culture and civilization (adat minangkabau
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CULTURE
AND BEHAVIOR
A Perspective for
A Common Platform
Masoed Abidin Za Jabbar
2003
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Culture is accumulation of symbolic (a. o.
scientific, artistic), behavioral (including social) ,
and physical characteristics of a community or
society or an autonomous group.
Culture incorporates individual and collective
responses to environmental conditions. As such,
contents of a culture is continually subjected to
historical and evolutionary forces.
Therefore, culture is generally a heritage as the
results of inter-generational communication of
information other than genetic/
biological information.
Symbolic aspects:
Systems of distinctions(classification, histories,
knowledge coded in symbolic
ideas or beliefs)
Behavioral aspects:
Distinctive forms of behavior
(songs, rituals, institutions,
organizational forms)
Physical aspects:
Material artifacts
(tools, weapons, buildings,
Works of art)
CULTURE
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Religion
FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURE
Perspectives &
World Views
Medium
Of Expressions
Language Visual Arts Music
Logic &
Philosophy
Literature
Recorded in
Spiritual
practices
Maintained through
Influences
General
attitudes
Modes of
Social
interaction
Morality
Work
Leisure
PropertyCrime
Authority
Government
Human rights &
privileges
Places of
residence
Division of labor
Age roles
Family organizations
Child rearing practices
Social status
Degree of formality
Gender roles
Manners
Verbal communicationsNon-verbal communications
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OVERTBEHAVIOUR:
External/observable/visible
acts/actions/behavior
COVERTBEHAVIOUR:
Internal dispositions:
1. Values2. Beliefs
3. Attitudes
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
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Values are general central
principles concerning the patterns
of behavior within a particular
culture or society which itsmembers hold in high regards.
Around those values, individual and
social goals can be integrated.
Values are transmitted and adoptedthrough socialization process.
VALUES
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Beliefs are emotional acceptance
of some proposition, statement, or
doctrines. Beliefs are learnedexpectations about the values of
people, events and objects in the
environment and the roles they play
with respect to ones behavior.
BELIEFS
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Actions
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR:VALUES, BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES
Attitudes
Beliefs
Values Emotion
The Self
Instigating
stimuli
Physiological
correlates
Cognitive
appraisal
Motivational
properties
Emotional acceptanceOf values
Evaluative component
(positive or negative)
Cognitive component(Consciously held belief )
Affective
component
(Emotional
Tone or feeling)
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GAMBARANBUDAYAMINANGBERDASARSUMPAHSATIE ABS-SBK
ABS-SBKSEBAGAI
PANDANGANDUNIA
PANDANGANHIDUP
Sarana
Pengungkapan
BahasaSeni usik/
Seni Tari/
Seni Beladir
Benda &
Bangunan
( umah Bagonjong)
KatoPusako
Direkam lewat
I adah Mahdah
Di Masjid/Surau
Dilestarikan lewat
Memengaruhi
Sikap Umum
Tata-cara
Pergaulan
Mas arakat
an ancak dan Nan lok
Tanah Ulayat
arta mi lik kaum
ukum/ upakTigo Tungku Sajarangan
Balai dat
Musajik/Surau
Taratak, Nagari
Musyawarah/mupakaik
dat istiadat
Sistim kekeluargaan
Matrilinial
Pangulu
Mamak, Tungganai,
Pidato Adaik
Komunikasi informal
Komunikasi non- er al
Sastera
Lisan
ALLAHS. .T
KITABULLAH
(Al-Quan &
Sunnah Rasul
ALAMSEMESTAPeta Alam Semest
&Petunjuk/Pedoman
Hidup Manusia
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A. Adat Nan Sabana Adat
Adalah aedah Alam, sifatnya sudah given tidak berubahsepanjang waktu disebut indak lakang dek paneh indak lapuak dek
hujan , inilah yang disebut Sunnatullah yaitu ketentuan Allah
Pencipta Alam Semesta, dalam filsafat ilmu disebut fenomena alam
Dipakai sebagai timbangan yang asli (cupak usali) karena begitulah
sifat alam (manusia, hewan, tumbuhan, air, tanah, api, angin)
diciptakan Allah SWT. Sifat ini tidak akan berubah, dalam tubuh
manusia/hewan/tumbuhan dibawa oleh gen yang berupa struktur
RNA dan DNA (tidak sama di setiap individu)
Cupak usali dalam bahasa hukum adalah yurisprudensi yaitu
pedoman untuk memepat (atau menara) cupak buatan (hukum
yang dibuat manusia), inilah yang dikenal dengan istilah alamtakambang jadi guru dalam bahasa filsafat ilmu disebut analogi
,pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu kalimat
pendek yang luas maknanya), itulah kato dahulu , nilainya berada
pada domain Hakekat.
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B. Adat Nan Terdadat
Adalah dokrin terhadap cupak buatan yang telah dipepat (ditara)dengan cupak usali yang dipakai sebagai sebagai hukum pokok untukmembuat hukum-hukum lebih lanjut di Alam Minangkabau yangmenyangkut dengan interaksi manusia dengan manusia dan interaksimanusia dengan alam sekitarnya.
