cultana study final report defence · 2016-09-16 · 4 final author(s) m. burgess reviewer(s) s....

1

November 2015

Cultana 2040Integrated, Reconfi gurable, Adaptable and Scalable

Version for external release

2 Commercial in Confi dence - Babcock Australia & New Zealand

3Commercial in Confi dence - Babcock Australia & New Zealand

The current development of the expanded Cultana Training Area will deliver to Defence the required area and facilities to enable joint training at a standard not seen before in Australia. The delivery of facilities comes at a time when the types of operations in which Australia is involved is changing and the ADF is on the verge of introducing new equipment, platforms and capabilities that will continue to be used over the next 25 years.

In order to enable training that will meet the current, emerging and future threat scenarios, Cultana will need to be adapted and renewed to accommodate joint training with new equipment and evolving methods of operation. Recognising that the ADF training budget will be required to deliver the most effi cient outcomes whilst maintaining capability, a broader view of the implications of introducing new equipment and the accompanying training requirements has been adopted during this study.

This report delivers a holistic approach to multiple lines of development which extend beyond the physical boundaries of the Cultana Training Area to maximise the benefi ts for the ADF from anticipated advances over the next 25 years in technology, training systems, asset management, accessibility to the training area and the likely spectrum of threats.

These considerations, coupled with the infrastructure and industry support to assist Defence in meeting the training requirements out to 2040, provide a compelling vision for the development of an integrated, reconfi gurable, adaptable and scalable training area in South Australia.

Forward


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Version Record

Version Version / Amendment Description4 FINAL

Author(s)

M. Burgess

Reviewer(s)

S. Reeman

Approver

G.Nayler

Date Approved

02 November 2015


Contents

FORWARD .............................................................................................................................................................................................3

CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................5

CULTANA 2040: A VISION FOR ENHANCED AND INTEGRATED MILITARY TRAINING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA ....................................6

Background .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Approach ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

OVERVIEW OF NEW ADF CAPABILITIES ................................................................................................................................................8

THE VISION......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................................10

End-state .......................................................................................................................................................................................10

POTENTIAL BARRIERS TO ADF SUCCESS ............................................................................................................................................ 12

KEY ENABLERS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

1. Range Instrumentation for greater training fl exibility in scenarios and training outcomes ..............................................13

2. Live, Virtual and Constructive Training ...................................................................................................................................15

Intra-connectivity across all force elements using Cultana ......................................................................................................17

Inter-connectivity with other training areas and complexes ...................................................................................................18

3. Autonomous, Unmanned and Robotic Systems .....................................................................................................................19

4. Further enlargement for increased training, test and evaluation ........................................................................................22

5. An Enhanced Equipment Pool for the Army Reserves ...........................................................................................................23

6. Cyber network protection and assurance ..............................................................................................................................25

7. Big data management .............................................................................................................................................................26

8. A scalable ‘actor’ force for realistic training ...........................................................................................................................26

9. Industry support for innovation and asset management ......................................................................................................27

10. An SA Military Training Operations Control Centre .............................................................................................................28

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................. 30

1. Integrated Supporting Infrastructure .....................................................................................................................................30

2. Integrated community support ...............................................................................................................................................30

3. Project Management for future success .................................................................................................................................31

OTHER NATIONS' MILITARY TRAINING AREAS ................................................................................................................................... 33

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 35

Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................35

Initial Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................................35

Further Recommendations .........................................................................................................................................................37

APPENDIX1: PERSONS INTERVIEWED ............................................................................................................................................... 38

ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39


Integrated, Reconfi gurable, Adaptable and Scalable

‘…it is impossible to anticipate precisely the character of future confl ict. The key is not to be so far off the mark

that it becomes impossible to adjust once that character is revealed.’

Professor Sir Michael Howard

“We cannot assume that operations will be bespoke, specialised, small scale, coalition and distant but, rather,

there is a very wide range of potential operations that we might be directed to participate in, given our national

interest. We need to build a joint force that offers options across that wide spectrum.”

Lieutenant-General Angus Campbell

BackgroundThe grant of a Miscellaneous Lease for Defence Purposes (MLDP) over the Cultana Expansion Area by the South Australian Government in June 2014 has enabled Defence to expand the space available for training; increasing its total size from approximately 50 000 hectares to approximately 210 000 hectares. The expanded Cultana Training Area (CUTA) offers an environment to conduct future air to ground, ground to air and ship to shore training activities.

Defence is currently focused on delivering a design for the expanded area and the infrastructure required to enable fi eld fi ring and training. While the delivery of the initial infrastructure and plans to support current or soon-to-be-introduced equipment may be completed in the next 3-5 years, there is the potential to set a platform for enhanced training for the ADF in South Australia for the next 25 years.

CULTANA 2040: A Vision for Enhanced and Integrated Military Training in South Australia

Figure 1: View of CUTA and key features from the North


This report builds on the concepts proposed in previous reviews completed by Defence SA including the Army Presence in SA: Maintaining the Momentum (2012) and the Joint Test and Evaluation Report (2010) as well as the dedicated Land Combat Systems Precinct to be located at Edinburgh. The report draws together the original intent for Cultana contained in the 2009 Defence Strategic Training Area and Ranges Review (DefSTARR) and the current concepts from Army, as the capability manager for CUTA, as described in PLAN Beersheba (2011), the Future Land Warfare Report 2014 and Building on BEERSHEBA: The future Army (2014). Input from the RAAF’s Plan Jericho (2015) and Navy’s Future Maritime Operating Concept – 2025 (2007) and Plan Pelorus (2015) have also been considered. Together, these provide the insights from all three Services as to the future direction of training on CUTA.

The report also considers the complexity of the future battlespace including the use of: digital communications; operations in urban areas; unmanned, autonomous and robotic systems and weapons; and integrated live and synthetic training. Challenges were identifi ed; such as individual combat and support and training systems which currently can’t communicate. Opportunities for South Australia to assist in integrating CUTA with the broader array of training areas and ranges within the State and across Australia, as well as connecting with allied partners, were also considered.

The methodologies used in other nations to successfully support military training have also been considered, including the training areas for the British Army Training Unit Suffi eld (BATUS) in Canada, the German Army’s Battle Simulation Centre (Guz) located at the Altmark Training Grounds, the King Abdullah Special Operations Training Centre in Jordan and various U.S. training centres.

The report includes product-agnostic concepts gathered from the defence industry on how emerging technologies could enhance the potential of current ADF capabilities and benefi t the longer term development of a world-class integrated training area in South Australia.

ApproachThe following approach will enable enhanced and increased use of the expanded CUTA and capture the broadest range of potential benefi ts for Defence:

• The view of the expanded CUTA should not be restricted to the actual land and air space within the defi ned boundaries, but should include all Defence areas - connected either physically or virtually.

• The training area should be suffi ciently adaptable to accommodate the use of capabilities and technologies that will be introduced over the next 25 years as well as enable reconfi guration to meet new operational scenarios over the same timeframe.

• There is a natural connection between the expanded CUTA and the proposed Land Combat Systems Precinct, the Edinburgh Defence Precinct, the Woomera Range Complex and the Port Wakefi eld Range.

• The creation of smaller project areas, each linked to Cultana and each other, will create the conditions for on-going development of Cultana, potential for further expansion of the training area and increased use of CUTA for longer periods of training.


The plans developed by Navy, Army and Air Force for their respective future force development all indicate a unique opportunity for the CUTA to become the premier training area for the ADF.

Over the next 25 years, the ADF will have completed a major renewal of equipment, training systems and trade. This will result in improvements in the range, mobility, level of technological sophistication and integration as well as the lethality of the joint force.

Overview of new ADF capabilities

Table 1: Timeline of new ADF capabilities -2015 to 2040

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

F-35A Lightning II (JSF) into service F-35A Lightning II (JSF) into servic e

EA-18G Growler EW capability introduced

MQ-4C Triton into service

P-8A Poseidon into service

E-7A Wedgetail in service

Amphibious Assault Ship in service SEA 1179 Patrol Boat Replacement Project

Choules Class support ship in service SEA 1180 Mine Hunter, Coastal and Hydrographic Ship Replacement Project

SEA 5000 ANZAC Class Frigate (Initial operating capability 2033)

SEA 1000 Future Submarines

Three Air Warfare Destroyer (DDG) SEA 1180 Mine Hunter, Coastal and Hydrographic Ship Replacement Project

Land 17 Phase 2 Joint Fires digital

Littoral and sustainment systems Land 19 Ground Based Air and Missile

Enhanced Land Force Digital Big data analysis capabilities for ISR

Unmanned force protection/ Consolidation of manned and unmanned Consolidate rotary wing fleet Further development of next generation autonom

ous and

LAND 400 CRV in service LAND 400 IFV Replacement Project

Persistent Aerial Surveillance implemented

equipment entitlements in place

New Force Structure complete with new ARES

LAND 121 Field Vehicles, Trailers and Modules in service

unmanned ground vehicles introduced tactical recon fleets (manned and unmanned) unmanned ground and aerial vehicles

Network complete

in service Defence (from 2022)

Amphibious BG completed control system (from 2022)

NAV

YA

IR F

ORC

EA

RMY


Most applicable to the future of CUTA will be the round-out and modernisation of the Amphibious Battle Group, littoral manoeuvre and sustainment systems, increased use of UAV/UGV and support systems across the three Services, digital networking, cyber assurance and protection, and the ability to exploit ‘big data’ collected in the area of operations.

The ability to adapt from desert operations, which has been the focus of the ADF for the past 11 years to a force capable of undertaking the full range of operations, including fi ghting in contested ‘mega city’ environments, is seen as a key enabler to develop the joint force. The evolution of training to support these changes will be characterised by the increased use of synthetic and simulated environments.

