culture culture – the complex mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that...
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Culture
What is Culture? Culture – the complex mix
of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that together form a people’ way of life (Material/Non-Material)
Values – are culturally defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as guidelines for moral living.
Beliefs, Behaviors, Norms
Cultural Landscape
If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air, you have observed the cultural landscape – the modification of the natural landscape by human activities.
Culture
Cultural Trait-A single attribute of a culture is called a Culture Trait and a culture region consists of countless numbers of traits.
Cultural Complex “American”
Acculturation
Acculturation – when smaller/weaker groups take on traits of the larger/dominant culture. Can be 2-way process – . Aztecs acculturated into Spanish culture, but some Aztec traits remained and became Spanish culture.
Assimilation
Assimilation – the adoption of cultural elements can be so complete that two cultures become indistinguishable – e.g. – jeans being worn here in Japan
Folk Culture Is traditionally
practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas Wearing a sari
in India Small Scale Slow Change
due to lack of communication
Popular Culture Found in large,
heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (like wearing jeans) despite differences in personal characteristics.
Varies from time to time at any given place
Changes rapidly Global V. Local Environment (Native
Americans/Nature)
Diffusion of folk vs. popular culture Folk culture
Anonymous or multiple hearths Relocation, not expansion
Popular culture Deliberate innovation, advanced
economies Mass production Expansion (hierarchical or contagious)
Two Types of DiffusionExpansion
Relocation
Kinds of Expansion Diffusion
Hierarchical Diffusion – spread of an idea through an established structure usually from people or areas of power down to other people or areas
Expansion Diffusion
Contagious Diffusion – spread of an idea/trait/concept through a group of people or an area equally without regard to social class, economic position or position of power.
Expansion Diffusion
Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread.
ORStimulus Diffusion - involves
the transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the idea
RELOCATION DIFFUSIONSequential diffusion process in
which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population.
This occurs when the people migrate and take their cultural attributes with them.
Where do Folk & Popular Culture Originate and Diffuse? Folk Music
Transmitted Orally
Folk songs tell a story or convey information about daily activities
Spirituals▪ “Wade in the
Water”
Diffusion and music: the blues
Folk music of African-Americans
Based on slavery, religion Call-and-response Hidden messages Subject matter
Diffusion and music: the blues
Hearth: Mississippi Delta
Relocation diffusion: Memphis, Chicago, Texas, St. Louis, Detroit, Piedmont
Contagious diffusion: radio, TV
Popular culture: jazz, rock-and-roll, hip-hop
Diffusion and music: the blues
Original hearth: Africa?
Similar sounds, rhythms
Griot or traveling storyteller/musician
Banjo/guitar, percussion
Popular Music
Is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people
Broadcasting 1940s
Hip Hop: Why not folk?
Diffusion and sports: soccer
Spread by contagious diffusion Exchange students
from Netherlands English engineers to
Spain Expatriates throughout
British Empire Rugby modified in U.S.:
American football Rapid spread through
television
Diffusion and sports: soccer
English, Scots, Vikings, Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Chinese, Japanese, Native Americans
Folk origin: 11th century England
Village-wide contests Banned between late
1300s and 1600
Diffusion and sports: soccer
Transition to popular culture
Industrial Revolution: more time, income Professional soccer
leagues (1863) Standardized rules Distinguished from
rugby