethro 82, Jhendin, Jiang, JimWae, JimXugle, Jimfbleak, Jimmy Slade, Jimtaip, Jj137, Jmacca29, Jmanigold, JoSePh, Jochanhelix, Joecool94, JoergenB, John, John Reaves, John of Reading, John254, JohnRDaily, JohnWittle, Johnleemk, Johnpseudo, Johntobey, Jojhutton, Jojit fb, Joke137, Jomon & Jerrison, Jon33, Jongleur100, Jooler, Jooreecho, Jordanmills, JorgePeixoto, Jorunn, Josepages, Josepages web, Joseph Dwayne, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joseph031164, Josh a brewer, Joshii, Joshp1234, Jossi, Jpbowen, Jrockley, Jtkiefer, Jubiline, JulianE, Julianp, Juneappal, Just a member, JustinFromAus, Jv62, Jwalte04, Jwwv, KDRGibby, Kablammo, Kaio-ken x10, Kaiser matias, Kalathalan, Kaldari, KalevTait, KapilTagore, Karada, Karpeth, Kashasu, Kdau, Keegan, Keilana, Keith Edkins, Keith2000, Kelisi, Kelvinc, Kemiv, Kenmccallum, Kerowyn, Kerrio, Ketiltrout, Ketsuekigata, Kevinb, Kf4bdy, Khinester, Khoikhoi, Kidradical, Kimon, Kintetsubuffalo, Kirill Lokshin, Kiscica, Kiwinick, Kkm010, Kman543210, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knutux, Koavf, Koliak2991, Kookykman, Kordas, Korg, Kotniski, Kotoviski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kozuch, Kralizec!, Krasivaja, Kroack, KsprayDad, Kubaneger, Kubigula, Kungfuadam, KuriosD, Kuru, Kwamikagami, Kwertii, Kyphe, LAX, LPU0302, La goutte de pluie, Laf1984, LaggedOnUser, Lakester10, Lapsed Pacifist, Laredo Bru, Lars T., Lawyer2b, Lazylaces, Lbdearmas, Leafyplant, Leandrod, Lectonar, LegCircus, Leibniz, Leitec, Leithp, Lemmey, Lenin1991, Leopard Gecko, Les woodland, Lesswealth, Leszek Jańczuk, Leticia2602, Levineps, Lexicon, Lgallon, Liftarn, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Lima, LittleDan, LittleOldMe, LittleRoughRhinestone, Lloydpick, Logicman1966, Loppi, Lord Voldemort, Lovecostarica, Loyalist Cannons, Lradrama, Lucifero4, Luigi30, Luis Napoles, Luke w, Lukerjf, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Luna Santin, Lunrwolf, Lupin, Lupo, M7, MC MasterChef, MECU, MER-C, MINGESELLE299, MJCdetroit, MONGO, MPerel, MZMcBride, Macdonald-ross, Maclennan182, Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Mailyn, Mailyn21, Makemi, Makwy2, Malcolm Farmer, Mamin27, Manderiko, Marabats, Marathone, Marcika, MarcosRM, Marek69, Marianocecowski, Maribert, Marijne, Mario Profaca, MarkSutton, Markaci, Markblaster, Martinwilke1980, Master of the Oríchalcos, Matt the jack, Matthew Woodcraft, Mattisse, Matusz, Mav, Maxaes, Maximillion Pegasus, Maximus Rex, Maxmc, Mayalld, Mbarbier, Mbossa, McDogm, Mceder, Mcmachete, MeekSaffron, Meekywiki, Mentifisto, MeowTron78, Mercurywoodrose, Merecat, Merovingian, Mesgul82, MeticulousBobCat, Mfa fariz, Mfzb04, Mgaved, Mhching, Miami33139, MichaelW, Michaelmas1957, Michaelpkk, Michaelwuzthere, Michellecrisp, Miguel.mateo, Miguelzinho, Mijotoba, Mike D 26, MikeHobday, Mikehambleton, Mikiemike, Mikko Paananen, Millipedeman, Mindmatrix, Mirrorme22, MisterWing, Misterrick, Mitchell n beard, Mithridates, Mkooiman, Mmcannis, Modster, Modulatum, Mohonu, Mokele, Mokgen, Molarmite, Moline670, Moncrief, Monkeyman, Moonkids, Morngnstar, Morwen, Motorizer, Mpirages, Mr.Z-man, MrFish, MrOllie, MrWhistler, Mrsanitazier, Msb132abc, Mswake, Mu Cow, Muffin007, Murder1, Murderbike, Murderdan537, MuzikJunky, Mws1bullets, Mxn, My Boxing Ring, Mycroft.Holmes.Jr, Myleslong, Myncknm, Mystork, NAHID, NSR, NWOG, Naddy, Nakon, Nancydrew5, Napamick, Naryathegreat, Natalie Erin, Naur, Navy Blue, NawlinWiki, Neonlife, Nerd 19 