Overview of new ADF capabilities

Table 2: Consolidated list of identifi ed future training needs

Service Identifi ed training need

Navy Increased use of simulation

Generation and certifi cation of an Amphibious Task Group

Cyber capability for protected networks and infrastructure

UAVs for maritime operations

Army Urban terrain (mega-cities)

Realistic competition from an opposing force

Synthetic and simulated training environments

Amphibious operations

Network protection/assurance

Unmanned ground and air reconnaissance

‘Big data’ exploitation

Air Force Connectivity between individual systems

Connectivity with Navy and Army

Data collection and processing

Data protection

Simulation and experimentation using LVC events

Partner with defence industry to acquire and support capability


OverviewCultana is a core asset for Defence; one of only two areas within Australia able to fully support Joint and Combined training and will deliver training opportunities for amphibious landings, live combat fi re and manoeuvre with integrated close air support. It will also provide the opportunity for littoral surveillance and logistics-over-the-shore training, as well as the potential for integration with naval surface and submarine training. Its unique landscape and terrain marks it as a different environment in which to train for operations.1

Although isolated from urban encroachment, the intelligent use of available and emerging technologies means training does not have to occur in isolation; it can be easily linked internally for exercise participants, as well as externally across the State, nationally or for international training exercises.

The vision for an expanded CUTA by 2040 is a training area that has been enhanced, developed and integrated so that:

• It is a core training area for the ADF for live fi re and manoeuvre, able to support a combat brigade operating in a joint environment;

• It is reusable and environmentally sustainable, as well as easily reconfi gurable to meet a range of training scenarios;

• It has an inclusive approach for linking distributed training and control facilities;

• It is supported by a full suite of enablers to ensure training is always realistic and able to evolve with different threats, training tactics and procedures;

• It delivers to Defence an industry support team for asset management, product testing and evaluation, and a scalable, integrated threat force;

• It encompasses opportunities for community participation through employment and support of secondary industries such as tourism.

End-stateThe desired end-state for the CUTA in 2040 would be:

1. The ranges, battle runs and urban training facility (planned for completion by 2018-20) have been developed, used, proven and improved. The ranges have been instrumented to enable the use of laser targets accessible by aircraft (from Joint Strike Fighter to UAV), maritime and land forces. This has improved the sustainability of the impact areas and provided inputs for integrated training using live training and synthetic environments.

2. Connectivity of the training area has been achieved so that a Live, Virtual and Constructive training environment is possible. Live training occurring on Cultana is connected via a central exercise control with Virtual training (such the use of weapon and platforms simulation systems, UAV feeds, etc) and computer-based force elements in a Constructive environment.

This had enabled Cultana to be connected to activities occurring in the Woomera Range Complex, Edinburgh, Woodside, the Murray Bridge Training Area, Keswick and Warradale. Training is also connected to the Defence Training Enabled Network (DTEN) within Australia and the U.S. Joint Training and Experimentation Network (JTEN).

The training area is also an intra-connected range; capable of connecting systems from different platforms through the use of common middleware for system-to-system interaction. This has enabled interoperability across safety, control, and management systems, combat and support systems, surveillance and reconnaissance systems, umpires, simulation and synthetic training systems.

3. Autonomous, unmanned and robotic equipment which support military training and operations (including targets, aerial, maritime and ground surveillance, reconnaissance or logistics vehicles/vessels) are in use, having been developed with the ADF and trialed and evaluated during training activities.

4. The training area has been enlarged through leasing arrangements to enable access from additional amphibious landing sites to the south of Whyalla, includes additional urban operations training facilities and has suffi cient air-space to train UAV operators from the RAN, Army and RAAF.

The vision


The vision

5. Some major equipment is pooled, stored and maintained on, or close to, the training area (e.g. Whyalla or Port Augusta) for use by the Army Reserve units from WA, SA, Victoria and Tasmania. A similar service is available to Regular units.

6. Data and network protection assurance personnel are located in SA, are able to support training exercises and deliver on-going information assurance and cyber-protection.

7. Realism in training is enhanced through the incorporation of large amounts of information through simulated feeds from social media, telecommunications and radio traffi c (Big data). This more accurately refl ects likely conditions on operations and enables training scenarios for a broader range of ADF capabilities on Cultana.

8. A scalable ‘actor’ force is available to provide a realistic, learning and evolving opposing force in a contested training environment as well as ‘local populations’ for training in urban terrain.

9. A common picture is available through a military training operations control centre located in the Edinburgh Defence Precinct for all planners, exercise management, training area development and equipment maintenance activities, as well as integrating Virtual and Constructive environments with Live training. This centre also provides similar services for the Woomera Range Complex, Port Wakefi eld, Edinburgh, Woodside and Murray Bridge Training Area.

10. Support is provided from industry through innovation and asset management; working alongside Defence planners.

11. External supporting infrastructure, such as highways crossing points and amphibious landing sites have been completed, used and improved. Railway spurs and sidings that enable loading/unloading of heavy vehicles will have been completed and in use at Techport, Edinburgh and Whyalla or CUTA.

12. Community acceptance and favourable second-order effects, such as increased tourism, has been achieved through simple and innovative concepts. Roadside platforms to view military vehicles and equipment, including live fi ring by armoured vehicles, have helped to achieve this without interfering with training exercises.


Potential barriers to ADF success

The report identifi es the following potential barriers to the ADF fully realising the true potential of an enhanced and integrated CUTA out to 2040:

• Limited resources – insuffi cient fi nancial and human resources or equipment to meet the training levels required for the ADF’s force generation requirements.

• A lack of intra-connectivity between users of the training area due to insuffi cient connectivity; procurement and introduction of new systems and equipment that can’t ‘talk’ to each other, resulting in reduced training value.

• A lack of inter-connectivity between the training area and other sites (different training areas, ranges, test and evaluation complexes and simulation centres) within South Australia, nationally and internationally.

• ‘Single-point’ capability and system solutions, each with their own sustainment tail, that limit the ability of Defence to achieve synergies and savings in support, but are available through holistic asset management approaches and increased industry involvement.

• Limitations on landing the embarked force, including vehicles, directly from the amphibious assault ship into the training area, as well as ongoing logistics-over-the-shore training.

• Training facilities that do not provide variety and uncertainty in training, a realistic and evolving opposition force, or the potential for immersion in complex urban terrain.

• A lack of integration in the supporting infrastructure that would realise the full potential use of the training, such as crossing points, Roll on/Roll off facilities, rail sidings, etc.

• Limited coordination with industry in the development, test and evaluation of unmanned and autonomous ground and air vehicles to deliver and support future concepts earlier than planned.

• Limitations in training to exploit the opportunities of the digital age and developing the capability to collect and analyse ‘big data’ during exercises, as well as the storage of data in secure locations with the ability to access when required.

• Limitations in the development of a Live, Virtual and Constructive training environment to provide seamless linkages across different training areas and complexes, multiple platforms and equipment, and across all three services.


Ten key enablers have been identifi ed to attain this vision for an integrated, reconfi gurable, adaptable and scalable training area for Defence, based in Cultana by 2040.

1. Range Instrumentation for greater training fl exibility in scenarios and training outcomesRange instrumentation provides scalable systems for greater fl exibility in developing training. The integration of the battlefi eld equipment, control and umpire systems, as well as range and external communications systems, can deliver multiple benefi ts to Defence. Improvements in training typically come from more fl exible and better programmed training scenarios in the same training area, more freedom of action for the opposing forces and the now vital ability to merge the live training area with virtual and constructive simulation systems (discussed in the next section).

Instrumentation includes the simulation of weapons fi ring by using laser transmitters and receivers in place of live ammunitions. ‘Hits’ can be indicated by optical, acoustic and electronic means. The system then communicates the effect of the ‘hit’ to the vehicle crew/weapon fi rer, target system (which may be a vehicle, person or facility), to the umpire and to the control centre. Instrumentation delivers direct savings in terms of live munitions, enables detailed after-action review of training, allows for more fl exible use of the available range and ensures minimal environmental impact over the life of the training area.

Enhancing training areas to support the use of instrumented weapons and systems has historically been limited due to the high cost of implementing instrumentation in operational vehicles and aircraft. In particular, the number of instrumented systems needed to be installed on operational equipment without increasing the weight, space or power required, nor adversely affecting the operational suitability and effectiveness of the weapon system and yet still deliver accurate and timely training outcomes, must be considered.

Instrumentation and power consumption has decreased ten-fold in recent yearswhile computing power and network enabling capabilities have increased signifi cantly. As a result, the barriers to accurate, effective and achievable instrumentation have seriously diminished and continue to evolve.2

Instrumentation of a range for training usually includes:

a. A control centre including and range safety functions,

b. Secure Radios for training and experimentation that are able to be used in parallel to Range Control Safety communication systems,

c. A ‘fi t-out’ of the weapon to replace live ammunition e.g. with a laser system,

d. A target system which could be static, mobile, connected to both friendly and opposing force personnel and equipment,

e. A common impact scoring and independent UXO detections systems, and

f. Access to secure networks.

Potential barriers to ADF success Key enablers


Figure 2: An example of an instrumented CUTA

Instrumentation of CUTA would enable realistic training that integrates all aspects of an operational scenario within a training area with dedicated and integrated non-lethal weapons systems, control systems, scoring and umpire systems – all of which can be recorded and replayed during After-Action Reviews to deliver enhanced training outcomes.

Multiple scenarios can be tested quickly, multiple domains can be included, multiple partners can be added or subtracted as required and future force options can be quickly tested and adjusted3 – all from the same integrated, reconfi gurable, reusable and scalable training area.

Increased weapon ranges, expected to be introduced by the ADF within the 2040 timeframe, can be more easily accommodated and would advance the concept of an integrated Live, Virtual and Constructive (LVC) training environment based on Cultana.

