cum scriem o lucrare stiintifica
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Corin Badiu, 2011
Redactarea unei lucrri tiinifice
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Tipuri de lucrri tiinifice
Articol tiinific
Poster
Prezentare oral
Lucrare de diplom / master / doctorat
Grant de cercetare
Articole de educaie continu
Book review
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Structura: Strategia Stilului
Beginning
Ending
Middle
If a man can group his ideas, then he is a
writer.Robert Louis Stevenson
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De ce scriem ?Publicatie / Propunere de grant
Produs final pentru ungrant de cercetare
Pentru a ne facecunoscuta activitatea
Pentru a obtine finantarepentru un grant de cercetare
Pentru a incepe / continuaproiecte de cercetare
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Cursul publicatiei
Abstract
Comunicare scurta
Articol local/ international Revista de varfobservatiirevista tinta
Articol Nature/ Science
Teza (MD/ Ph.D) Raport
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Cum scriem?
Singur sau in grup Intreaba coautorii / colegii de grup
Exemplu: A schiteaza draftul de articol si rezultateleprincipale, B scrie detalii etc.
Doar A poate scrie 1-2 articole pe an, impreuna potscrie mai mult.
Ce care scrie doreste ca articolul sa atraga cititori,deci poate trece in postura de cititor sau solicitaobservatii de la un coleg care nu a citit inca articolul
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Authorship
Autorii Toti autorii trebuie sa aiba contributie
stiintifica Cati autori?
Procesul de recenzie Observatiile obtinute sunt utile; articolul
poate fi publicat dupa ceva munca
suplimentara de orgabizare / argumentare
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Authorship*
Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or
general supervision of the research group,alone, does not justify authorship.
*Intl Comm of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing forBiomedical Publication. November 2003.
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An Underlying Principle of theAuthorship Requirements
Those credited with authorshipshould be able to take publicresponsibility for the research.
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Author Requirements*
Authorship credit should be based on:1) substantial contributions to conception and design,
or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation ofdata; and
2) drafting the article or revising it critically for importantintellectual content; and3) final approval of the version to be published.
Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.
*Intl Comm of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for
Biomedical Publication. November 2003.
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Cum se scrie un text tiinific ?
Logic, astfel incat alti cercetatori sa poatarepeta studiul !
Afla ce se stie deja (limita cunoasterii); obtineliteratura relevanta
Referinte bibliografice!
Material / Metode
Rezultate Discutia rezultatelor
Concluzii
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StructurePublication / Proposal
Abstract summary including main
results
Introduction why and short litterature
review Materials and Methods
instruments, equations etc
Results your results
Discussion comparison with other
results
Conclusions focus on new things and
wide connections
Summary Introduction / background Aims, objectives Methods
Research Group Best publications Significant results
Links to other research lists
Scientific education, reseachtraining lists
Schedule Budget
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SubmissionPublications / Proposals
To which Journal Look the format and other
instructions carefully Citation index
more than 1 Nature around 20 JGR ~4
How much it costs ? Do you expect to have
reasonable editors/revievers
Private foundations National science foundation
(like Finnish Academy) NMR, NoRFA EU, ESF Private Companies TEKES type (You need
companies to find outnational funding)
Ministry of
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Anatomia unui articol stiintific Titlu: Descriptiv, concis, interesant Abstract: Include toate componentele manuscrisului Corpul articolului:
Introduction: Enunta obiectivele, arata necunoscutele, motiveazapublicatia
Material si Metode: detalii suficiente Rezultate: se prezinta faptele care au semnificatie logica Discutia: se analizeaza rezultatele, comparativ cu alte studii. Concluzia
Referinte: Se includ studii din articole publicate; atentie la format !
Tabele: Nu se includ in text, se urmeaza recomandarile; sa fie catmai simple Figuri: Nu se includ in text, rezolutie grafica buna Legendele figurilor si tabelelor: descriptive si concise
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Componentele unui articol
My paper
Introduction
Results
Materials and
Methods
References
Discussion
Hypothesis
Reading
Aims & Obj.
References
Figures
Analysis
Tables
statisticsText
Title &
abstract
Relevant background
to the problem
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Gasirea literaturii adecvate
Reference manager, End note
Verifica formatul referintelor conform
instructiunilor pentru autori si sunt incluse pemasura ce se scrie protocolul
Se pastreaza copii ale tuturor referintelor
PubMed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed
Comunicari personale (cine si cand)
Date nepublicate (Cel mai bine se evita)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed -
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Reference manager
Sistem de documentare si editare a referintelor in articol
Formarea unei baze de date: import din sisteme internationale, sau prin filtre
(NLM medline), introducere manuala (Ins). Tipuri de baze de date: tematice
(KW), abstract, autori, reviste, date,
Prelucrarea bazei de date: duplicate, cautari, reference list display, link catre PM,
pdf, url; copieri intre baze de date.