95, Netrat, Neumannk, Neutrality, Nevon, NewEnglandYankee, Newnoise, Neztielz, Nezumi Kurikko, Nguyen Thanh Quang, Nichetas, Nick, Nick UA, Nicksss93, Nigholith, Nightscream, Nightstallion, Nihiltres, Nikodemos, Nilfanion, Nishant12, Nishkid64, Nixeagle, Njm05, Nmpenguin, NoSeptember, Noah Salzman, Noirum, NorsemanII, Not home, Notheruser, Nufy8, Nuking the Fridge, Numbo3, Nurg, Nuttycoconut, Nv8200p, OPALO, OPALO4, ObfuscatePenguin, Obli, ObsidianRE, Oda Mari, OlEnglish, Oliquez85, Onco p53, One, Ong saluri, Onixz100, Optichan, Orbis Tertius, OrbitalBundle, Oreo Priest, Originalname37, Orthogonal, Ortonmc, Osbus, Otsego, Out90, Ouzo, OwenX, Oxymoron83, P.4.P. No. 1, P3navy04, PAK Man, PDH, PFHLai, PLAK, PLawrence99cx, Pabloanda, Paddles, Page Up, Paiev, Paininmychess, Pajfarmor, Paranoid, Paris By Night, Passionless, PasswordUsername, Pat Payne, Patiwat, Patrick, Paul August, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paul Erik, Paul Magnussen, Paulus Caesar, Pavel Vozenilek, Paxsimius, Pb30, Pellande12, Penguin2135, Penguinpaul, Peruvianllama, Pete Wall, Peter, Peter Grey, Peter Horn, Peter McGinley, PeterWD, PeterisP, Pexise, Pgan002, Pgk, PhDJ, Phaedriel, Phgao, Phil Boswell, Phil Bridger, PhilipMW, Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso, Pietdesomere, Pietrow, PigFlu Oink, Pilotguy, Pingveno, Pir, Pjedicke, Pkondrat, Poeloq, Polar Bears And Penguins, Polaron, Popcille, Postdlf, Postmortemjapan, Potato2222, Potosino, Presimier, Prime Blue, Primetime, Pristino, Prof. Olivetree, Profoss, ProveIt, Pruneau, Psiphiorg, Puchiko, Puertorico1, Punkche, Pursey, Qbanbgfan, Qnonsense, Qsebas, Quebec99, QueenCake, Quizimodo, Qutezuce, Qyd, R Lowry, R.E. Freak, R.suleman, RBRC, RG2, RJASE1, RPellessier, RPlunk, Rabid Hamster, RadicalBender, Radu cloud, Raje, Rama, Ramdom, Ramirez72, Ran, Rande M Sefowt, RandomP, Randomtime, Rangerwave, Rarelibra, Rasillon, Ravik, Rawdogg, Raymond Cruise, Rd232, Rdrgz93, Rdsmith4, Real World, Rebecca, Rebrane, Recurring dreams, Red Heathen, RedRem321, Redhawaiimonkey, Redthoreau, Reedy, Reflex Reaction, Refrain78, Regulus Arcturus Black, Relaxx, Renault555, ReneeFeltz, Retired username, Rettetast, Revotfel, RexNL, Rhollenton, Rhopkins8, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Keatinge, Richard001, Richardhendrix, Richjkl, Rick Block, RickK, Ripsta7s, Rjd0060, Rjwilmsi, Rkarlsba, Rklawton, Rlove, Robert25, RobertG, RobertHuaXia, RobertLunaIII, Robneild, Robomod, Robost, Robth, RockyMM, Rogerd, Rojomoke, Roldan, RomaC, Roman Spinner, Romanm, Romario rulez, Romeisburning, Ronark, RookZERO, Rory096, RossPatterson, RoyBoy, Royalguard11, Rrius, Rubicon, Russavia, Ruy Lopez, RxS, Ryoung122, S. Neuman, SH84, SJP, SLi, SNIyer12, ST47, Sabresfn2661, Saforrest, Sagafg65675673, Saimdusan, Sam, Sam Hocevar, Sam Korn, Samantha555, Samil20, Samir, Samuel, San Fernando Valley, Sanmartin, Sarahjansen, Saravask, Satori Son, Sceptre, Schutz, Scientus, Scipius, Sciurinæ, Scott S, ScottHardie, Scwlong, Sdedeo, Sean1515, SeanMack, Seb az86556, Secfan, Selket, Sendhil, Senor Freebie, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sevillano, Sevillano1, Sgrayban, Shabeth, Shahab, Shalom Yechiel, Shangrilaista, Shawnnicholsonca, Shika132, Shinmawa, Shoaler, Showoffsg, Shultz, SiL3nT, Silba, SilentVoice, Silly rabbit, Silverback, Simdog, SimonP, SiobhanHansa, Sirius85, Sjakkalle, Sjjb, Skateboarderf1, Sketchbugs, Skiingtoaster, Skunkgal, Slakr, Sligocki, SlimVirgin, Slinga, Slizor, Slowking Man, Slugicide, Small101, Smarkflea, SmartyBoots, Smilingman, Smith Jones, Snowdog, Snowolf, Soap, Sobesurfski, Solo1234, SomeDudeWithAUserName, Someguy1221, Soulja nyn3, SpaceFlight89, Spain21, Sparky132, Sparrowman980, Spartan, Spartan15DEMO,