Instrumentation of the training area and ranges at Cultana would also provide the ability to easily add new weapons systems and capabilities from air, land and sea without increasing risks or environmental damage to impact areas.

In early 2015, the RPDE program conducted a Quick Answer activity on Combat Shooting and Combined Arms Ranges and Simulation. Army Headquarters has since conducted a deliberate planning activity to determine Army’s short and long term requirements to modernise ranges, targetry and simulation. The outcomes of this have not been available to the study team, however a follow-on RPDE activity will investigate options to meet those requirements. These studies should be monitored by Defence SA to gauge development timeframes across these areas.

Benefi ts to Defence

• Improved ‘hit’ information available in near real-time to determine training outcomes.

• Ability to easily integrate air, land and sea-based weapon systems.

• Improved training through ability to use a competitive opposing force with similar instrumented weapons.

• Decreased range safety areas compared to live-fi ring resulting in decreased risk to personnel and increased space available for other training activities.

• Prolonged use of targetry and facilities.

• Decreased environmental degradation of impact areas.

• Ability to integrate test and evaluation of other equipment (autonomous and robotic equipment, weapons and targets).

• Ease of information storage and transfer to a LVC environment.

Debrief Station

Range Control Subsystems

D n


2. Live, Virtual and Constructive TrainingLive, Virtual and Constructive (LVC) training encompasses the meshing of simulated activities with live training events. Live training is conducted by ADF personnel in the fi eld using actual equipment and systems such as weapons fi ring live ammunition or instrumented lasers at an instrumented target. Virtual training involves the use of weapon and platforms simulation systems, such as the 16 Air Land Regiment’s training dome. Constructive environments may include computer-based force elements but are able to be integrated with Live and Virtual activities to provide a single view and appear to be occurring at the same time in the same location.

LVC can only be enabled if CUTA is connected to the Defence Wide Area Network, which it currently isn’t.

LVC enhances high-end training by enabling a variety of Defence resources to be employed during training, often providing live training with simulated support or integrating support such as live-fi re support, from a separate training area. The integration of Virtual and Constructive simulation into Live training would allow a Combat Team or Battle Group access to close air support from fi ghter aircraft or UAV surveillance footage, without requiring those capabilities to actually be involved in the same activity, in the same location, or even at the same time.

Through the use of Live, Virtual and Constructive environments, scenarios can be planned in detail and changed to meet different training levels or potential operations. They can be fi tted with the latest mapping and overlay technologies, rapidly delivering realistic, integrated and immediately assessable training designs. Figure 3 (below) provides an initial view of the LVC environment and contributing elements.

Figure 3: LVC operational view4

JOINT EXCERCISE ENVIRONMENT

INTEGRATATA ING ARCHITECTURE

USER SERVICES

Data Capture, Stimulation, Analysis, Display

INSTRUMENTATION & ANALYSIS

EXERCISE CONTROLPlanning, Rehearsal, Monitoring, Reporting, Control

VIRTUAL COMPONENTSInterfaces, Messages, Generation

CONSTRUCTIVE COMPONENTS• Simulation Interfaces

LIVE COMPONENTS• Range Interfaces• Messages Instrumentation

Defence Project JP 3035 Core Simulation Capability will enable Defence to realise the fi rst steps of an integrated, distributed, simulation capability through the analysis and initial acquisition of a core system of services and products, collectively referred to as the Defence Synthetic Environment (DSE).5,6


Figure 4: Distributed Simulation and the Synthetic battlespace7

The major requirements for an LVC-enabled training area are:

a. Connectivity – Connection into the Defence networks using optic fi bre cable is ideal due to the quality of connection required for high speed/high volume of data transfer. This will also help facilitate the feeds of simulation enablers at all levels.

Defence believes there are currently two optic fi bre lines between Whyalla and Port Augusta (and back to Adelaide) that lie within the road and utilities corridor that bisects the expanded training area. These may be accessible from the new main range control complex.

Defence does not, at this stage, envisage an optic fi bre ring within the expanded training area that would enable such connectivity. However, the development in deployable 4G-enabled technologies has meant that reliance on optic-fi bre to gain the quality of connection required for high speed data transfer has been somewhat reduced. This option should be considered by Defence in lieu of optic fi bre connections on CUTA.

b. Communications – Replication of the tactical communications will enhance the training experience. A Combat Team can be enabled to train in a Battle Group environment against a similarly connected opposing force, with all elements able to be monitored, managed and provided simulated information from a central control centre.

The study identifi ed two complimentary activities which would enable the establishment of a LVC environment based SA:

a. Intra-connectivity across CUTA for training or force experimentation, range control and safety, opposing forces, external data feeds, role player, etc., for improved training outcomes.

b. Inter-connectivity with other training areas and complexes in SA.

Intra-connectivity across all force elements using Cultana

Cultana should be an intra-connected range that, through the use of common middleware for system-to-system interaction, enables interoperability across safety, control, and management systems, combat and support systems, surveillance and reconnaissance systems, umpires, simulation and synthetic training systems.

A connected Defence Simulation Environment (DSE) would assist with the remediation and enhancement of simulation in support of joint warfi ghting (particularly for amphibious operations). It would also enable the minimisation of running costs by allowing models and trusted representations to be built in a way such that they may be developed individually while still allowing for multiple use across the entire synthetic environment.

Within Australia, an LVC environment is able to be supplied through an existing dedicated network, known as the Defence Test and Experimentation Network (DTEN) using the Defence Secret Network as a backbone. Through the Joint and Combined Training Capability (JCTC) this can be connected to the US Joint National Training Capability (JNTC) and the US Joint Training and Experimentation Network (JTEN) – the U.S. network for simulation. As noted previously, LVC can only be enabled if CUTA is connected to the Defence Wide Area Network; this should be completed as a priority.

The current simulation capability, predominantly using stand-alone procedural training systems, does not meet the need for integrating individual capabilities nor are they able to connect nationally and internationally. While Air Force has, for many years, led a rich simulator training environment it is now also part of Army and Navy’s strategic direction.

Increased simulation will apply across all trades, from maintainers to operators to strategic planners. In the joint training domain, the initiation of the JCTC has commenced the essential step to defi ne what aspects of the Joint Training Needs can be best served by simulation.

Additionally, the ability to take lessons learnt from operations and exercises and re-create them for the purposes of operations or exercise preparation may be supported. Command and control training and mission rehearsals are all areas where the enhanced use of simulation, from basic desktop systems right up full scale LVC exercises, can deliver improved outcomes.

The relatively close proximity of CUTA to other Defence complexes within the State, as well at DSTO, the Edinburgh Defence Precinct and the existing simulation infrastructure and facilities, makes it ideal for development as an exemplar for a Live, Virtual and Constructive training environment.

INSTRUMENTATION USER SERVICES MIDDLEWARE EW

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITATIVE SOURCESDESIGN | PLAN | PREPARE | EXECUTE | ANALYZE / EVALUATE

Response Cells

USER SE

Response Cells Role Players

CES M

Role Players

MIDDLEWAWAW REEWAWAW REM

Exercise ControlEExercise CCoonnttrroollrc

Planners and Designers

Opposing Force

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(OPFOR)

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INSTRUMENTATION INTEGRATING ARCHITECTURE MIDDLEWARE

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LIVE

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CONSTRUCTIVECONSTRUCTIVE

ENTATAT TATA IONINSTRUME

EMBEDDEDTRAINING SYSTEMSTRAINING SYSTEMSTRAINING SYSTEMSTRAINING SYSTEMSTRAINING SYSTEMSTRAINING SYSTEMS

TURETECTG ARCHIT

CONSTRUCTIVECONSTRUCTIVE

LIVE

EGRATATA IN

CONSTRUCTIVECONSTRUCTIVECONSTRUCTIVECONSTRUCTIVEEMBEDDED

VIRTUALVIRTUALVIRTUAL

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Figure 5: Intra-connectivity across CUTA

The major requirements for an LVC-enabled training area are:

a. Connectivity – Connection into the Defence networks using optic fi bre cable is ideal due to the quality of connection required for high speed/high volume of data transfer. This will also help facilitate the feeds of simulation enablers at all levels.

Defence believes there are currently two optic fi bre lines between Whyalla and Port Augusta (and back to Adelaide) that lie within the road and utilities corridor that bisects the expanded training area. These may be accessible from the new main range control complex.

Defence does not, at this stage, envisage an optic fi bre ring within the expanded training area that would enable such connectivity. However, the development in deployable 4G-enabled technologies has meant that reliance on optic-fi bre to gain the quality of connection required for high speed data transfer has been somewhat reduced. This option should be considered by Defence in lieu of optic fi bre connections on CUTA.

b. Communications – Replication of the tactical communications will enhance the training experience. A Combat Team can be enabled to train in a Battle Group environment against a similarly connected opposing force, with all elements able to be monitored, managed and provided simulated information from a central control centre.

The study identifi ed two complimentary activities which would enable the establishment of a LVC environment based SA:

a. Intra-connectivity across CUTA for training or force experimentation, range control and safety, opposing forces, external data feeds, role player, etc., for improved training outcomes.

b. Inter-connectivity with other training areas and complexes in SA.

Intra-connectivity across all force elements using Cultana

Cultana should be an intra-connected range that, through the use of common middleware for system-to-system interaction, enables interoperability across safety, control, and management systems, combat and support systems, surveillance and reconnaissance systems, umpires, simulation and synthetic training systems.

A connected Defence Simulation Environment (DSE) would assist with the remediation and enhancement of simulation in support of joint warfi ghting (particularly for amphibious operations). It would also enable the minimisation of running costs by allowing models and trusted representations to be built in a way such that they may be developed individually while still allowing for multiple use across the entire synthetic environment.