Modulul Cite While You Write (CWYW) in Word.
Alegerea si editarea stilului
Scrierea referintelor in text si lista bibliografica; schimbarea paragrafelor in text.
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Se incepe din laborator
Note detal iate desp re materiale, reactivi, metoda.
n laborator, datele se pastreaza atat n formascrisa cat i organizata electronic!
Date precise + uniti de masura
Valori normale, kit de lucru
Ne asiguram ca am trecut toate datele necesarepentru articol.
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Inregistrarea datelor
Note de laborator:
Materiale folosite Metoda urmata
Rezultate observate
Observatii in timpulexperimentelor
Esential!
Inregistrarea informatiei estefacuta cu grija si precizie.
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Alte tehnologii de inregistrare:
Audio
Video Baze de date
Fotografii
Aceleasi cerinte:Inregistrari precise, organizate, suficient de clare
pentru a da informatii cand sunt citite mai tarziu
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Consecventa de inregistare este Vitala
Se inregistr eaza acelasi tip d e date
Formu lare t ipizate pentru stud iu
Se completeaza integr al, fara spati i
l ibere
Se transcr iu in fo rmat electron ic
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Pastrarea datelor
Caiet de laborator semnat si datat
Scris LIZIBIL
Fara pasta corectoare Se taie cu o linie, se semneaza si se
dateaza.
Fara Postit (sticky notes).
Fara pagini albe.
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Incepem sa scriem articolul
Scop
Audienta
Target
Format
Structura
Etica si Politica
Proces si Termene
Cine sunt?Ce stiu?
De ce vor citi?
Cum vor citi?
Pentru a informa
Pentru a convinge
Caiet de laborator
U t t tii tifi 4
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Un text stiintific are 4componente.
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I. Introducere
Fondul problemei, nivelul de cunoastereinternational /national
Conduce cititorul catre ipoteza de lucru
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Introducerea pregateste cititorul pentru actiune
Topic?
Importanta?
Introducere
Structura?
Fondul problemei?
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a majority of = most
at the present time = now
give rise to = cause
in some cases = sometimes
is defined as = is
it is believed that = I think
on the basis of = by
pooled together = pooledsubsequent to = after
with the result that = so that
Simplifica limbajul
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Use and Misuse of English
Tense
-Previously published work: present tense
-Your own work: past tenseVoice
-Active more precise and less wordy thanpassive
-Name the agent, even I or we
Singulars and plurals
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Introducerea defineste scopul si limitele cercetarii
Efectele alcooluluiasupra sperantei de viata
Trei categorii de subiecti:nu consuma alcoolconsum moderat
alcoolici
Studiu de 10 ani
Alte efecte,Comorbiditati,Efort fizic
Nu se consideraIstoricul medicalFemeile pot aveaalte efecte
Sunt supravegheatibarbati
scop
l imite
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II. Material si Metode(sau Sectiune experimentala, Metodologie, Metoda)
INTOTDEAUNA descrie si enumera materialelesi aparatura folosita
INTOTDEAUNA descrie procedura folosita,
INTOTDEAUNA foloseste ordinea cronologica
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III. Rezultate
Rezultatele corespund metodelor folosite
Prezinta rezultatele testelor cu calculele relevante
Se recomanda sa se insoteasca de elemente grafice:tabele, grafice, figuri etc.
Pentru expunerea rezultatelor se foloseste ordineacronologica
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Types of Data
Body temperature
Body weight
Room temperature, humidity Food/water use
Animal behavior (e.g., sleeping,aggression)
Assay data
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thomasregister.com/olc/10493500/quantmen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thomasregister.com/olc/10493500/genassy.htm&h=259&w=297&sz=27&tbnid=G7tfR9Sfi-0YjM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dassay%2Bprintout%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/images/clipboard.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/clipboard_note.htm&h=800&w=620&sz=21&tbnid=eo9OvJ113f53uM:&tbnh=142&tbnw=110&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dclipboard%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D -
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Data Selection & Retention
Be careful how you pick and chose
Be consistent with regard to high
background, artifact, low confidence
values, and noise (versus signal) When reporting your data, disclosewhat you
did:
Two obese rats were excluded because The first three data points were excluded
because
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Dilemmas with Gels & Digital Data
Gels, X-Rays, photos are considered DATA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/sah/images/stif_eff_xray.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/sah/conditions/cruciate.htm&h=249&w=188&sz=30&tbnid=v3iE7TScHIAJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=80&hl=en&start=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddog%2Bx-ray%26start%3D100%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN -
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Digital Data Ethics
Simple adjustments to the ENTIRE image are usuallyacceptable.