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Speedboy Salesman, Spellcast, SpookyMulder, Spyder00Boi, SqueakBox, Squell, Squirrley Gnome, Srmagnetismo, St1got, Stacyjj, Stan Shebs, Steel, Stegop, Stephenb, Sterlin999, Sterry2607,Steven Zhang, Stormboyt, Stormie, Stormire, Straatmeester, Student, Stuhacking, Sum41roXCs, Sundar1, Sunny256, Sunshineofyourlove12, SuperNeek, Supernaut76, Suryoye, SusanLesch,Susvolans, Sutcliffism, Sverdrup, TCrEoLe89, TDC, TGC55, TJive, TR122, TShilo12, TUF-KAT, Ta bu shi da yu, TableManners, Tabletop, Tac2z, TaerkastUA, Tagishsimon, Takethemud,Tangotango, Taurion, Tawker, Tazzaler, Tdc5s, TeaDrinker, TedE, Teemu Ruskeepää, Telex, Temerster, Template namespace initialisation script, Temuler, TenOfAllTrades, Terbospeed,Terence, Terminator24, Terra Novus, Terra Xin, Tesscass, TexasDawg, Tfine80, ThaGrind, Thalakan, Thaman81, Thaurisil, The Clog, The Decay of Meaning, The Obento Musubi, The Osk 2,The Proffesor, The Rambling Man, The Tramp, The Transhumanist, The sunder king, The wub, TheFlyingMonkey, TheKMan, ThePedanticPrick, TheSOB, TheStripèdOne, Thecoolestniger,Thedjatclubrock, Thepedestrian, Therequiembellishere, Thijs!, This can't go on, Thomasdelbert, Threeafterthree, Thryduulf, TigerShark, Tigershrike, Tim bates, Timclare, Tingotroy, Tippiegh,Tiptoety, Titoxd, Tizio, Tobby72, Toddst1, Tom Y8s, Tomblikebomb, Tomhall, Tomich, Tommstein, Tommy2010, TommyImages, Tommyjr, Tommyrot, Tony0106, Tony1, TopazSun, Topory,Totnesmartin, Tourbillon, Tpbradbury, Trade2tradewell, Trasman, Travel2dance, Travelbird, TreasuryTag, Trebor, Trekphiler, Trengarasu, Trevor MacInnis, TriniSocialist, Tripod86, Triwbe,Trjumpet, Trouts!, True, Trust Is All You Need, Tsavage, Tsum60, Tsunade, Tucci528, Tuckerresearch, Tumadoireacht, Turrican, Turtle925, Twas Now, UKWiki, UOSSReiska, USAOwnz,Ucucha, Ugen64, UkPaolo, Ukabia, Ultramarine, Uncle G, Uniongreen113, Universalspectator, UriBudnik, Uruguayo, User27091, Username poss., Utcursch, V6g3h7, Vald, Valejo10005,ValenShephard, Valermos, Valip, Van helsing, VandalCruncher, Vardion, VegitaU, Verdatum, VeryVerily, Vgy7ujm, Victor Chmara, Victor falk, Victorgrigas, Victoria2007, VolatileChemical,Voldemore, Voldemort175, Voyagerfan5761, Vuvar1, WGee, WJBscribe, WJetChao, WWC, Wackojut, Waggers, Waltloc, Wavelength, WayeMason, Wearetherevolution, Webfan29,Weirpwoer, Wellingwebsite, Welsh, West Brom 4ever, Wetman, Where, Whereizben, WhisperToMe, Whouk, Wik, Wiki alf, WikiDespot666, WikiFlier, Wikibofh, Wikiklrsc, Wikipedia brown,Wikiperuvian, Wikiturk, Wilkjammy, Will Beback Auto, Wimt, Win777, Wirk, Wizard191, Wknight94, Wmahan, Woody, Woohookitty, Wrathchild, Wtmitchell, X!, X570, XGustaX, XJ90,Xanzzibar, Xaosflux, Xian englund, Xiao191, Xihix, Xoloz, XpanzerVx, Xtreambar, Xx236, Yabinthawa, Yamaguchi先生, Yamamoto Ichiro, Ybbor, Yekrats, Yidisheryid, Yoki11,Yomama1249, Yossarian, YourEyesOnly, Yvesanju, Zantastik, Zapatista12, ZayZayEM, Zazaban, Zenohockey, Zenshine, Zerostar 17, Zleitzen, Zloyvolsheb, Znx, Zo51998, Zocky, Zoohouse,Zotel, Zscout370, Zsinj, Zzorse, Óðinn, Дарко Максимовић, 4119 ,ילוקורב anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Cuba.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see belowFile:Coat of Arms of Cuba.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cuba.