Within Australia, an LVC environment is able to be supplied through an existing dedicated network, known as the Defence Test and Experimentation Network (DTEN) using the Defence Secret Network as a backbone. Through the Joint and Combined Training Capability (JCTC) this can be connected to the US Joint National Training Capability (JNTC) and the US Joint Training and Experimentation Network (JTEN) – the U.S. network for simulation. As noted previously, LVC can only be enabled if CUTA is connected to the Defence Wide Area Network; this should be completed as a priority.

The current simulation capability, predominantly using stand-alone procedural training systems, does not meet the need for integrating individual capabilities nor are they able to connect nationally and internationally. While Air Force has, for many years, led a rich simulator training environment it is now also part of Army and Navy’s strategic direction.

Increased simulation will apply across all trades, from maintainers to operators to strategic planners. In the joint training domain, the initiation of the JCTC has commenced the essential step to defi ne what aspects of the Joint Training Needs can be best served by simulation.

Additionally, the ability to take lessons learnt from operations and exercises and re-create them for the purposes of operations or exercise preparation may be supported. Command and control training and mission rehearsals are all areas where the enhanced use of simulation, from basic desktop systems right up full scale LVC exercises, can deliver improved outcomes.

The relatively close proximity of CUTA to other Defence complexes within the State, as well at DSTO, the Edinburgh Defence Precinct and the existing simulation infrastructure and facilities, makes it ideal for development as an exemplar for a Live, Virtual and Constructive training environment.

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System interoperability and persistent connectivity are key to successful testing and training. Developing Cultana with this end-state in mind will enable data exchange between individual systems that have been acquired separately but now needed to work together.


The benefi ts to Defence of developing a LVC environment based on CUTA and establishing connectivity between different force elements training simultaneously in SA include:

• Increased usability of range by different units who are able to turn up and train, regardless of system, and all are connected through common middleware.

• Enabling new technologies, including combat, surveillance and reconnaissance, and support, manned or unmanned, trainee, Exercise Control and Safety to be integrated quickly for training purposes.

• Improved safety of personnel conducting future joint fi res and/or joint terminal air control (JTAC) activities.

Inter-connectivity with other training areas and complexes

CUTA can be connected to the Army Simulation Training Centre at Horseshoe Barracks, the land combat systems precinct, the Woomera Range Complex, the Port Wakefi eld and other ranges and training areas in South Australia, the ADF Simulation Centre, the JCTC and to the U.S. This will enable a premier, inter-connected, training environment through live, synthetic and simulated activities.

Enabling the construction a LVC environment, utilising a major training area in close proximity to a major city, will be simplifi ed in SA as the majority of the supporting architecture is already in place or able to be rapidly acquired and installed.

Figure 6: SA Ranges and Training Areas connected to EDP and the ADF Simulation Centre

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Benefi ts to Defence of linking the Defence training areas and complexes across SA include:

• A ‘fi rst of kind’ opportunity to construct a permanent, fully integrated, LVC environment for training activities in Australia.

• The ability to include training with equipment that, otherwise, may not be available to users of the training area e.g. Close Air Support, supporting fi res, UAV information feeds.

• Reduce the cost of live ammunitions, travel (not everyone needs to be in the same location) and salaries, equipment

cost/hour or cost/kilometre and equipment maintenance.

3. Autonomous, Unmanned and Robotic SystemsThe Army’s Future Land Operating Concept (2009) considered the increased use of unmanned vehicles which can ‘can fl y autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or non-lethal payload’8. Their value is reinforced in the Defence White Paper 2013; ‘Unmanned systems offer several advantages. More platforms can be acquired per dollar invested, they are stealthy, have signifi cant range and endurance, carry an extensive sensor payload, and their operation reduces risk to personnel’.9

The Future Logistics Concept 2035 similarly states that Defence is required to embrace emerging technologies such as autonomous systems, and it is likely Government will continue to expect Defence to maintain a capability edge through early adoption of emerging technologies.10

Autonomous equipment is defi ned as independent; self-contained; self-suffi cient; self-governing11 with an autonomous vehicle being one which “uses artifi cial intelligence, sensors and global positioning system coordinates to drive itself without the active intervention of a human operator."12

While Defence is not considering the use of autonomous ground vehicles in the near future, it is considered likely that the emergence of newer systems that employ ‘follow-me’, waypoint and remote-driver technologies, in particular, will be integrated into the ADF by the 2040 timeframe. Such technologies can allow vehicles to follow in a convoy that may have only one driver, or no drivers at all, as Unmanned Ground Vehicle technology has started to mimic UAV technology.

The SA Government is seeking to make Adelaide a showcase for autonomous technology, pledging to examine the concept of autonomous vehicles on local roads13 with the initial concept being backed by the Federal Government to improve safety, reduce congestion, lower emissions and assist people with mobility issues.14

In the U.S., a joint program between the Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) and Lockheed Martin has seen the development of the Autonomous Mobility Appliqué System (AMAS). In the latest demonstration, seven military trucks traveling at speeds up to 40 mph in a driverless line-haul convoy used Global Positioning System (GPS), Light Detecting Radar (LIDAR) systems, Automotive Radio Detection and Ranging (Automotive RADAR) and commercially available automotive sensors in order to make the system affordable.15,16

The Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), in support of the United States Marine Corps (USMC), is developing low-cost electro-optical (EO) perception, localization, and path planning algorithms for autonomous (driverless) vehicle operation in austere/harsh off-road environments, without dependence on GPS. The Small Unit Mobility Enhancement Technology (SUMET) Program aims to increase the platform capability and affordability of Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) enabling technologies by focusing on camera-based perception for full-size tactical vehicles. The SUMET architecture is designed to be open, modular, scalable, allow for rapid realization of additional autonomous behaviours and the use of various sensor modalities.17,18

Reducing the load on dismounted warfi ghters has become a major point of emphasis for defence research and development. Developments in the US and Israel have led to, respectively, rough-terrain robots designed to go anywhere soldiers go while carrying their load and a 4×4 robotic logistic carrier with a 250 kg payload capacity capable of following an infantry team on rough terrain using a ‘follow-me’ function. U.S. industry-produced, high mobility, six wheel, all-terrain autonomous vehicles have been deployed to Afghanistan since late 2011.

UAV technology advances in the U.S. are currently being led by the US Offi ce of Naval Research (ONR). In April 2015, ONR completed technology demonstrations with swarming unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as part of the Low-Cost UAV Swarming Technology (LOCUST) program. Conceived for maritime defensive operations, a tube-based launcher sends


UAVs into the air in rapid succession then, through information-sharing between the UAVs, autonomous collaborative behaviour in either defensive or offensive missions can be enabled. The swarming demonstration showcased nine different UAVs accomplishing completely autonomous UAV synchronization and formation fl ight.19

The demonstrations also included the launch of Coyote UAVs, which are approximately 1m in length, weigh 5-6 kg, have a cruising airspeed of 60 knots, are able to be launched and operate at altitudes up to 6 000 m and can provide 90 minutes of ISR collection.20

Figure 7: Autonomous Aerial, Ground and Hybrid Vehicles

The increased use of UAVs for maritime operations, Army and RAAF surveillance and reconnaissance activities, as noted previously from the capabilities to be introduced into service, will require increased training for UAV operators and support systems. While the air-space requirements for operator training differ across the three Services, Defence does not currently have a single location for training UAV operators and analysts in a joint environment. Consideration should therefore be given to consolidation of Defence’s UAV training within a dedicated training centre in South Australia.

Defence does not currently have a single location for training UAV operators and analysts in a joint environment.

Hybrid systems are also emerging with multiple potential uses, including casualty evacuation. In 2010, a US company patented technology for a fi rst-of-its-kind hybrid aircraft–ground vehicle capable of vertical take-off and landing. The vehicle design is highly modular for a wide variety of payloads including a drive-train unit that allows it drive like a ground vehicle. It has a payload capacity of over 450 kg or fi ve passengers with a 250 nm range or, when confi gured without the ground drivetrain, the aircraft can carry up to 725 kg of payload or eight passengers. The aircraft will cruise at a speed of 130 knots, and can drive at up to 70 mph. The prototype passed initial testing and commenced testing in detail in late 2014. The company is now developing an autonomous modular version capable of delivering a payload of 1600kg in a detachable cargo pod, travel at up to 200 knots, or hover for more than 10 hours carrying a 70 kg ISR payload.21,22,23

Australia does not have a centre for the development of autonomous or robotic systems for non-industrial use.


However the opportunity exists for Defence to utilise SA as a prime site for:

• Technology development through exploiting existing university and industry links.

• Test and evaluation of technologies and products as a part of the SA Land Combat Systems Precinct.

• Field test and evaluation of ground, aerial and maritime autonomous vehicles for both military and non-military use.

• Development in related areas such as autonomous targets.

Defence SA should also look to exploit the linkages with DSTO and its previous work with the Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge (MAGIC) in 2010. Held as a joint activity with TARDEC, this challenge demonstrated new advances in robotics technology and the potential for the deployment of such technologies in combat zones.

The latest major international robotics challenge, held in California in June 2015 by the U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), was to develop robots capable of assisting humans in responding to natural and man-made disasters. Robots involved in this Finals challenge were required to drive and egress a vehicle, open a door, turn a valve, negotiate rubble and stairs, cut through a wall using a cordless drill and other surprise situations.

However, DARPA does not plan to continue with the robotics challenge beyond the 2015 Finals event. The opportunity now exists for SA host an international activity that will continue the effort and draw attention to the State as a leader of advanced research in robotics, unmanned and autonomous aerial and ground vehicles or underwater vessels (UUV/AUV). Such an approach could provide a catalyst for industry development and the fi eld testing and evaluation of different products.