Selectively manipulating one area of the image is
questionable.
Cropping an image is usuallyacceptable.
If used, software filters must be noted in the figurecaption.
The more processing you have to do, the moreethically problematic the manipulations become.
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Who Owns Your Data & Materials?
Employees & medical students that relate in any way tohis/her job/research responsibilities must be assigned tothe Clinic.
Exchanges of research material with outside researchersmust be framed in written agreements, since furtherdiscoveries may be made using the material. Clinic maybe compensated for such exchanges.
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III. Discutii
Intotdeauna se discuta rezultatele, explicand datele incontextul situatiei experimentale, se mentioneaza ceeste semnificativ
Pentru discutia rezultatelor se foloseste ordinea cauza- efect.
Se trec datele personale in comparatie cu datelestudiilor similare din literatura
Se aduc argumente explicative pentru diferente, sesubliniaza noutatea informatiilor.
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IV. Concluzii
Un rezultat este descrierea a ceea ce s-a intamplat;concluzia este dincolo de orizontul practic, este
inferenta extrasa din analiza experimentala
INTOTDEAUNA includ un sumar care subliniaza in cemod rezultatele testelor si analiza acestora auindeplinit obiectivele studiului mentionate in
introducere.
Se poate folosi ordinea cronoogica sau a prioritatilor;
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Conflict of Interest
Financial Equity interest, consultant, paid speaker
Non-financial Recognition, desire to advance ones
theory
You might not be able to eliminate yourconflicts of interest, but there are otheroptions: reduce, avoid, disclose
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Common Barriers to Writing
Finding the time to write Selecting a topic
Finding colleagues to collaborate with Funding Intimidation by the publication process
Following author instructions Internal review process Peer review Acceptance, modification, resubmission
Rejection!
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Making the Time to Write
Make it a priority Schedule time to write each day
Outline your concept Create a schedule and stick to it Work with collaborators Get supervisors buy-in
If you get stuck, talk with your publisher Dont bite off more than you can chew
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Authorship Issues
Select a lead author at the outset Decide how work will be divided
Select co-authors based on what they bringto the project Plan regular contact with co-authors Avoid the ego trap
Be professional, not political Writing is a commitment Acknowledge contributions appropriately
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Tips on Writing
Work from an outline Dont kill your own creativity
Use active voice Enlighten, dont anesthetize Have your work reviewed prior to
submission Aim for an error-free final manuscript Have fun with it
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General Tips
Read good writing Discuss your work, and the work of
others Visit poster sessions Welcome your editors input
Read and reread Elements of StylebyWilliam Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White Write every day
Did I mention have fun?
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020530902Xhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020530902X -
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Complete Proposals Should Contain
Statement of scope and intent
Physical specifications of the publication
Draft table of contents Sample material
Curriculum vita
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Statement of Scope and Intent
Purpose Approach
Subject Audience Timing Considerations
Illustrations and Features Delivery Elements Competition
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Physical Specifications
Trim Size
Printed Pages
Illustrations Other special design elements
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Reference to Get You Started
Huth EJ. Writing and Publishing In Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: LippincottWilliams & Wilkins; 1999
Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB et al.American Medical AssociationManual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD:Williams & Wilkins; 1998
Hamilton, CW. How to Write and Publish Scientific Papers: Scribing Informationfor Pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992; 49:2477-84
Miller LG. Research Guidelines for the Pharm.D. Practitioner.Pharmacotherapy 1994; 14(6):740-2
Zellmer WA. How to Write a Research Report for Publication. Am J HospPharm 1981; 38:545-50
Woodward DK, Clifton GD. Development of a Successful Research GrantApplication. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 51:813-22
Motheral BR, Jackson TR. Understanding and Evaluating Original ResearchArticles. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999; 39:759-74
Scientific Writing Links. http://spot.colorado.edu/~carpenh/links.htm International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing forBiomedical Publication. Updated November 2003. www.icmje.org
http://spot.colorado.edu/~carpenh/links.htmhttp://spot.colorado.edu/~carpenh/links.htm