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CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN PLANNING

THE EXAMPLE OF MARSEILLE - FRANCE.

QUESTIONS OF A GENERAL INTEREST FOR THE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION

OF THE HISTORIC PATRIMONY



In parallel with the urban development and the evolution in terms of construction techniques, it is also important to take account of the interest of the landscape which is modified daily by human intervention: land clearance, constructions, demolition, housingestates, creation of infrastructures and installations, regrouping of land, rehabilitation of shop frontages, etc.



Each landscape has its own character which needs to be taken into account. The patrimonial preoccupations have become questions of general interest and local authorities have become the one of the guarantors of their protection and conservation. Since the end of the XVIIIth century until today, they have beendeveloped constantly:

QUESTIONS OF A GENERAL INTEREST FOR THE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF

THE HISTORIC PATRIMONY

- in two directions: diversification of the fields of interest and a more global approach: from the protection given to an isolated monument, to its surroundings, to the towns, the villages, the ancient districts, the sites and landscapes.

- in the objectives: from conservation and restoration to the rehabilitation, the adaptation to the new life of a protected element in order that it may become an economic and social cultural factor in our environment.

CLASSIFIED AND LISTED SITES OF THE VIEUX PORT

This plan shows those sites listed on the plots of the XIXth Century Land Registry. Superimposed is the mention of war damage and subsequent reconstruction which has modified the building stock and the current cadastral footprint.

SENSITIVE AREAS OF THE SEABOARD AND THE CITY CENTRE:ZONES FOR PROTECTION AROUND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS

The «zones for protection» are described within a radius of 500m around classified historical monuments or those listed in the Inventory of Historical Monuments and protected under the law of 23rd December 1913.

RADIOGRAPHY OF A CITYThe historic centre of Marseille

GEOCONCEPT 2004 computerised Cartography:In red: Existing monuments.In green: Monuments that have disappeared.In blue: The Napoleonic Land Registry.

ATLAS OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS IN THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF MARSEILLE

GEOCONCEPT 2004 computerised cartography:In red: Classified historic monuments listed in the Inventory of Historic Monuments and protected by the law of 23rd December 1913 and 2nd May 1930.In purple: The buildings of historical, aesthetic and picturesque interest, protected under the law of 29th December 1979 concerning advertising, insignias and signs.In yellow: Public buildings.In green: Historic monuments listed in the Inventory of Historic Monuments.

COMPUTERISED ATLAS OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE

The computerisation of data from the archaeological, architectural and urbanistic patrimony, used for both their qualitative as well as their quantitative aspect, constitutes the main base of an Atlas of the Patrimony.

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE A major element of a sustainable development documentExample No. 1: Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) and its surrounding area

The cartography of the city centre has been made at a scale of 1/500th, which provides the possibility of retrieval at different scales as well as the retrieval of information for use in development projects. Here the multiple buried networks and their emergence in the archaeological areas underground.

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE a major element of a sustainable development document

Example No. 2: Place des Accoules

Place des Accoules in the Panier district So as ensure the management of its territory, the City of Marseille has created a data base of cultural, historical, urbanistic and technical value. This data base, which concerns the whole city territory, is updated permanently.

This information enriched with specific data managed by each of the Municipal Services departments may be consulted by all these Services as well as by the Administrations which work on the municipal territory and represents a management tool for sustainable development.

Radiography of the siteThus the Place des Accoules appears on the topographical plan as a free and open space, but in reality, its underground area is encumbered with a great number of networks as well as the vestiges of ancient foundations such as those of the Eglise des Accoules of which only the bell-tower remains.

It is part of the real complex fabric of the ancient urban environment of a city the likes of Marseille.

1985-1998: CULTURAL HERITAGE AND NEW TECHNIQUES applied in Marseille

The Land Registry in a historical site and architectural mapping :The Saint-Victor church is the sole vestige of the large mediaeval abbey. Today, residential buildings occupy the site of the fortified precinct and outbuildings that of the former convent. The site which overlooks the Vieux Portis one of the city’s focal points and knowledge of its complexity is important.

Simultaneous reading :-The positioning of the mapping of the different levels of the monument provide a better understanding of its volume and provides information on its stability. The interpretation of the archaeological information (documents L.A.M.M - C.N.R.S – Aix en Provence) provides more comprehensive knowledge of the occupation of the site with particular evidence of the cohabitation between networks and archaeology.

The archaeological testimony :- In one of the towers of the Saint-Victor church, sepultures and a small building with a tiled roof are extremely imbricated. The photogrammetric survey (C.R.M.H Paris) exploited by archaeologists (L.A.M.M –C.N.R.S Aix en Provence) provides a digital image at 1/20th for the Atlas of the Patrimony.


The superposition of ancient plans allows further retrieval of former utilisations. It brings knowledge and understanding as a preliminary of any intervention in the city.