Test and evaluation of products in this fi eld normally requires relatively isolated areas for companies to use; unhindered by local population, other companies, fl ight paths, or electronic interference, yet with good access to communications, transport routes, medical and other support facilities. The areas to the north and west of the expanded CUTA provide ideal options for fi eld test and evaluation of autonomous, unmanned and robotic aerial and ground vehicles and equipment for those which do not require, or cannot access, Woomera.

Access to the Spencer Gulf adjacent to CUTA also provides an ideal maritime training area for UUV/AUV connected to the joint environment. The potential to expand the submarine acoustic test range, known as the South Australian Exercise Area (SAXA), to include instrumented testing for other marine vessels should also be considered.

Defence SA should therefore consider:

• Establishing a centre for autonomous, unmanned and robotic systems within the Land Combat Systems Precinct.

• Hosting an event similar to DARPA’s international robotics challenge to draw attention to the State as a leader of advanced research.

• Encouraging the use of CUTA and the adjacent areas for the development, test and evaluation of autonomous aerial and ground vehicles and maritime vessels.

• Examining with Defence the opportunity to establish a UAV/UGV training centre in South Australia, utilising the Edinburgh Defence Precinct, CUTA and the Woomera Range Complex.


• Visibility of, and access to, emerging technologies that have the potential to improve soldier survivability through improved surveillance and reconnaissance technologies, as well as removing soldiers from unnecessary risk in an area of operation.

• Greater input to the development of equipment that utilise autonomous technologies through having greater interaction with the developers.

• Reduced time from concept to development.


4. Further enlargement for increased training, test and evaluationThe expanded CUTA, if developed over the next ten years, will serve the ADF well for training in a conventional sense using current equipment. However, the introduction into service of new equipment will deliver new capabilities will demand more training space. Additionally, more training options will be required to meet evolving threat scenarios over the next 25 years and therefore greater fl exibility for reconfi guration will also be required so that exercise participants are challenged.

CUTA currently offers limited training options for:

• the amphibious assault ships, lodgment of the amphibious battle group and ongoing logistics-over-the-shore operations;

• the increased air-space requirements for UAVs for use by RAN, Army and RAAF;

• ‘mega city’ training scenarios;

• trial, test and evaluation areas for the planned introduction of autonomous and unmanned systems;

• future weapon systems, including Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters (ARH) and guided artillery, to engage targets at their maximum range.

Several options could be considered by Defence SA to offer the ADF greater options for training development out to 2040 which overcome these identifi ed shortfalls. These include:

• Provide alternative amphibious landing sites with a land-link to the expanded training area (e.g. via the area to the south of the Whyalla-Iron Knob Road). This could be achieved through the purchase or lease of the land to the south and west of Whyalla Airport.

• Build a Roll-On/Roll-Off facility for use by the ADF (and potentially mining companies) in the vicinity of Whyalla (or to the South) as an amphibious landing site option that mitigates damage to the shoreline.

• Re-role and develop defunct power station sites as a ’mega city’ urban training environment for Defence use; a site adjacent to CUTA which enables entry via beach landing craft, air or land for training purposes (see Figure 8 below).

• Enhance the training opportunities for UAV training, engagement of targets at maximum ranges by ARH and artillery, as well as the test and evaluation autonomous, unmanned and robotic ground and aerial systems through the purchase or lease of the land to the west of Iron Knob.

Figure 8: Power stations close to CUTA



• A world class multi-use defence training area in Australia.

• Alternative areas to train for amphibious landings and over-the-shore logistics support.

• A continuous training area from beach site to training area to large urban training cities.

• Areas to use larger weapon systems at maximum range to west of Iron Knob, further away from the highways and populated areas.

• Larger areas to develop skills and processes for the use of unmanned ground and aerial vehicles.

• An additional challenging ’mega city’ urban training environment in the re-roled power station that offers multiple modes of entry.

5. An Enhanced Equipment Pool for the Army ReservesThe previous report, Army Presence in South Australia: Maintaining the Momentum (2012), recommended supporting Army in establishing an Enhanced Equipment Pool (EEP) of heavy vehicles and equipment, potentially at the Baxter site within CUTA (Recommendation 12). Army has been clear that there are no plans at this stage for Regular units to permanently base equipment at Cultana, with on-site maintenance provided by a civilian contractor and units rotating onto the equipment for use during exercise periods.

It has been observed, however, that Army Reserve Brigades around Australia do not have the same access to training areas, nor the required quantity of vehicles and equipment, as the Combat Brigades with which they are ‘paired’ under PLAN Beersheba. While there are plans to link equipment entitlements for Army Reserve Brigades to their phase in Army’s Force Generation Cycle, the maintenance liability that accompanies the ownership of equipment will reduce the time available for training activities.

Linked to this issue is the limited access to areas for training Combat Teams and Battle Groups in both Western Australia (11th Brigade), Victoria (4th Brigade) and Southern New South Wales (a part of 5th Brigade). Access to training areas in these regions are dominated by higher priority units such as SASR (WA), and the Combined Arms Training Centre (Puckapunyal).

CUTA, and in particular the original portion, is ideal for training Army Reserve elements up to Battle Group level. However the availability of equipment, time and cost of movement of large numbers of heavy protected vehicles, surveillance vehicles, logistics vehicles and engineering equipment, as well as night vision equipment, body armour, etc. all restrict the use of Cultana for training by Army Reserve units.

The creation of an Enhanced Equipment Pool at Cultana for use by Army Reserve units, initially including those from SA, Western Australia and Victoria (but able to be expanded to New South Wales and Queensland), presents a logical solution to a current problem within Army.

Army is already considering this for some equipment types to meet the needs of the Force Generation Cycle. However, with the Victorian-based 4th Brigade and the South Australian-based 9th Brigade moving into their Ready Phase with the 1st Brigade from July 2016, establishing a vehicle pool for Cultana now can set the parameters for on-going pooling of equipment in South Australia.

One option for location of the Enhanced Equipment Pool could be the El Alamein camp (based at the old Baxter Detention Centre), as proposed in the previous report. However, the current plan for a new, more central, Range Control facility in the vicinity of the previous Tregalana Homestead site may isolate the El Alamein camp. Establishing an equipment pool with the new range control facility may be a more suitable option.

Another option may be to create a pool of equipment at a contractor maintenance facility in the Whyalla industrial area, adjacent to a proposed new railway siding for the loading/unloading of military equipment. Although vehicle movement by rail would be minimal if an EEP was established for ARES equipment in that vicinity, the location provides a number of benefi ts related to security and access to the training area. Any concerns relating to increased travel time by Reservists (to access equipment at El Alamein versus additional travel time to Whyalla) could be easily overcome through the contractors pre-positioning equipment in the northern or central camp when required.


Figure 9: Draft Sector Map of the Expanded Cultana Training Area

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Locating pooled equipment in Whyalla enables ease of access to the southern entry points of the original training area (identifi ed on recent planning maps as Sectors 1, 2 and 3) and the area below the Whyalla–Iron Knob Road (Sectors 8 and 9); all of which is highly suitable for training activities by Reserve units. Whyalla also provides good access to the southern areas of the training area to the east and west of the Lincoln Highway.

The increased use of CUTA by Army Reserve units from Western Australia and Victoria would initially see around 3,000 soldiers in the area for 16 days once or twice per year. However, the fi nancial benefi ts to Defence of establishing an equipment pool for ARES units could be more easily demonstrated if Defence SA worked with Defence to establish a cost baseline. The capture of data from Defence from the conduct of Exercise Hamel in 2016 involving the 1st, 4th and 9th Brigades, 6th Brigade (CS&ISTAR), 16th Aviation Brigade and 17th CSS Brigade should be considered. This would assist in determining the costs of transporting equipment to support the Reserve Forces for the exercise as well as enable a range of economic impact assessments on SA, from which a more detailed cost/benefi t analysis could be developed.


• EEPs will provide all Reserve units with the equipment they need, in the right quantities, correctly maintained and available when required.

• Maximised training time for Reserve units, who are able to access equipment without having the maintenance liability.

• Permanent security available through the contractor’s facility.

• Reduced cost of transporting heavy equipment from Victoria, Western Australia Tasmania and SA for use by Army Reserve units.


6. Cyber network protection and assuranceAs Army develops as a modern, digitised, force - including the land-air and land-sea digital connections - enemy intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and electronic warfare will be employed against our forces across all domains including the cyber domain. Improved land networking, including network protection and assurance of Army’s cyber assets, will be essential to success on the battlefi eld.

Army has suggested that a Cyber Squadron may be raised to meet the demands of ensuring a secure digital environment for communications and Australia’s own surveillance and reconnaissance activities. South Australia could be an ideal location, given the potential to train and operate in a number of training areas across the State. There are likely to be linkages between a Cyber Squadron and 6th Brigade (CS&ISTAR); a Headquarters that could be attracted to SA in the future.

Cyber and Information Security within Defence is housed within the Australian Signals Directorate and is now co-located with the Attorney-General’s Department, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Australian Federal Police and Australian Crime Commission in Canberra under the umbrella of the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC). An inaugural CSC Conference was held in April 2015 bringing together leading cyber security experts from Australia and abroad to share their expertise, with over 700 attendees from the national and international information and communications technology (ICT) community.

The Australian Defence Magazine (ADM) held the 5th Annual Cyber Security Summit in June 2015, also in Canberra, at which the Service representatives discussed their desire to recruit IT staff with cyber security skills to help identify the threats within that environment and the means to protect the networks.

This employment model would be similar to the UK’s 2013 initiative to establish a Joint Cyber Reserve, under which operators were recruited even if they didn’t fi t the usual age or fi tness requirements. Whilst most of the UK units are geographically fi xed, some undertake mobile operations and therefore offer the opportunity to be employed at a variety of locations.24

Army’s forward-leaning view of recruitment of these specialists along similar lines to the UK will create a new pool of talent some of which would exist, or could be developed, within South Australia.