Interaksi manusia dengan manusia adalah; bentuk dan susunan
komunitas/ masyarakat, dalam aspek ; ekonomi, sosial, budaya, danpolitik, begitu juga dengan hak-hak / kewajiban-kewajiban, begitu jugadengan tata kelola pemerintahan.
Interaksi manusia dengan alam sekitarnya adalah bagaimana manusiaberoleh manfaat dari eksploitasi sumberdaya alam tanpa merusaksumberdaya alam itu sendiri. Artinya begaimana pembengunan dapatdilakukan secara berkelanjutan.
Pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu kalimatbersambung yang dalam maknanya), yaitu kato kudian (katakemudian), disebut juga dengan petatah-petitih inilah yang disebutdengan adat sa batang panjang berlaku di seantero alamMinangkabau, nilainya berada pada domain makrifat.
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C. Adat Istiadat
Adalah cara tentang bagaimana menerapkan cupak buatan yang telahdipepat atau bagaimana cara menerapkan adat nan ter adat secara
konsekuen (bertanggung jawan dan bertanggung gugat).
Di berbagai nagari berbagai-bagai langgamnya atau coraknya, inilah
yang disebut dengan adat sa lingka nagari . Inilah yang berubah
mengikuti kemajuan yang disebut dengan peradaban , nilainya
berada pada domain syariat.
Pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu ungkapan
kalimat bersambung yang dalam maknanya), dalam petatah-petitih,
disebut kato ba cari berlaku dimana nagari yang memakainya, ada
yang sama dan ada yang tidak, namun nilai hakekat dan nilai
makrifatnya sama.
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D. Adat Nan Diadatkan
Adalah cara tentang bagaimana para penghulu mengundangkan adatistiadat itu dalam nagari, sehingga ia menjadi keputusan yang
mempunyai hukum tetap dan menjadi acuan dalam tata
kemasyarakatan di nagari, mungkin sekarang bisa disebut peraturan
nagari .
Pengungkapannya dilafatkan dalam pahatan kato (yaitu ungkapan
kalimat bersambung yang dalam maknanya) berupa petatah-petitih
yang disebut kato mufakat , nilainya berada pada domain tarekat,
berlaku dimana nagari yang memakainya, ada yang sama dan ada
yang tidak, namun nilai hakekat dan nilai makrifatnya tidak berubah.
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dasar bangunan segitiga = tigo tongku sa jarangan (raso pareso, alue patuik, ukue jangko)
6 sisi = rukun iman
4 bidang (hakekat, syariat, makrifat, tarekat = pakaian urang ampek jinih dan jinih nan ampek)
4 bidang tercermin dari kato nan ampek (kato dahulu, kato kudian, kato bacari, kato mufakat)
4 bidang terhimpun dalam Limbago Nan Sapuluah (Cupak Nan Duo, Kato Nan Ampek, Undang Nan Ampek)
Kompilasi Hukum ABS-SBK
Kabukik mandaki (kato dahulu)
Kabukik samo mandaki (kato kudian)
Kabukik ndak samo mandaki (kato bacari)
Kabukik harus samo mandaki (kato mufakat)
Niniak mamak Ulama Cadiak pandai
BangunanAdat
(Piramida)
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The origin and background of Minangkabau Dominated by jungles,volcanoes, canyons and lakes, the Ranah Minang located inProvince of West Sumatra is an enormous and magnificent naturepark. It is the home of the Minangkabau, one of Indonesia's mostinteresting and influential ethnic groups. It has a distinct culturewhich distinguishes it from the rest of the Island. A land of scenicbeauty with blue green lakes and mountains. Ranah Minang, the
center of culture of Minangkabau, characterized by the hinterlandhigh mountains which dip into picturesque valleys. Among them arethe remnants of the old Minangkabau Kingdom which still proudlyprotected by the West Sumatran's people, even though they liveoutside of the province. They keep maintaining the way of life of
their ancestor. The house with traditional architecture, the style ofthe horn of the buffalo on the top as the symbol of victory andprosperity. According to a local legend, the Minangkabau Kingdomwas founded by a descendant of Alexander the Great (IskandarZulkarnain).
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The name of Minangkabau firstly seemed to have appeared in a list dated 1365A.D. In local dialect, "Minang" means "win"or conquer, and "Kabau" means waterbuffalo. It is said, there was a king called the Maharaja of Majapahit Kingdom fromJava came to concour West Sumatra. There in the hinterland, he found a largekingdom ruled by a strong King, known as King Dang Tuangku. When the peacefulsettlement could not be reached, both parties decided to go to war. Realizing thedanger to her people, the Wise Mother of the local King that they called "BundoKanduang" (mother) suggested that both parties to settle the matter by conductinga Royal Bullfighting. Whoever won the fight will therefore entitled to rule the
Kingdom. Bundo Kanduang was quite right that the enemy has a strong army andabout three times larger than the local. Because the stake was very high, eachparty went to a very careful plan in order to win the fight. Majapahit army managedto get the strongest, biggest and fierce buffalo with long, strong and pointedhorns. The locals had a different strategy - they decided to offer a hungry babybuffalo of a few months and tied fake horns made of two strong and sharp knifes
on the baby's head, beside the ears. So when the two of them met, it was told thatthe baby buffalo thought that the big one is his mother and started running towardfor milking. He run straight toward the breast and by doing so the fake horns slicethe others belly. Heavily wounded, the larger buffalo ran away - and the locals wonthe fight without casualties.