Example of research into ancient relics of the Domaine “Ventre”,in the Préfecture district (1800-2000).

red: built around 1827blue:water basinsgreen:unbuilt landgreen hachures:courtyards


Computerisation of archaeological data: the example of the Bourse (Stock Exchange) district

The archaeological dimension of a 2,600 year old city such as Marseille is exceptional thanks to the quality of the evidence; however, the absence of comprehensive publications on the archaeological digs at the Bourse, the Greek ramparts and the installations in the area of the antique port, made it necessary to glean information from the sparse articles available, to compile this synthetic document which has been drawn up solely from public information. This type of document is used as a basis for a project to enhance a site with respect for the existing environment.

purple:between 1st and 3rd centurygreen: 2nd century B. C.blue:4th century B. C.red:5th centurygrey:undetermined -medieval era


Archaeological site in the Panier district.

Insertion into the existing fabric in the course of transformation

In mauve:contemporary eraIn purple:modern era

In light blue:classical middle agesIn orange:early roman empire eraIn fushia:classical greek eraIn green:drillings


System of management concerning cultural heritage data (G.I.S. Geoconcept) Example in the hyper centre

A. METHODOLOGY:

- General centring of a preliminary study on a precise place.

- Analysis of the state of a building in its geographical, physical, human context and its historical dimension.

B. OBJECTIVES: Proposals for possible interventions in the urban environment.

C. TECHNIQUES IMPLEMENTED:

- Calibration of cadastral drawings or plans of different periods to locate the building and redraw it if necessary.

- Polling of the data base with formatted requests.

- Instantaneous response (automatic pointing of building concerned) and display of a mini file of synthetic information.

- Creation of hypertext links to complementary information (architect’s drawings, old or recent photographs, bibliography, historical sources, historical and genealogical notes of the proprietors).


System of management concerning cultural heritage data (G.I.S. Geoconcept) Example in the hyper centre

HISTORIC CITY CENTRE MANAGEMENT TOOL 1. DIAGNOSTIC METHOD, CONSTITUTION OF A “DATA BASE” AND INTERVENTION

IN A DISTRICT: EXAMPLE OF THE PANIER DISTRICT IN MARSEILLE

For 20 years, the city centre districts (Panier, Belsunce, Noailles, Opéra, Préfecture, Palais de Justice) as well as the Marseille village centres (Mazargues, Estaque, Saint Henri, Château Gombert) have each been the subject of a guide published to assist the maintenance work. It comprises:

- historical documentation on the urbanism and architecture of the district.

- diagnostic method: architectural surveys and structural disorders, typology of the facades and the shop frontages.

- analysis of facade materials: traditional finishes, stonework, natural cements, etc.

- research into the facade colourings.

- survey method and the constitution of a “data base”, of the graphic and cartographic representation.

- palette of facade colours: composition and nature of materials and techniques implemented.

- recommendations.

1A. Diagnostic method : Architectural survey and structural disorders

The facades themselves are of course the best sources of information on their current state and the graphic survey integrated in the photographic documentation is the most immediate and efficacious means to obtain a fair and finalised representation of the diagnosis for the restoration of the properties. The surveys and the diagnoses are, of course, carried out prior to the execution of work in order that an estimate may be established. They should nevertheless be precise in order that the various elements of the facade are clearly visible. The eventual disorders are indicated, as are cracks, micro-fissures, detached rendering, etc. which, thanks to their size are easily identifiable.

The drawings and photos need to be clear and precise in the case of facades with sculpted decor or trompe-l'œil effects, so that they may be restored identically when the bad general state requires the existing finish is completely removed. It is therefore important that the survey provides a detailed and comprehensive report of the state of the decor and the structural or superficial disorders.

1B. Typology of facades: architectural surveys and materials composing facades

It should be considered that each facade is unique from the point of view of the materials used (traditional render, stonework, natural cement), the technique or the state of conservation, it is, however, true that the typologies observed are limited in number given the multiple variants.

Various typologies of facades: engraving in the render with trompe-l'œil surroundings, in brickwork, in moulded cement work with slight relief and false stone finish with double open joints (last example).

1C. Data sheet of the current state of the facades

After having collected the data and taken samples, the colour survey is then carried out with the help of a computerised file to describe objectively the various colours observed. The “ MUNSELL code ”was used in association with the ISCC-NBS scientific colour denomination system.

Computer processing provides the possibility of describing the articulation of the decor in the most minute details and provides useful information for the rehabilitation work, once the historic or recent colour scheme of the neighbourhood has been established.

The classification of the various types of facade by colour, materials and implementation techniques enables the traditional image of the district to be restored.

1D. Constitution of a data base

Besides the survey and the graphic presentation of its current state, it is indispensable to provide information on the materials and the implementation techniques concerning the building to be treated. As is well known, neither drawing nor photo are capable of describing them entirely.

So as to gather the essential data on the current state of the facades methodically, a four part data sheet is completed:

1. the facade concerned: address, cadastral reference, street code, etc. which are likely to be associated with the administrative data (municipal bye law, request for restoration or resurfacing, etc).

2. the " in situ " surveys.

3. archive documents or others, materials, colours and implementation techniques concerning the various elements of the facade.

4. graphic references, photographs, archives and others concerning the facade surveyed.