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Miguel Terbe TolónFile:LocationCuba.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LocationCuba.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:VardionFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous editsFile:Arowak woman by John Gabriel Stedman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: John Gabriel StedmanFile:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Romerin, ZoohouseImage:Carlos Manuel de Cespedes.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Davepape, Deadstar,Mu, Zleitzen, 1 anonymous editsFile:TeatroGarciaLorca.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TeatroGarciaLorca.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader wasKrasivaja at en.wikipediaFile:cuba yank tank.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cuba_yank_tank.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 1.0 Generic  Contributors: User DirkvdM onen.wikipediaFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L0614-040, Berlin, Fidel Castro an der Grenze.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L0614-040,_Berlin,_Fidel_Castro_an_der_Grenze.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Koard, PeterFile:Dmitry Medvedev in Cuba 28 November 2008-4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Cuba_28_November_2008-4.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Presidential Press and Information OfficeFile:02.Trinidad (59).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:02.Trinidad_(59).JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ElemakiImage:Cuba006.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cuba006.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Kotoviski, Nichetas,Santosga, ZoohouseFile:Revolution square.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Revolution_square.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was The Decay of Meaningat en.wikipediaFile:CubaSubdivisions.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CubaSubdivisions.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Alabrada, Joanjoc, ManuelAnastácio, Osvaldocangaspadilla, Solon, Túrelio, 1 anonymous editsFile:Cuban mig29.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cuban_mig29.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dawnseeker2000, High Contrast, KGyST, Koavf, Kos93File:Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alejandro_de_Humboldt_National_Park.jpg  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: Antonio Núñez JiménezFile:Cayol3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cayol3.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Vgenecr at nl.wikipediaFile:Sancristobalcathedral.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sancristobalcathedral.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Original uploaderwas Krasivaja at en.wikipediaFile:Università de La Habana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Università_de_La_Habana.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Angelo LuciaFile:Casa de la Trova Santiago Cuba.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Casa_de_la_Trova_Santiago_Cuba.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: JialiangGao www.peace-on-earth.orgFile:Cubanfood.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cubanfood.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Marc Averette

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