culture and propagation strategies of sea cucumber in red sea

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Culture and propagation strategies of Sea cucumber in Red Sea

Sea cucumber mariculture in tropics have potential to bebecome a profitable industry and contribute towardsnatural population replenishment.

Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) grow well in ponds atgrowth rates 0.5 to 1.0g daily. Suitable candidate forcultivation compared to other temperate species.

High Survival in grow out ranging from 50-85%.

Sea cucumbers consume particulate organic waste matter

Seasonal changes in water temperature is a limitation inhigher altitudes but is not limiting in the lower regions.

Large scale exploitation and poormanagement of sea cucumberfisheries has led to depletion ofresources and ecological damage inmany parts of the world.

Over exploitation of sea cucumber inRed Sea has been reported fromSaudi Arabian coasts, Egyptian coastsand Gulf of Aqaba.

Signs of depletion are evident withnumbers becoming less. Landingsreduced from 1,997 tons of wetweight in 1999 to 230 tons in 2004.

OVERVIEW

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: EchinodermataClass: HolothuroideaOrder: AspidochirotidaFamily: HolothuriidaeGenus: HolothuriaSpecies: H. scabraBinomial nameHolothuria scabraJaeger, 1833

• Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra ) - An edible high value marine invertebrate• Market - Predominantly China and Pacific coastal communities• Habitat - Shallow water & soft sediments (Indo-Pacific region)• Fishery- Natural fisheries declined due to over fishing world round • Future for the species - Sustainable Ranching and Aquaculture • History - H. scabra cultured first in India (1988) • In GCC, Saudi Arabia - First Country to culture Sea Cucumber • Saudi Arabia Could be the world leader in H. Scabra farming & developed technologies • Conservation : Endangered on IUCN Redlist’ – DOA, MEWA could save this species by its

juveniles mass production and ranching

Only commercial viable species in the Red Sea

INTRODUCTION: SEA CUCUMBER (Holothuria scabra)

Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment,Water and Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia hasstarted this mission in late 2010 at Al-Lith on Red Seawith a view to :

INTRODUCTION

Understand Cultivation Potential

Increase Declining

Population in Red Sea

Commercialization of Technology

Financial Support to Coastal

Communities

PROJECT TIMELINE

2010 2011 - 2014 2015 - 2017 2018 - 2019

Program initiation

Broodstock collection, Standardization of farming strategy and starting sea

ranching

Program development

Development of commercialization

technology

01 02 0403

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE 1

STANDARDIZATION OF FARMING

OPERATION STRATEGY

RECOVERY BY THE LOCAL FISHERIES

COMMUNITY

ACHIEVED NOT STARTEDACHIEVED ACHIEVED

DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCILIZATION

OF TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVE 4OBJECTIVE 2

MASSIVE PRODUCTION Of

JUVEILES FOR SEA RANCHING

OBJECTIVE 3


OBJECTIVE 1 COLLECTION OF WILD BROODSTOCK AND GENERATION OF SUFFEIENT QUALITY/ QUANTITY FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

YEAR LOACATION Broodstock(Pcs)

2011 Hali 618

2012 Hali, Al Qahma, Hefar, Al Birk and Jazan 1,518

2013 Al Qahma 1,628

2014 Al Qahma 1,425

Wild sea cucumber broodstocks (Holothuria scabra) pooled together to maintain wide genetic diversity

Wild Broodstocks were ranched into the same area from where they were collected after generating sufficient Juveniles

OBJECTIVE 1 STANDRIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEA CUCUMBER FARMING TECHNOLOGY

MEWA project developed the following technologies and concepts:

Hatchery and spawning• Brood-stock induction to release eggs and sperm• Egg fertilization and collection• Hatch out and larval rearing

Pre-Growout• Settlement of larvae on different substrates• Tier tray juvenile Pre-Growout

Growout• Earth pond flow through farming• Ranching within the farm confines

This technology was never before present in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia expertise has the ability to grow a purely farm based product that does notrequire any disturbance of a wild fishery


Broodstock collection

Fertilisation & incubation of eggs

Spawning induction

Settlement of Pentactula larvae onto blue mesh

Transfer of Doliolaria larvae to settlement tanks

Grow-out in lined ponds and sandy substrate ponds

Rearing of Auricularia larvae

Harvest

Day 0

Pre-grow out in lined ponds

Day 1-9

Day 10

Day 11-14

Day 65

Day 42

Day 0

Day 310

Hold & condition in broodstocktanks

Microalgae cultured & fed to larvae

Culture of benthic diatoms & inoculation

of settlement tanks

Condition tanks and feed with nursery slurry mix and

compound diet

SIZE

80-200µm

430 µm – 1.1mm

420-620µm

30g to 300g

300g

0g to 0.2g

330-750 µm

TIME

0.2g to 30g

Collect and allow to purge overnight

before processing

Intensive feeding at 5% of total biomass

Hatchery (40 days)

Grow out(270 daysfor 300gr)ST

ANDR

IZAT

ION

OF

SEA

CUCU

MBE

R FA

RMIN

G S

TRAT

EGY OBJECTIVE 1

Brood-stockconditioning 1-2 months

Animals are weighedprior to spawning

Temperature shockof 5 degrees

Broodstock purging insediment -free tanks

Settled on blue meshand grown to 0.2g

Larvae tanks: 8-12 daycycle till Doliolaria stage

OBJECTIVE 1 STANDRIZATION OF HATCHERY TECHNOLOGY AND PRE- GROWOUT STRATEGIY

10 g animals stockedinto sediment ponds

Juveniles grown to 10gABW before stocking intosediment ponds

Conditioned for 3 weeksprior to stocking

Mating and spawning

WeighedHarvested animalsare transported dryto processing facility

Gutted animals are placed in a slurry ice prior to cooking.