Example of building data sheet

1E. Graphic representation

Essential for the representation of colour on an urban scale, the chromatic map at a scale of 1/50th symbolically visualises the various tints of the architectural elements by segments parallel to each line on each facade. The development of the alignments set out on a map at a scale of 1/100th shows the facades in colour from each side of the street. This is both an architectural and urbanistic representation which enables the colouring of the facades to be presented precisely, by comparing them with those opposite or contiguous.

2. PRODUCTION OF “GUIDE” DOCUMENTS 2A. “Practical guide for façade restoration work ”

The aim of the guide is to provide the different intervening parties with useful information to successfully undertake the work of the restoration of facades on old brickwork using low resistance mortar, either in fat lime or natural hydraulic lime, or in various cement lime gauged mortars, or quick-drying cement and old facades built and finished in plaster mortar and fat lime. The practical guide comprises:

1. Diagnosis of the state of the building and the work to be undertaken.2. Principle of a good restoration and general information on the preparation of the mortars.3. Bonding materials specific to the work of restoration of old buildings.4. Choice of bonding materials and destination of the mortars: for the treatment of the substructure and foundations of the facade wall.5. Finishing work. Composition-execution of layers.6. Making of mouldings and cornices.7. Preparation of the lime washes for conserved or renovated finishes.

URBAN PLANNING OF MARSEILLE CITY CENTRE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The city centre of Marseille has a perimeter of 250 hectares (625 acres) which is composed of several sectors where the urban and architectural patrimony is homogeneous following the evolution of the city intra-muros. From 1972, the Marseille City Council, to reinforce its policy of protection for the cultural heritage of the city centre, took the decision to create the initial “development zones ”, the aim of which was to enhance a large part of the historic centre which had been falling into disrepair for at least the past two decades, to revitalise the residential function and to encourage the return of economic activities to the city centre:

- Creation of the first Z.A.D . (Differed Development Zone) in the district of the Panier in 1972

- Creation of the second Z.A.C (Concerted Development Area ) in Grands Carmes-Sainte Barbe and Belsunce in 1972

- Creation of the third Z.A.C of the Canebière in 1991.

URBAN PLANNING OF MARSEILLE CITY CENTRE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The objective is:

- Encourage inhabitants to return to the city centre, by offering them good living conditions, both in terms of accommodation, public spaces and installations.

- Adapt the existing buildings to contemporary living and offer inhabitants the possibility of renewing contact with city history.

- Facilitate the rehabilitation of the districts by concentrating on conservation

- restoration and enhancement of existing building stock.

- Apply fiscal mechanisms intended to encourage property restoration.

The zones for protection are a legal ploy which guarantees the conservation of the building patrimony while enabling the areas of property restoration to remain operational. They provide for the constraint for the protection of historic monuments to be replaced by a ruling, associated with a demarcation plan, in a logic of sustainable development.

3. The “ Reference Programmes ” applicable in the city centre

The areas run by the O.P.A.H in the city centre.

3. The “ Reference Programmes ” applicable in the city centre

These are programmes concerning all the public and private players who are involved in the urban and social projects in the central districts or ancient suburbs undergoing transformation, where they intend to carry out important and complex operations: ZAC, OPAH, RHI, PRI, etc.). The interest of the Reference Programme is that it is based on the search for a successful coherence between the different modes of intervention, procedures and operations of public and private development and especially, better control of the urban problems (protection and enhancement of the patrimony, the gradual reduction of insalubrious housing, rehabilitation of disfavoured social habitat, treatment of public spaces, improvement of installations and services, etc.) and the social problems (maintaining the residential vocation of the social habitat or creating the right balance). On 22nd July 1994 the City of Marseille voted for a general programme of concerted actions in favour of the city centre. The latter threw light particularly on the need, as a complement to actions already committed (Plan Canebière, OPAH, RHI, PRI), for a global effort to be made in the city centre:-transform the urban fabric and rehabilitate the property stock in the indispensable respect of the architectural and urban patrimony.-favour more balanced accommodation by adapting social action.-develop partnerships with the private players.

EXAMPLE OF THE RESTRUCTURING AND CONVERSION OF THE GRAND HÔTEL NOAILLES ON THE CANEBIERE

INTO THE COMMISSARIAT DE POLICE OF THE CENTRE SECTOR

State of the facades in 2003.

Insertion of the project in the site.

View of the Grand Hôtel de Noailles at the angle of boulevard Garibaldiand the Canebière.

RESTRUCTURING AND CONVERSION OF THE FORMER WAREHOUSES AT LA JOLIETTE INTO SERVICE ACTIVITIES

1. HISTORY: “LES DOCKS DE LA JOLIETTE”

This building constructed along the actual quai de la Joliette, that is still sometimes referred to by its real name of “Grand Entrepôt”, is the remaining vestige of the establishments which the engineer and financier Paulin TALABOT had built here from 1859 to 1868, for the account of the company that he had just created and which was to occupy them for a century, “La Compagnie des Docks et Entrepôts de Marseille”.

View taken from the South outer port towards the Joliette dock and the Grand Entrepôt. Photo Neurdein towards 1890.

The new ports, the Grand Entrepôt with the façade of the Compagnie des Docks, in L'Illustration, France Nouvelle Illustrée,1864.

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