Additionally, the location of the Joint Electronic Warfare Operations Support Unit (JEWOSU) and its logical links to cyber security makes SA ideally positioned to host both a deployable Army Cyber Squadron and part (or all) of a Joint Cyber Reserve force. Defence SA should therefore raise these two opportunities with Defence and position the State to be viewed as an alternative venue for cyber network protection activities.

This strategy also links to instrumentation of the ranges, the LVC training environment, the use of big data in training and research, and the development, test and evaluation of autonomous vehicles.


• Existing facilities to support the Army Cyber Squadron and Joint Cyber Reserve.

• Permanently based close to the major training area to enabled linkage in training for operations.

• Close to DSTO for cutting-edge science and technology support.

• Close to JEWOSU to enable more posting opportunities within the same location.


7. Big data management‘Big data’, in Defence’s operational context, refers to the extremely large data sets collected from intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance activities and retained for the purposes of analysis to reveal patterns and trends, especially in a human behavioural sense. Beyond the actual collection of the data by Defence, data management and data analysis are the two main areas which offer potential leads for South Australian industry to develop in conjunction with Defence, including DSTO.

Data management is a broad practice that encompasses a number of data disciplines including data warehousing, data integration, data quality, data governance, content management, event processing, database administration, and many others.25 Effective analysis of open-source information may identify patterns of behaviour and therefore support ground troops, enhance planning and facilitate the propagation of lessons in real-time. The potential of big data analytics is emerging within Defence with more interest in practical systems like IBM's Watson or i2.26

Combining the efforts of DSTO, local universities and industry service providers offers the opportunity to partner with Defence to develop algorithms for the rapid distillation of patterns and behaviours from the available mass of data.

Additionally, Defence does not currently have the ability to readily develop training scenarios which involve ‘big data’ that adequately prepare analysts for operations. One issue being faced by all owners of ‘big data’ is the facilities required to store and manage the data for training. The size of the data is likely to require at least a ‘Tier 3’ facility. Options for Defence could include utilising a recently announced data storage centre at Edinburgh Parks Precinct27 as the initial test case for storage, security and retrieval of ‘big data’ for analysis, training and use in exercise scenarios.

Promoting an enhanced and integrated CUTA that includes storage and data management for the use of ‘big data’, both during exercise periods and on an on-going basis, would further raise the profi le the training area and attract investment by Defence and industry.


• Defence has an active partner in Defence SA in developing enhanced data storage and management systems and analysis for intelligence purposes.

• Opportunity to link training activities with available ‘big data’ storage facilities.

• Opportunities for collaboration with universities, industry and DSTO to develop advanced analytics to meet the needs of Defence.

• Ability to undertake training scenarios which include the use of ‘big data’ and prepare analysts for operations.

8. A scalable ‘actor’ force for realistic trainingA scalable acting force, as proposed in Building on Beersheba: The future Army, which can constitute a realistic opposing force, local population, or friendly forces would add realism to training exercise scenarios. The ‘actors’ could be briefed on the scenarios in advance and then, potentially, be managed remotely from the Edinburgh Defence Precinct to deliver training effects against which the BLUE FORCE may be trained, tested and evaluated.

The ‘actor’ force could comprise a mixture of Regular Army and Reserve personnel, civilian contractors and locally engaged casual labour to fulfi l any number of roles required by individual training scenarios. This model has already been used successfully by Army in other exercises in Townsville and at Shoalwater Bay Training Area; establishing such a force in SA also would further enhance the training experience. ‘Actors’ could be multi-skilled to also fi ll roles as operators within the simulation centre when an opposing RED FORCE or local population is not required for Live training activities.

The ‘actor’ force can be linked with the use of ‘big data’ and cyber activities to help build an even more competitive opposing force or create the atmosphere of an active local population.

The concept of an ‘actor’ force would also deliver local employment opportunities and benefi t providers of services for Defence visitors from interstate. Importantly it would provide further attraction for the ADF to SA as a preferred training location with a realistic, learning and competitive opposing force for training exercises.



• More realistic training in a contested and complex environment, mimicking what is likely to be encountered on operations.

• A permanent or semi-permanent force which could be structured to meet various training scenarios.

• A team which can be equipped in location, knows the ground better than the visiting force and can exploit knowledge

and technology.

9. Industry support for innovation and asset managementThe development of the training area over the next 25 years will introduce technologies and assets which will be diffi cult for Defence to maintain and manage from within existing human resources or budgets.

Support from industry asset managers, equipment suppliers and maintainers – either close to CUTA or from the Edinburgh Defence Precinct - will enable Defence to focus on training outcomes as well as build the Defence-industry partnerships that will still be required when the ADF deploys.

As the training area design and development matures over time, accompanied by an increase in use due to what an enhanced and integrated CUTA offers, developing detailed plans for scheduled maintenance and upgrades to both fi xed and mobile assets will become paramount, so that training activities are not adversely impacted.

As noted previously within this report, more equipment will be shared across the total force under Army’s Plan Beersheeba, depending on a unit’s required state of readiness under the Force Generation Cycle. This will put further pressure on units to spend time on maintenance of equipment at the end of a force generation phase prior to equipment handover; time that could be spent on other training activities.

Providing industry support in the management of both fi xed and mobile assets could deliver improvements in equipment availability and allow Defence elements more time for training. Planning these activities together can deliver cost savings across individual fl eets, as well as across the entire training area management program.

Industry within South Australia already has the capacity and capability to enable asset data aggregation and display, through a Common Working Environment or ‘dashboard’, so that scheduling maintenance activities to ensure training activities are not disrupted or degraded. Further savings can be realised through prioritisation across a broader range of equipment types and clearer understanding of the condition of the total assets under management can be made available.

The coordination of the management of assets at other training areas or complexes within South Australia could also be included, in particular those which are operated and maintained by industry partners. This would enable more effi cient use of the available areas. For example, when one area has restricted use for maintenance or environmental recovery, this can be quickly notifi ed to user-units and alternatives can be easily identifi ed.

Consolidation of the information from industry representatives and Defence would deliver a single point of ‘truth’; housing all the required data in one location and able to display, via a ‘dashboard’, all scheduled training activities as well as which assets may be off-line for maintenance, up-grade or replacement. All relevant information may be accessible to those who require it through a web-portal so that interstate users of the training area, or those who have management requirements, can view the common information.


• Ability to access innovations in technologies from industry, synergise support to projects and coordinate total asset management from a single location.

• A single point of truth for asset management and maintenance requirements, available via a ‘dashboard’ for all those who require access.

• Improved visibility of information relating to the requirements for the scheduled maintenance of fi xed and mobile assets.


• Ability to prioritise maintenance, up-grades, environmental recovery etc. for the most effi cient use of all training areas without adversely impacting training exercises.

• Ability to budget appropriately for maintenance of fi xed and mobile assets, system or facility upgrades, etc.

10. An SA Military Training Operations Control CentreDefence is already required to manage safety, environmental, indigenous and heritage issues for CUTA along with asset and utilities management and access control. Trials, test and evaluation of new equipment such as the Land 400 CRV will also compete for access to training areas used by joint forces preparing for operations.

Each of these is currently managed by different elements within Defence including the Army Headquarters, Forces Command, Land Simulation Centre, the Directorate of Training Area Management, the Defence Estate and Infrastructure Group, Defence Support and Reform Group, Joint Logistics Command, the Army Test and Evaluation Organisation and industry contractors. Within these Defence stakeholders, there are often different Sections managing individual policies and aspects that relate to Cultana and the other training areas with limited of what the others are planning or the potential impacts of their own activities.

Integrating control of these existing aspects with new project areas such as LVC training design and management, unmanned and autonomous vehicle test and evaluation, management of the Equipment Pool for the Reserves, facilities and asset usage planning, cyber and ‘big data’ management within training, etc. can deliver the most effective and most effi cient use of CUTA.

An Adelaide-based control centre, or SA Military Training Operations Control Centre (SAMTOCC), could be located within the planned Land Combat Systems Precinct at Edinburgh and provide a common picture for all planners, exercise management and programmed development and maintenance activities.

The SAMTOCC could also be used to coordinate industry involvement in the development, test and evaluation of equipment and components across all training areas and complexes within the State, not just CUTA. This would increase

Figure 10: Centralised command centre to be located in the land combat systems centre


the availability and usability of all activities and allow for the dynamic switching of activities as land, air space or maritime areas become available across the State.


• Centralised control from a modern operations centre, with oversight of range and training area bookings, facilities management, land use, access for indigenous and utilities management personnel, environment and heritage management.

• Improved and environmentally sustainable use of training areas and facilities.

• Ability to coordinate planning of other activities e.g. system upgrades, road/rail movements, coordination with civilian police, equipment trials, test and evaluations with industry, etc.

• More effi cient training time for the soldiers through improved availability of the training areas.


1. Integrated Supporting InfrastructureIn order to realise the potential of the vision for a fully integrated, reconfi gurable, adaptable and scalable training area that remains fi t-for-purpose out to and beyond 2040, a number of supporting infrastructure works should be considered and supported in the State’s planning.

• Work with Defence planners to develop a number of alternative landing sites to compliment CUTA, drawing attention to the versatility of South Australia as the preferred alternative option for Amphibious Task Group training.

• Develop a Roll-On/Roll-Off facility and railway siding at Techport to enable the new amphibious assault ships to dock and load/unload in Adelaide prior to utilisation of railway transport to move equipment to CUTA.

• A railway spur or access to an intermodal site near the Edinburgh Defence Precinct to enable loading or armoured, mechanised and protected vehicles for movement to the training area.