Small incision is made andgut material is removed

OBJECTIVE 1 STANDRIZATION OF SRA CUCUMBER PROCESSING

Drying the product

Cooking at 90 degrees:200-300g – 60 min300-400 – 80 min400 – 500 – 90 min

Gutting commences afteranimals released all waterfrom body cavity

Harvest animals over nightto allow for purging of thegut prior to processing

Market sized animals200-500g


OBJECTIVE 1 DIFFERENT SETTLEMENT SUBTRSTAES IN THE HATCHERY

Roof panels substrate Plastic mesh substrate


OBJECTIVE 1

Culture in Hapa (Survival 60%) Culture in Trays (Survival 85%) Culture in lined pond (Survival 75%)

DIFFERENT CULTURE STRATEGY IN PRE- GROW-OUT

15,000 15,000

4,500,000

500,000150,000

2,000,000

7,000,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Mass production of Juveniles (pcs.) Generated Broodstock biomass (Kg)

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017


OBJECTIVE 2 MASSIVE PRODUCTION OF JUVENILES FOR SEA RANCHING


OBJECTIVE 2 JUVENILES SEA RANCHING

YEAR LOCATION JUVNILE RANCHED

2013Hefar 1,000,000

Al Qahma 1,000,000

2016Huridah 250,000

Omg 250,000

2017

Hefar 525,000

Al Qahma 525,000

Huridah 525,000

Omg 525,000


OBJECTIVE 2 RECOVERY BY THE LOCAL FISHERIES COMMUNITY

The survey of ranched locations will be undertaken in 2020

Sustainability assessment is established and planned for continues survey.

Recovery by the local fisheries is not allowed until completion of the impact assessment.

Further planning of marine ranching will be outlined based on data collected including

site selection and design, habitat restoration and construction technologies, building

artificial structures, stock enhancement and control of fishery resources and ranching

management


OBJECTIVE 4 THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE

HRAVESTSIZE

PERCENTAGE FROM

BIOMASS

FROZENPROCESSD

GRADE

300-350 g 20 % 60 -70 g

250-300 g 40 % 50 – 60 g

200-250 g 30 % 40 – 50 g

100-200 g 10 % 20 – 40 g

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305

ABW (g) Temperature (°C)

Days of Culture

ABW

(g)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C)

HARVEST CATEGORY

11,5

95

209,

000

131,

000

30,0

00

2,00

0

36,7

90

10,2

18

752,

000

463,

000

168,

000

8,60

0 106,

000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000 2016 2017BROODSTOCK EGGS LARVAE SETTLEMENT JUVENILE BIOMASS


OBJECTIVE 4 ACHIEVMENT IN OPERATION PERFORMANCE 2016 Vs 2017Summary Improvement

2016 Vs 2017Broodstock -11.9%Eggs 259.8%Larvae 253.4%Settled larvae 460.0%Juvenile 330.0%Annual production 188.1%Manpower 164.3%Total cost 60.4%Cost/ staff -40.0%Cost/ Biomass -44.3%Cost/ juvenile -64.3%


OBJECTIVE 1 THREATS AND RISKS

Formulating a balanced sea cucumber feed at low cost

Disease outbreak and lack of knowledge on pathogens and health management

Pond infestation and lack of means to control them as - Filamentous algae- Jellyfish- Snails

BROODSTOCK EGGS LARVAE SETTLEMENT JUVENILE BIOMASS


OBJECTIVE 6 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MANPOWER

Year Manpower

2011 142012 142013 582014 362015 15

2016 14

2017 37

BROODSTOCK EGGS LARVAE SETTLEMENT JUVENILE BIOMASS

CONCLUSION

• All farming stages of Sea cucumber H. scabra suited to Saudi Arabian conditions are well known and

technology is ready to be transferred.

• Saudi Arabia has the potential to be the global leader of Sea cucumber H. scabra farming industry

• Department of Agriculture, MEWA has built a strong experienced team ready for commercialization and

production industry.

Challenges

Further optimization to reduce cost

Formation of a National broodstockand breeding program

Increase survival in the hatchery

Reduce infection in early juvenilestages, increase growth and survivalin grow out

Integration and action plan forranching and recovery program

Improve recovery post processing

Locating suitable sites for pen culture

Opportunities

Increase flexibility in marineaquaculture production

Improve livelihood of fishers.

Recover of lost stocks

Environmental balancing andreducing impact of climate change

Commercial industry and high-endresearch in extraction of activeingredients of medicinal value

Generate employment

Future plan

Undertake systematic sea ranching program with recovery

Commercial production using pens in suitable coastal area

Establishment of pond culture in 500 ha

Thank you for attention

culture and propagation strategies of sea cucumber in red sea

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