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The country was then renamed as Minangkabau (BuffaloChampion). To this day, these proud people from highlands ofWest Sumatra continue to call themselves the Minangkabauand will be glad to tell you this story in one of its many
forms. Since then the King also stated that due to WiseMother contributions, the Minangkabaus will pay special
respect to their mothers. It was then agreed that theirdescendants, tribal account and property will go through the
mother's side. A daughter of a family will therefore own thewill. This is known as "Matrilineal Society", which is practiced
by Minangkabau people in West Sumatra until now. The
capital city of Minangkabau Kingdom is called "Pagaruyung"which is located in the present city of Batusangkar (literally
means stone cage). In the beginning, the Kingdom wasdivided into three parts, which they called three "Luhak".
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Luhak means district. The three Luhaks form the kernel of
Minangkabau. There were also three "rantaus", the small partsaround it and in loose relation to the central province, although theyacknowledge the supremacy of the Maharaja of
Minangkabau. Nowadays we still can see the remnant of the kingdomsuch as written stones, stabbed stone, artifacts and old villages and
cultures in Pagaruyung. There in Batusangkar stands the beautifulMinangkabau Palace with its Minang design exactly like the original
but was later renovated. According to the story, MinangkabauKingdom was later extended or at least had a very close relationship
with some area in Malaysia such as Negeri Sembilan. They havevery similar culture, matrilineal society, traditional house etcetra. West
Sumatran calls their land and rice field "Ranah Minang" means the
land of Minangkabaus. Living here is unique compare to the otherpart of Sumatra. For example, the spirit of cooperation in the familyatmosphere existed in many parts of daily activities. People will help
each other, work together to build their houses, plow and plant ricefields, organize ceremonial program including wedding parties and so
on
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Rumah Gadang belongs to all members
of relatives along the mother's line. Thehouse is the place for all together athappy or sorrow time, and also for
discussing and make decision for any
problem in the family.For the name as "Rumah Adat" refers to
its function as the place for all Adat
(Custom and Traditon) ceremonies areheld like wedding or inauguration of a
head of clan.
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The original Adat House is make of wood and bamboo for the backwall. The roof is made of palm fiber. It is about 12 to 20 meters long
and 6 to 8 meters wide and the position of floor is two to two andhalf meters above the ground. The roof of the house looks like thehorn of water buffalo with 4 or 6 points stretch along the house and
a point in addition forward for the front door and ladder. Forexpanding form of the construction later, there is no any right angleconnection for the pillars with the horizontal bars of the house. Both,
the upper and lower, horizontal bars of the building. The inside ofthe house is divided into 4 parts, living quarters along one side ofthe house which consists of five or more rooms, another side in
front of the rooms is a hall for meeting and at both ends are roomswith a higher floor, called "Anjuang" which is used only for a special
occasion such as a newly married daughter of the family. On bothsides in front of the house stand two rice barns flanking the house.
Usually the wall of the house and the barns are adorned withcolorful carving. Landholding is one of the crucial functions of the
female lineage unit called "suku.
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Minangkabau People The fourth largest ethnic group inIndonesia, the Minangkabau is an influential and widelydistributed indigenous minority. Although they make up over 90%
of the population in West Sumatra, many have also migrated toother Indonesian Islands or "merantau" in local language. Thetradition of "merantau", a voluntary temporary migration to buildcharacter, stems from this matrilineal structure. Men go off to
seek their fortune while the women keep the property at home,
which often includes farming. Travelling is considered a mark ofsuccess and therefore many West Sumatrans are found in otherparts of the country. Proof of this is the many Minang restaurants,serving very spicy food, found in all major towns across the
nation. These highly literate and well-educated people hold many
key religious leadership positions and play a major role inIndonesian political, economic and religious life. They are knownthroughout Indonesia for their success in business, their hot spicy
food and their cultural pride.
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Anthropologists believe that the Minangkabau ancestors wereactually came from Indochina, as can be traced from theceremonial ornamentation, accessories, clothing and others.Both Minangkabau's and Indochinese have someperseverance similarities and characters in conducting
business. In fact, both of them are tight competitors in somerespects. The spirit of democracy is widely seen as well. Say if
a family needs to have a party such as for the wedding of adaughter. A couple months in advance, the parent will invitethe relatives and the neighbors to come over to form acommittee and formalities for the party. Normally everybody
will volunteer happily. Usually the committee will amount to
more than fifty. They believe the wedding is not only for twopersons, but it is for the two big families or even two villages insome instance. Therefore, all of the related works pertaining tothe party will be done together. In many cases, the wholevillage will get involved.
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Senteng tolong di bilaikurang tolong di tukuak
wassalam
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