• A railway siding in the vicinity of the Whyalla industrial park capable of handling armoured, mechanised and protected vehicles.

• Road and infrastructure crossing points or underpasses to facilitate vehicle movement across the Lincoln Highway at the northern end of the training area and on the Whyalla-Iron Knob road in the vicinity of the proposed Combined Arms Firing Range.

• Develop a Roll-On/Roll-Off facility for use by the ADF in the vicinity of Whyalla, or to the south, as an amphibious landing site option that mitigates damage to the shoreline.

2. Integrated community supportThe second order effects of several key enablers should also be considered. The involvement of local communities can contribute to a sense of attachment the location of military units and activities; engendering pride and acceptance and providing a visual affi rmation of the claim to be ‘The Defence State’.

Mining activities in Iron Knob and Iron Barron have delivered broader economic effects for the communities of Port Augusta and Whyalla, while the presence of whales contribute to tourism for towns such as Ceduna in SA and Warrnambool in Victoria. Similarly, the presence of a large, year-round military training area with anticipated high usage rates by the newest military vehicles, provides another opportunity for local industries to benefi t from increased tourism to the area to view these activities.

Army has already expressed a desire for greater community acceptance through benefi ts which fl ow as a result of ADF presence. The location of the combined arms fi ring range, fi ring points for artillery and practice areas for battle runs will be visible from the Whyalla-Iron Knob and the Iron Knob-Port Augusta Roads.

These can be leveraged as interest points for tourists and locals through simple and innovative concepts, such as roadside platforms to view military vehicles and equipment, including live fi ring by armoured vehicles. South Australia should therefore:

• Locate, with Army’s input, the best vantage points to view the planned Combined Arms Firing Range, artillery fi ring points and battle runs.

• Design and construct appropriate viewing platforms which contain information on vehicle types likely to be seen as well as environmental, heritage and indigenous management information.

• Install signage alerting drivers to the location of viewing platforms along the main roads (Whyalla-Iron Knob, Iron Knob-Port Augusta, and the Lincoln Highway between Port Augusta and Whyalla).

• Include information in tourism information at the Port Augusta and Whyalla Tourist Centres and on websites to encourage travelers to stay in the area longer.

The development of a railway siding in the vicinity of the Whyalla industrial park capable of handling armoured, mechanised and protected vehicles would also enable close-up viewing of Army’s equipment by tourists.

Similarly, the development of a commercial RV park and campsite capable of accommodating 100 people or more, on the northern edge of Whyalla closer to the training area, could combine the ‘military tourism’ concept with an opportunity to

Other considerations


host large numbers of soldiers close to the training area for major activities such as Exercise Hamel. A similar site may be suitable to the south of Whyalla if an alternative landing site for amphibious landing operations is identifi ed.


• Increased goodwill, understanding of Defence training requirements and activities, understanding of the work Defence undertakes in managing the environment, heritage and indigenous sites.

• Initial or overfl ow camp-site accommodation available for hire from a commercial or council provider would reduce pressure on the Major Facilities Projects budget.

• Opportunities for recruitment through igniting a passion for the ADF through seeing capabilities in action.

3. Project Management for future successThe development of a fully Integrated, Reconfi gurable, Adaptable and Scalable CUTA and the management of the other initiatives being undertaken by both Defence SA and the Commonwealth will be complex due to the multiple lines of approach and the importance of the linkages between them.

• Additional studies, which would enable full cost/benefi t analysis and the optimal structure for fi nance options to be considered, may also need to be undertaken. These should include studies for:

- the establishment of a centre to enable Live, Virtual and Constructive Training environment

- the establishment of a centre for autonomous, unmanned and robotic systems within the Land Combat Systems Precinct;

- the establishment of a UAV/UGV training centre in South Australia;

- the establishment of alternative amphibious landing sites;

- the re-use of the power stations adjacent to CUTA;

- the integration of military activities into the tourism opportunities in South Australia;

- the establishment of a SA Military Training Operations Coordination Centre with the ability to coordinate information from multiples sources (industry partners and Defence) to enable a single point of truth for all activities related to activities to be conducted at CUTA as well as other complexes across SA.

Defence SA should therefore consider appointing a Project Offi cer to support both SA and the Commonwealth in the development of CUTA to be a world-class integrated, reconfi gurable, adaptable and scalable training area in 2040.

Other considerations


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The military training areas of the British, German, U.S., Dutch and Jordanian forces provide the greatest comparison with the potential for the training areas and complexes in South Australia between 2015 and 2040. The following training areas were considered for their purpose, development and suitability for joint operations:

• British Army Training Unit Suffi eld (BATUS) in Canada;

• German Army Battle Simulation Centre (GÜZ);

• United States’ Muscatatuck Urban Training Centre (MUTC), Indiana;

• United States’ Camp Blanding Joint Training Center, Florida;

• United States’ Fort Irwin National Training Center (NTC), California;

• United States’ Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia;

• United States’ Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC), 29 Palms, California;

• Jordan’s King Abdullah Special Operations Training Center (KASOTC);

• Royal Netherlands Army, Marnehuizen.

The case studies revealed a strong emphasis on training in urban terrain for current operations, with the integration of simulation and laser engagement systems with live fi re and manoeuvre to create a realistic and demanding training environments, including human complexities within training scenarios. Some of the U.S. training centres have taken the human aspects to very realistic levels, with live markets, vehicles and communications systems all operating in ‘real time’. Some role players are amputee war veterans who fi ll roles as blast victims in scenarios. However it is noted that none of the training areas were able to incorporate training for amphibious battle group operations.

Other nations' military training areas

Figure 12: Images of amputees participating in an ambush scenario28

The training areas most similar to Cultana in size (210,000 hectares) are shown below:

• British Army Training Unit Suffi eld (BATUS) in Canada – 296,000 hectares,

• Fort Irwin, the US Army’s National Training Centre in California – 260,000 hectares, and

• Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Centre (29 Palms) in California – 241,000 hectares


Figure 13: German Army's Battle Simulation Centre (Guz)29

Figure 14: Images of KASOTC, Jordan30

Jordan’s purpose-built, state of the art King Abdullah Special Operations Training Centre (KASOTC) is considered to be the most advanced special operations training complex in the world. This is due to the design, number of scenarios able to be developed around the facilities, and the instrumentation and recording equipment to enable complete after-action reviews.

The study concludes that these training areas would compare with the capabilities currently planned for CUTA. However, none of these overseas facilities extend to the vision for an integrated, reconfi gurable, adaptable and scalable CUTA proposed in this report.

While smaller is size and built for purpose, the training areas in Germany (GUZ) and the Netherlands (Marnehuizen) are also very well established. GUZ also has highly integrated civilian contractors to prepare and maintain all of the equipment and systems as well as providing opposing forces, assisting with exercise control and the management of after-action reviews.


ConclusionThe plans within Navy, Army and Air Force for their respective future force development, including equipment acquisition, the integration of live, virtual and constructive training environments, the exploitation of emerging technologies, greater demands for equipment availability and the desire to immerse large forces in realistic and challenging training environments, all indicate a unique opportunity for the CUTA to become the premier training area for the ADF and, potentially, the best in the world.

The vision for the development of CUTA until 2040 proposes a series of interconnected project areas, each linked to Cultana and each other. This approach will create the conditions for increased development, potential for further expansion of the training area, increased presence of Defence personnel (either permanently based in SA or visiting for longer periods of training) and a commensurate increase in industry presence and involvement.

Initial RecommendationsThe following recommendations are shown with the area of development to which they relate.

Instrumentation for greater training fl exibility

Recommendation 1. Defence SA examines, with Defence, the follow-on RPDE activity to investigate options for Army’s short and long term requirements to modernise ranges, targetry and simulation.

Recommendation 2. Defence SA encourages, within Defence, the development of the training area as an ‘instrumented range’ which would enable more fl exible training scenarios in the same training area, allow more freedom of action for force elements, is environmentally responsible and is able to be linked to virtual and constructive simulation systems.

Recommendation 3. Defence SA increases focus, over time, on instrumented ranges and target systems at conferences in SA that include Defence.

Development of Live, Virtual and Constructive Training environment

Recommendation 4. Defence SA examines, with Defence, the specifi c infrastructure and technologies required for increased LVC development and implementation in SA i.e. options to enable connectivity to the Defence Wide Area Network so that the pathway to an LVC environment is established early.

Recommendation 5. Defence SA seeks a partnership between Defence and SA industry to develop a ‘fi rst of kind’, permanent Live, Virtual and Constructive Training environment for training activities in Australia.

Recommendation 6. Defence SA seeks for the SA to become a centre of excellence for system interoperability and persistent connectivity, by enabling data exchange between individual systems acquired separately but now needing to work together.

Recommendation 7. Defence SA continues and expands the presence and infl uence of SA at conferences such as SimTecT so that the linkages to SA as an ideal technology development, test and evaluation location for Defence are evident.

Autonomous, Unmanned and Robotic systems

Recommendation 8. Defence SA examines with Defence the opportunity to establish a UAV/UGV training centre in South Australia, utilising the Edinburgh Defence Precinct, CUTA and the Woomera Range Complex.

Recommendation 9. Defence SA seeks to host a major international activity similar to DARPA’s international robotics challenge for autonomous and robotic vehicles to expand the image of SA as a leader of advanced research.

Recommendation 10. Defence SA seeks to establish a centre for autonomous, unmanned and robotic systems within the Land Combat Systems Precinct.

Recommendation 11. Defence SA seeks partnerships and alliances with international leading developers of aerial, marine, ground and hybrid autonomous vehicles and robots to showcase their technologies in Australia.

Recommendation 12. Defence SA seeks to builds stronger linkages between SA industry, universities, DSTO and Defence to solve problems encountered at the soldier level through the application of new technologies.

Conclusions and recommendations


Recommendation 13. Defence SA seeks to attract industries to test and evaluate equipment in South Australia through promoting the land combat systems centre and the suitability of the areas to the south and west of the expanded CUTA.

Further enlargement for increased training, test and evaluation

Recommendation 14. Defence SA actively participates in workshops with Defence which explore alternative beach landing sites for the disembarkation of forces and equipment from the amphibious assault ships

Recommendation 15. Defence SA actively assist in planning and enabling linking the two main training areas either sides of the Lincoln Highway and the Whyalla-Iron Knob Road.

Recommendation 16. Defence SA considers building a Roll-On/Roll-Off facilities for use by the ADF at Techport as well as in the vicinity of Whyalla, as an amphibious landing site option that mitigates damage to the shoreline.

Recommendation 17. SA favourably considers applications for access to land/areas, or changes in land use, which enable the ADF to conduct movements from a beachhead south of Whyalla onto CUTA.

Recommendation 18. Defence SA promotes the use by Defence of areas to the north and west of Iron Knob for test and evaluation of semi-autonomous and autonomous ground and aerial systems.

An Enhanced Equipment Pool for ARES Training

Recommendation 19. Defence SA encourages Army to establish equipment pools for Army Reserve units from Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria.

Recommendation 20. Defence SA engages with Defence to capture data from the conduct of Exercise Hamel in 2016 to assess the number of vehicles brought into the state to support Reserve training as well as enable an economic impact assessment on SA.

Recommendation 21. Defence SA conducts further detailed cost/benefi t analysis to illustrate the feasibility and benefi ts of an enhanced equipment pool for ARES training and establish the optimal site.

Cyber network protection and assurance

Recommendation 22. Defence SA examines the potential with Army to establish a Cyber Squadron in South Australia.

Recommendation 23. Defence SA examines the potential for the establishment of a Joint Cyber Reserve unit in South Australia.

Recommendation 24. Defence SA actively participates in and potentially sponsors future ACSC conferences in Canberra.

Recommendation 25. Defence SA engages Defence to understand more fully the potential enablers (infrastructure, networks, locations, etc.) that would assist the location of cyber network protection in South Australia.

Big data management

Recommendation 26. Defence SA position Edinburgh Defence Precinct and the Edinburgh Parks Precinct as a hub for exploring the development and integration of automated data analysis systems for ‘big data’ may best deliver the intelligence edge on the battlefi eld.

Recommendation 27. SA hosts and promotes seminars on ‘big data’ management and analysis that include Defence presentations and personnel attending.

A scalable ‘actor’ force for realistic training

Recommendation 28. Defence SA examines the potential with Defence to establish a scalable group of ‘actors’ in SA to constitute an opposing force or local population for use on Exercises.

Industry support for innovation and asset management

Recommendation 29. Defence SA examines with Defence the potential to develop a cohesive and coordinated approach to all asset management (permanent, semi-permanent and mobile).


A SA Military Training Operations Control Centre

Recommendation 30. Defence SA proposes that a central training control centre (SAMTOCC), operating from within the land combat systems precinct, is the most effective method of providing a focal point to support, develop and manage the training areas, equipment and industry across the State.

Recommendation 31. Defence SA includes within the SAMTOCC the ability to coordinate information from multiples sources (industry partners and Defence) to enable a single point of truth for all activities related to activities to be conducted at Cultana as well as other complexes across SA.

Recommendation 32. Defence SA promotes the linkages between an Adelaide-based centralised control centre and a Live, Virtual and Constructive hub, cyber network assurance, big data management, and the transition of autonomous/unmanned/robotic test and evaluation activities.

Further Recommendations

It is further recommended that:

• Defence SA undertake further studies for:

- the establishment of a centre to enable Live, Virtual and Constructive Training environment;

- the establishment of a centre for autonomous, unmanned and robotic systems within the Land Combat Systems Precinct;

- the establishment of a UAV/UGV training centre in South Australia;

- the establishment of a SA Military Training Operations Coordination Centre with the ability to coordinate information from multiples sources (industry partners and Defence) to enable a single point of truth for all activities related to activities to be conducted at Cultana as well as other complexes across SA;

- the re-use of the power stations adjacent to CUTA;

- the integration of military activities into the tourism opportunities in South Australia.

• Due to the complexity of the multiple line of approach and development of the optimal structure for fi nance options, it is recommended that Defence SA appoint a Project Offi cer to support both SA and the Commonwealth in the future development of CUTA as an integrated, reconfi gurable, adaptable and scalable training area.

• Defence SA be prepared to showcase to Defence, as part of the ADF build-up to Exercise Hamel 2016, their vision for an Integrated, Reconfi gurable, Adaptable and Scalable CUTA that incorporates the vision and concepts contained in this study report.

• Planning commence for the capture of data to enable an economic impact assessment on SA from the conduct of Exercise Hamel in 2016 involving the 1st , 4th and 9th Brigades, 17th CSS Brigade and 6th Brigade (CS&ISTAR). These exercises will occur every 2-3 years, understanding the economic benefi ts, as well as identifying the service shortfalls from the 2016 activity, will help SA deliver improved services when hosting major Defence activities into the future.

• Defence SA continue to explore options of relocating elements of 1st Brigade, such as the 1st Armoured Cavalry Regiment, to Horseshoe Barracks

• Defence SA continue to examine the potential for relocation to Adelaide of HQ 6th Brigade, 20 STAR and Army EW capabilities. Supporting the redevelopment of other areas, such as Keswick Barracks, for use by Headquarter elements of relocating units e.g. Headquarters 6th CS&ISTAR Brigade, and Woodside Barracks for the remainder of the 6th Brigade should also be included in the considerations.

• Defence SA pursue the relocation of the Army Knowledge Group (the Land Simulation Centre, Centre for Army Lessons, Army Learning Production Centre and the Land Doctrine Centre) to Adelaide to support the establishment of Live, Virtual and Constructive training environment, based in South Australia.


Appendix1: Persons Interviewed

Air Commodore Stephen Meredith

Commander Aerospace Operational Support Group

Colonel Chris Smith

Director of Plans - Army

Army Headquarters

LTCOL Glen Billington

SO1 Infrastructure

Army Headquarters

Group Captain Arndell (Guy) Adams

Director of Combat Capability

Air Force

Commander Pat O’Brien

Commanding Offi cer Navy Headquarters – South Australia

Mr Kael Da Costa

Environment and Training Area Manager

Army Headquarters

Mr John Viskic

Business Development Manager

BAE Systems

Mr Mike Stow

Head of Business Development

Rheinmetall Simulation Australia Pty Ltd

Mr Michael Hartas

Business Development Manager – SA

QinetiQ

Mr Chris Burns

CEO Defence Teaming Centre


Appendix1: Persons Interviewed

1. http://www.defence.gov.au/id/cultana%5Cdefault.asp

2. Tutty, M.G., 2015, The profession of arms in the Information Age: operational joint fi res capability preparedness in a small-world. www.maltutty.com / Contents

3. The US Army Operating Concept: Win in a complex world 2020-2040, TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, 2014

4. McKee, S., Capability for Net-centric Test and Training (CNCTT), Meeting the Challenges of Introducing Complex Capability Symposium, SETE, May 2010, Adelaide, SA

5. http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/capabilityplan2012.pdf

6. JP 3035 Phase 1 Initial Operating Capability is planned for 2017-2019

7. Adapted from McKee, S., Capability for Net-centric Test and Training (CNCTT), Meeting the Challenges of Introducing Complex Capability Symposium, SETE, May 2010, Adelaide, SA

8. Adaptive Campaigning 09 – Army’s Future Land Operating Concept

9. Defence White Paper 2013 para 8.29

10. VCDF, Future Logistics Concept 2035 para 6

11. Macquarie Dictionary www.macquariedictionary.com.au

12. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car

13. Adelaide Advertiser 5 May 2015 http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/treasurer-joe-hockey-asks-sa-for-a-list-of-infrastructure-ideas/story-fni6uo1m-1227335157420

14. Adelaide Advertiser 9 May 2015 http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/driverless-cars-a-step-closer- to-reality-in-sa-as-joe-hockey-approves-state-transport-plan/story-fni6uo1m-1227348696252

15. www.army.mil/article/128643/Second_Autonomous_Convoy_Demonstration_Completed_by_U_S__Army_TARDEC__Lockheed_Martin/

16. http://www.onr.navy.mil/

17. http://www.onr.navy.mil/

18. http://www.swri.org/4org/d10/isd/ivs/sumet.htm

19. Smalley, D. 2015, LOCUST: Autonomous,swarming UAVs fl y into the future, Offi ce of Naval Research Science and Technology (US), http://www.onr.navy.mil/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2015/LOCUST-low-cost-UAV-swarm-ONR.aspx

20. http://www.uavglobal.com/sensintel-coyote/

21. www.advancedtacticsinc.com

22. Warwick, G., 2014 Advaced Tactics’ VTOL Transformer in Flight, http://aviationweek.com

23. Mortimer, G. 2014, Advanced Tactics Unveils the AT Transformer: The Future of Roadable VTOL Aircraft and Modular Cargo Systems, www.suasnews.com

24. http://www.admevents.com.au/defence-conference/cyber-security-conference

25. Russom, P. ‘Managing Big Data’, TDWI Research, TDWI Best Practices Report, 4th Quarter, 2013

26. Lammiman, H. (LT) Falling Behind: Big data and the analysis race, Army Land Power Forum, 2015. www.army.gov.au

27. Adelaide Advertiser ‘IT gurus to build big data centre’ 16 June 2015 p25.

28. www. v-e-n-u-e.com

29. Rheinmetall-defence.com, N-tv.de, Pressbox.com

30. www.foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com, www.presagis.com

31. Google Earth and Google images

Endnotes

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